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The Bass Strait Islands

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The Bass Strait Islands This issue is devoted to the islands around Australia a nd their natural history. lt contains twenty-eight extra pages. CONTENTS PAGE THE CHALLENGE OF ISLAND FAUNAS- Erns! Mayr 369 COLO IZATIO BY ANIM ALS- A/Ion Keast .. 375 ISLANDS AND SEAMOUNTS TO THE EAST OF A USTRALIA- ). C. Standard 382 ISLANDS AS NATURAL LABORATORI ES- A. R. Main 388 NORFOLK AND L ORD H OWE ISLANDS- Loiselte Marsh and E/i::abeth P ope 392 THE B ASS STRAIT ISLANDS- D. L. Serventy 401 KANGAROO ISLAND AND lTS VERTEBRATE LAND F AU A- H . T. Cone/on 409 H OUTMAN's ABROLHOS- P . M. O'L ough!in 41 3 ISLAND CLUES TO ABORIGI AL PREHISTORY- D OI•id R. Moore 418 THE CONSERYATIO OF A NIMALS AND PLANTS- Dona/d F. McMichae/ 423 BOOK R EV IEWS 391 ' 428 e FRONT COVER: The Cape Barren Goose ( Cereopsis novaehollandiae) is found only in Australia. It nests on islands from southwestern Australia to Tasmania. and in summer is found on the coastal mainland. lt is sometimes known as Pig Goose because of its pig-like grunt. L ike most geese, it grazes on herbage. [Photo: C. V. Turner.] BACK COVER: Two young Australian Hair Seals (Neophoca cinerea) on Dangerous Reef, near Port Lincoln, Spencer Gulf, South Australia. [Photo: Howard Hughes.] VoL. 15, No. 12 December 15, 1967 AUS IAN NATUR I STORY Published Quarterly by the Australian Museum .. College Street, Sydney Editor: F. H . Talbot, M.Sc., Ph.D. Annual Subscription, Posted, $J .40 VoL. 15, No. 12 December 15, 1967 The Challenge of Island Faunas By ERNST MA YR Director, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, U.S.A. HE peculiarities of island faunas and Australia is sometimes referred to as the T floras have excited the imagination of island-continent, and this label is indeed naturalists from time immemorial. Every­ well deserved as far as the composition of one knows the familiar story of how Darwin, the fauna is concerned. Nearly all of it from a study of the fauna of the Galapagos, (if not a ll of it) reached Australia by and Wallace of that of the Malay Archipelago, transoceanic colonization. The same is developed the theory of evolution through true for New Guinea, which, in the richness natural selection. The famous geologist and uniqueness of its fauna, deserves to be L. von B11ch had already, in 1825, p roposed labelled the Papuan continent. These two the theory of geographic speciation on the island-continents are the main source of basis of studies of the Canary Islands. the faunas of all the smaller islands in the What is this importance of islands for Australian region. scientists? Why are island faunas such 1 do not want to anticipate in this ideal material for research? The reason introduction to this issue of Australian is that each island is a far more homogeneous Natural History what others will say in univer e than a rich continental mainland the ensuing a rticles. 1 will try not to become fauna. An island may demonstrate certain too specific in any of my discussions. biological phenomena a lmost with the clarity H owever, 1 want to point out that the of a test-tube experiment; indeed, every island islands of the Australian region are of biota is an experiment of its own. Each extraordinary diversity. First of all, there island is characterized by a different set of are small islands and archipelagos in physical characteristics (size, altitude, etc.) Australia's coastal waters often still visible and by a different composition of fauna! from the mainland. This includes the and floral elements. lt is as if nature had Recherche Archipelago and the Abrolhos made a whole series of experiments and it in the southwest and an enormous number wa merely our task to a nalyse the results of small islands off the coasts of tropical of such experiments. Australia. December, 1967 Page 369 ~ !:) ~ ~ ~\ : ~S<=;LOMON ISLANDS ·~ -...1 '? •o ...,_ 0 [f • ~, ~ . 01:1 -,,........ Torres Strait ~ PWessel ls. 'Thursday I. "o :· ;,,.. ~ .A.'fJ. \ G .Chasm I. ~ -; l:!Groote ....,.._ o,.... Eylandt , } <9 Mornington I. ;, o,.. (? "> .... oBentinck I. \ "~..... \. --P. ,.._ ($>($>/-' NORTHERN I ~... ,.\ 1 ,, .... ,,..,,,,· TERRITORY I \lo..c ~-... ..} New Caledon~ QUEENSLAND WESTERN Dorrel .1B( ernier I. Dirk Hartog I. ~ AUSTRALIA Houtman's ··:·. SOUTH Norfolk I. Abrolhos '' . AUSTRAL I A NEW .Lord Howe I. Rottnest I. • SOUTH Garden I.' WALES :>... ::: "'~ !:) Ba ss ~Strait ~ King 1.0 =~· Ffinders I. ~Ca pe Barren I. ~ TASMV ~ g; 0 ~ Apstralia and adjacent isla nds. [Map by Elvie Brown.] A econd cla of islands is represented Ta mania a nd the o ther island around by uch small, old, well-isolated island Au tralia a bo und in illustration of this a Lord Howe a nd N o rfo lk Islands. They proces . have small distinctive faunas with con- Islands differ from each o ther tn the iderable endemism mostly at t he level of percentage of endemic species. There is species and subspecies. There are a few now great interest in determining the relative large continenta l isla nds which were pa rt ro le o f such factor a size of the island. of the mainla nd during various stages of ri chness of its fauna, distance from nearest the Pleistocene, like T asmania, Kangaroo mainland, etc. As a simple rule o ne can I la nd, Melville lsland, and Groote Eylandt. say that the larger a n isla nd and the mo re Among these Ta ma nia has the mo t dista nt from a ource of colo nists the higher intere ting fa una. And finally, there i a will be the percentage of endemic . serie of large i la nd at a considerable dista nce from Austra li a which, altho ugh l sla nds a re o f great interest for the in faunal connectio n with Australia, show populatio n geneticist. Colo nizatio n is a lso other faunal influe nces and have usually effected by a ma ll founder po pulatio n di played much indepe ndence in their which brought with it only a small portion biogeographic h istot y. l a m referring to of the total genetic variability of the parental New Zealand, New Caledonia, and the species. Owing to the changed selection i land of the Malayan a nd Papuan region . pre sure in the new environment, thi founder populatio n may undergo a veritable genetic Peculiarities of island faunas revolution a nd become appreciably different fro m the mainla nd population in a relatively There is hardly a pro blem relating to hort time. When this is correla ted with i la nd faunas which i not simultaneously an adaptive shift (see below), as is often of interest to the sy tematist, the evolutioni t, the case, it may lead to greatly increa ed the zoogeographer, a nd t he ecologist. And evolutio nary changes. thi i why island a re of such vital concern to repre entatives of a ll four biologica l To be a member of a founder population sciences. In view of this interlocking of is, however, not an unmixed blessing. subject matter it i possible only by a The depletion o f genetic variability makes somewhat arbitrary divisio n to arra nge such p opulations quite vulnerable. They scientific problems relating to island fauna a re usually una ble to cope with sudden under specific headings. r shall do so fo r environmental cha nges and display a high the ake o f convenience, fully realizing that rate of extinction. One of the most mo t of the trea ted ubjects could be listed interesting finding of evolutionary biology under all fou r heading . i that the ize o f a population, o r, a the geneticist puts it, the size of its gene pool, Evolution determine a great deal about its evolutionary potential. Vulnerability to extinction, rate Perhaps the out tanding fea ture of a ll of evolutionary change, and ma ny o ther i land i that they are the exclusive ho me evolutionary pheno mena a re determined o f certain specie ·, the so-called endemic by the genetic va riability of po pulatio ns pecies of the particu la r island. These a nd this, in turn, by the ize of the gene pool. endemic are not alway a different a the Here is an exciting a rea o f research that has d od o of Mauritiu o r the kiwi of New ju t barely been in itiated. Zealand: indeed in mo t cases they a re only slightly different fro m the closest The vulnerability of island popula ti on relative on the mai nla nd o r another nearby i abundantly documented in the Au tralian island. lt is thi o b ervation which provided rel!ion. The extermination of mo t of the the evidence fo r the theory of geographic endemic isla nd birds of Lo rd H owe I la nd peciation. New species originate when a by rats is a cla. ical example. Extinction populatio n becomes isolated on an isla nd in Tasmania, New Zealand, a nd o ther areas (or in an insula r locatio n o n a mai nla nd) are further illu tratio ns. But there is now and acquire during thi period of patial good evidence that thi is merely a n isolation those genetic differences that make acceleration of a process that ha been it an independent biological pecie . going o n long before man appeared o n the December.
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