bracts. Largesttreesofthegenus cones large(10-15cmlong),erect;scalesconcealedby face, fine,whitestriped;pollenconesreddish;seed mata belowandonetotworowsontopofneedlesur- sided, 2-3cmlong,andbluishgreen;tworowsofsto- breaking upintoplateswithage;needlesroughlyfour- 80 mtall;symmetrical;barksmoothonyoungertrees, Description: Ecology ABPR Pinaceae Noble fir Abies procera er barkedtreesislowtomoderate. noble firisrelativelythin;fire resistanceoflarger, thick- occasionally stripbarkfrom trunks.Thebarkofyoung and cones.Blackbears( Ecological relations: intolerant. cies. Earlycolonizerafterstand-replacingfires.Shade Successional stage: baceous understories. limiting. Growsbestonsitescharacterizedbyrichher- rain. Cangrowonawiderangeofsoilsifmoisturenot forests; shelteredsiteswithmorainesoilandhillyter- Habitat: queencup beadlily, andinside-outflower. berry, variouscurrants,beargrass, avalanchefawn-lily, lock, westernwhitepine,andlodgepolepine;huckle- fir, Pacificsilverfir, westernhemlock,mountainhem- Associations: pure standsormixedwithotherconifers. in OregonandWashington CoastRange.Canoccurin Mountains ofnorthernCalifornia.Scatteredpopulations to BritishColumbia,about900-1700m.InKlamath Range anddistribution: Higher elevationmixed-conifertosubalpine Native. Evergreenconiferoustree,to PrimarilyPacificsilverfirzone.Douglas- Early-successionalorpioneerspe- Insectscommonlypreyonseeds Rehder Ursus americanus Cascade RangefromOregon Abies . Pallas) from thewildforlandscaping. and smallsaplings.Hasbeen successfullytransplanted Transplant viability: 3- to4-year-oldtransplants. usually outplantedas2-to3-year-oldseedlingsor what moistconditions.Initialgrowthisslow;stock several weeks;growthisbestinshady, cool,andsome- from FebruarythroughMarch.Germinationmaytake commercially available.Stratifiedseedshouldbesown Cultivation: vegetatively. Vegetative reproduction: variable. May regenerateafterburns,butregenerationsuccessis be storedforseveralyearsunderproperconditions. seed exceed10percent.Seedmustbestratifiedandcan cone crops,whichmustbemediumsizebeforesound 10 percentviableseeds.Seedqualityiscorrelatedwith Seed qualityistypicallypoor, withanaverageaslow Seed: October. June, andseeddispersalinlateSeptembertoearly May toearlyJune.Pollendispersaloccursin Biology hybridizes withother Flowering andfruiting: Trees beginproducingconesafter 20yearsold. Canbecultivated.Plantsandseedsare Abies Fairlysuccessfulforseedlings Monoecious,outcrosserand Not knowntoreproduce species.Flowersfromearly Abies procera 17
Plants Plants regeneration capacity. years. Shadedbranchesloweronthebolehavepoorer younger treesandcanbereharvestedafterseveral stimulated togrowafterharvestofbranchterminalin Regeneration afterharvest: September. has hardenedoff.Thisusuallyfollowsahardfrostin the largestbuyers.Boughsareharvestedafterfoliage of SeptemberthroughthefirstweekDecemberby Christmas greensarepurchasedfromthesecondweek precipitation andcoolertemperaturesareoccurring. Harvest season: they openasdisintegratequickly. harvestable bough.Conesshouldbecollectedbefore lateral brancheshavegrownsufficientlytoproducea branches canbereclippedafterseveralyearswhen better color, andarecurvedhavelessdamage. Tree bole aregenerallyofbetterquality, haveneedlesof storage topreventdesiccation.Brancheshigheronthe attached. Branchesarekeptcoolduringtransportand needles. Allneedlesshouldbedarkgreenandfirmly free ofdisease,insects,dirt,andbrokenordamaged branches closesttomainbole.Theboughsselectedare strong clippersorpoleprunersgenerallyleavinglateral ing ontheground,harvestercutsboughswith color, desirableform,symmetry, andneedlecurl.Stand- generally lessthan18mtallforblue-greentodarkgreen Harvest techniques: tall forlandscapeindustry. Overstocked treescanbeharvestedwhenlessthan3m tree canbeharvestedfortimberorChristmastrees. Part harvested: Collection 18 Branches,boughs,andcones.Entire Falltowinter, ideallywhenautumn Branchesselectedfromtrees Uncutlateralbranchesare lumber. crafts. Domesticmarketsforlandscapingandspecialty greenery products,bulkholidaygreenery, floral,and tional marketsforChristmastrees,finishedholiday crafts, landscaping,andtimber. Domesticandinterna- Types ofmarkets: plywood, andChristmastrees. wreathes, anddecorativegreens;tree:specialtywood, Common products: of leavesforcoughmedicine. Paiute useddriedfoliageascoldremedyanddecoction Indigenous uses: mental plantingandlandscaping. of itshighstrength-to-weightratio.Alsousedfororna- boughs; woodisvaluedforspecialtyproductsbecause Common uses: Uses andProducts Young andYoung (1992) and MacKinnon(1994),USDAForestService(1963), (1993), HortusWest (1998),Moerman(1998a),Pojar Sales Catalogue(n.d.),Franklin(1974),Hickman Burns andHonkala(1990),Cope(1993),DanishForest References into Denmarkinthemid19 Intergrades withShastaredfir. Noblefirwasintroduced Comments andAreasofConcern been reportedtobedecreasinginwildstands. tries. Noblefiryoungenoughforboughharvesthas commercially fordecorativeusesinScandinaviancoun- mon throughoutthecountry. Boughsareharvested Floral.Christmastrees,decorative Barkoffirtreesusedtotanleather. Christmasgreensandtrees,floral Branches:Christmasdecorations, th centuryandisnowcom- Ecological relations: Moderately shadetolerant; growsincanopygaps. sional stages,mostfrequentinmid-successionalforests. Successional stage: are moistbutnotsaturatedforlongperiods. transition zonebetweenwetlandanduplandwheresoils in forestopenings,openridges,ortalusslopes.Inthe drained sites;generallyunderothertreesbutsometimes Habitat: sword fern,andtwinflower. dwarf Oregongrape,salal,trailingblackberry, western spruce zones.Douglas-fir, grandfir, westernhazel, Associations: when growingintheshade. middle elevations(1500m).Mayformdensestands coast totheeastsideofCascadeRange;low Range anddistribution: yellow (intheshade)toshadesofredopensun). dish brown,widelyspreading.Autumnleavesvaryfrom winged fruits(samaras),2-4cmgreen,becomingred- white petals,6-9mmbroad,inclustersatendofshoots; dense inflorescence,4to10flowers,purplesepals, 3-6 cmlong,seventoninelobes,toothed,andhairy; opposite, deciduous,palmatelylobed,5-12cmacross, fissured; stemspalegreen,becomingdullbrown;leaves, ameter to20cm;barkgrayorbrown,smoothfinely colonies; assumeserect,treelikeforminclearings;di- sprawling branchesoftenrootingandformingnew Description: Ecology ACCI Aceraceae Vine maple Acer circinatum Shadedstreambanks;moisttowetwell- Native. Shruborsmalltree,to7m, Pacificsilverfir, westernhemlock,Sitka Fromearly-throughlate-succes- Wildlife valuehigh.Browsefor Alaska tonorthernCalifornia, Pursh October, anddispersedthroughNovember. June, fruits(samaras)ripen fromSeptemberthrough Flowering andfruiting: Biology turbance. adapted tofire;sproutsfromtherootcrownafterdis- bank stabilization;buffer fromwetlandintrusion.Well sugar contentimportanttobees;nestmaterial;cover; and smallmammals;abundantpollennectarhighin elk anddeer;seeds,buds,flowersfoodforbirds FlowersfromAprilthrough Acer circinatum 19
Plants Plants branches areclipped,regeneration isgood. Regeneration afterharvest: taken infallorearlyspring incool,dampweather. from latefalluntilspringbudbreak.Transplants are can beharvestedyear-round.Wholeplantis dormant. Branchesbestharvestedwhendormantbut October. Stem,branchesclipped preferablywhenbuds Harvest season: nurseries.) ings upto1minheight.(Note:widelyavailablefrom with pruners.Wholeplantsaredugupasyoungsapl- by shakingontarp.Branchesandstemsareclipped Harvest techniques: seeds. Part harvested: Collection be dugupandpottedimmediately, wellintospring. patch ofvinemaple,ifnotfloweringorleafedout,may Transplant viability: dance oforganicmaterial. mentation. Growsbestinslightlyacidicsoilwithabun- stock. Fourrecognizedcultivarsdevelopedfororna- lishment. Seedlingscanbetransplantedas2-year-old mulched beds.Shadeisimportantduringseedlingestab- commercially available.Seedsshouldbesowninfall Cultivation: propagation bylayeringslow. ly bylayeringshadedforests.Cuttingsdifficulttoroot; Vegetative reproduction: nation. fication; mechanicalruptureofpericarpmayaidgermi- not beallowedtodry. Seedsrequireacold,moiststrati- Samaras collectedwhenwingsaregreen.Seedshould mineral soilrequiredfornaturalseedgermination. annually; dispersedinfall,germinatespring.Bare Seed: 20 Poorseedproducer, smallquantitiesproduced Can becultivated.Plantsandseedsare Branches,stems,wholeplant,and SeedcollectioninSeptemberand Seedsarecollectedbyhandor Seedlingsgrowingaroundadense Naturalregenerationprimari- Ifasmallproportionof restoration plantings,andspecialtyfurniture. crafts. Domesticmarketsfornativelandscapeplants, silk treestocks,specialtywoodandfinishedtraditional scaping. Internationalanddomesticmarketsforfloral, Types ofmarkets: decorations, driedflowerarrangements. traditional crafts,basketsandfurniture,homeinterior mental plants.Nativelandscapeorrestorationplants, Common products: and woodforsmokingfishorfowl. small implements,baskets,salmonscoopnets,bows, Indigenous uses: crafting. firewood, roundwoodfurniture,andhomedecoration ornamental silktrees;usedlocallyfortoolhandles, Common uses: Uses andProducts (1997) Service (1988),Vance andKirkland(1997),Whitney and Schumann(1993),Uchytil (1989),USDAForest (1994), Roseetal.(1998),Sudworth(1967),Thomas Olson andGabriel(1974),PojarMacKinnon (1978), HortusWest (1998),Kruckeberg (1993), (1992), Hickman(1993),HitchcockandCronquist Burgett etal.(1989),Cooke(1997),Flessner References for reclamation,restoration,anderosioncontrol. adaptability andfibrousrootsystem,vinemapleisused pied bybryophytesandassociates.Becauseofwide isms. Theyshouldnotbeharvestedwhenheavilyoccu- (mosses, liverworts,andlichens)associatedorgan- provide importanthabitatformanybryophyticspecies and maturePacificcoastalforests.Vine maplestems The treegrowstoitslargestsizeinoldersecond-growth Comments andAreasofConcern Freshanddriedfloralgreenery Snowshoeframes,drumhoops, Floral(silktrees),crafts,andland- Silktreestemsandindoororna- sites. Becauseofextensive rhizome sprouting,yarrow rhizomes andairborneseeds thatspreadfromadjacent may damagerhizomes.Regeneration afterfireisfrom intensity. Severefiresthatburnintothesoil,however, ly undamagedoronlyslightlydamagedbyfiresofany control becauseofextensiverhizomes.Yarrow isusual- nance ofbiodiversity. Goodsoilbinder, usedinerosion insects yetattractsothers,therebyresultinginmainte- by sheep,pronghorn,anddeer. Pungencyrepelsmany unpalatable toanimals,butflowerheadsmaybegrazed Ecological relations: disturbed sites,roadcuts,etc.Shadeintolerant. Successional stage: ments suchasroadsidesandvacantlots. rie, overgrazedgrasslands,andopendisturbedenviron- Habitat: groundsel, bluebunchwheatgrass,andfescues. sa pine,Douglas-fir, grandfir, snowberry, bitter-brush, forb prairie,andgrasslandplantcommunities.Pondero- Associations: and scatteredacrossopenhabitats. ally atelevationsof1200-3350m.Widely distributed America, fromsealeveltoabovetimberline,butgener- Range anddistribution: achenes. Nametranslatesto“thousandflowers.” flowers 10to30,creamcolor;fruitshairlessflattened usually five,2-4mmlong,whitetopinkorreddish;disk flower head,bothrayanddiskflowers;flowers long; umbelinflorescence,flatorroundtoppedcluster; cm; erectstems;alternate,fernlikeleaves,3-15cm Description: Ecology ACMI2 Asteraceae Common yarrow, yarrow Achillea millefolium Openforest,drymeadows,brushlands,prai- Native andexotic.Perennialherb;10-100 Mixeddryforesttypes,brushfield,tall Early-successionalspecies,oftenin Thisaromaticherbisgenerally Common throughoutNorth L. utilization. Often anindicatorofpastoverstockingandexcessive and coverforatleastthefirstfewyearsafterafire. usually increasesimmediatelyindensity, frequency, moderate temperatures. ready tobecollected.Germination requireslightand When flowerheadsturnbrown, theseedismatureand Seed: fruiting occursfromAugustthroughSeptember. elevations, throughSeptember, athigherelevations; Flowering andfruiting: Biology Seedsarepersistentandgenerally abundant. FlowersinApril,atlower Achillea millefolium 21
Plants Plants ing mixtures,andfoodadditive; landscapeplant. Common products: headaches. gesic, andsweatinducer. Used totreatear, tooth,and Fresh herbusedasastypticpoultice,expectorantanal- indigestion, gastricinflammations,andinternalbleeding. Indigenous uses: Whole plant:erosioncontrolandxericlandscaping. beer. Driedflowers:summerand winterbouquets. facial steams;foodseasoning,bitters,vermouths,and menstrual cramps.Skinandhairtonic:antidandruff, European phytomedicineherbforfeverandcolds, matory, styptic, astringent,andacutefever-reducer. Common uses: Uses andProducts by producingmoreshoots. Regeneration afterharvest: Harvest season: should beleft. during flowering;somestemandleavesofmatureplant leaves arecollectedbyusingsharpclipperstoclipstem be largerinwettermoreproductivesites.Flowersand Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection rhizomes. Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: divided fromparentplantandrhizomes. Vegetative reproduction: 22 Widely cultivated.Plantsandseedsare Flowers,leaves,andstems:anti-inflam- Generallyduringbloomingperiod. Leaves,stems,andflowers. Usedtotreatcolds,fevers,anorexia, Teas, tinctures,decorative, smok- Inflorescencesdifferandtendto Good;regeneratesnaturallyvia Canbepropagatedbysprigs Plantrespondstoclipping potential. there isriskofincreaseinslopeinstabilityanderosion unstable slopesandroadcuts;shouldnotbecollectedif have requestedlimitedcommercialuse.Oftengrowson used byNativeAmericantribes,andAlaskaNatives areas whereyarrowiscommon.Yarrow istraditionally pregnancy. Herbicidesoftenareusedinroadsidesand May causedermatitis;notrecommendedforuseduring Comments andAreasofConcern NRCS (1999),Young andYoung (1986) (1989), Tilford (1998),USDAARS(2000), Rose etal.(1998),RossandChambers(1988),Seda (1998), Moore(1993),PojarandMacKinnon(1994), West (1998),LeungandFoster(1996),Mizerak man (1993),HitchcockandCronquist(1978),Hortus Franklin andDyrness(1973),Hickerson(1986),Hick- Duke (1997),EverettFosterand(1990), References restoration. nal, pharmaceutical,herbal,floral;regional,nursery, Types ofmarkets: Internationalanddomestic.Medici- attracted tonearbygrowingfireweed. August. Flowering andfruiting: Biology butterfly ( Ecological relations: tolerant. ably todisturbance;hasinvasivecharacteristics.Shade Successional stage: areas. meadows, fields,roadsides,burned-overandcut-over Habitat: grasses suchasredfescue. herbs, brackenfern,commonyarrow, fireweed,and Associations: United States.Maygrowindensepatches. Alaska toeastcoast,andmostofnortherncentral from lowtosubalpineelevation,Californiathrough Range anddistribution: achenes. bracts; fruitsmall,rough,hairlesstosparselyhairy yellow diskssurroundedbydry, pearlywhiteinvolucral cence, headsindense,flat-toppedclusters;flowersare leaves, narrowlanceshaped,5-15cm;umbelinflores- multiple unbranchedleafystems;20-100cm;alternate Description: Ecology ANMA Asteraceae Pearly everlasting Anaphalis margaritacea Benth. Rockyslopes,semidryopenforest,clearings, Vanessa virginiensis Native. Perennialherbfromrhizomes; Mixedforesttypes,brushfieldshrubsand Earlysuccessional;respondsfavor- LarvalfoodforAmericanlady FlowersfromJunethrough Common andwidespread, Drury);usedbybees (L.) time totransplantisspring or fall. replanted whentheclumps becometoodense.Best Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: pieces ofrhizome. Vegetative reproduction: nate easily. difficult toseparatefromthefluffychaff.Seedsgermi- dispersal, carriedlongdistancesbyhairsonseeds, Seed: MaturesfromJulytoSeptember, wideseed Canbecultivated.Plantsandseedsare Canbedugup,divided,and Easytopropagatefrom Anaphalis margaritacea 23
Plants Plants and personalcare. Types ofmarkets: teas, andingredientinpersonalcareproducts. Common products: softener andsmokingherb. stalks usedfordiarrheaanddysentery. Alsoahand herbal steamforrheumatismandparalysis.Roots colds, andsorethroat.Infusionofflowerusedasan leaves appliedtoburns,plantsusedfortuberculosis, Indigenous uses: Leaf andflowerpoulticeforbruisessunburn. inflammatory properties,forsoothingirritablestomach. decorations. Infusionorteasforastringentandanti- everlasting usedtomakelong-lastingbouquetsand Common uses: Uses andProducts same season. harvested, itdoesnotproducenewfloweringstemsthe Regeneration afterharvest: flowers andintolatesummerforherbaluse. Harvest season: stem wellaboverootcrown. Harvest techniques: inflorescence. Part harvested: Collection 24 Floral arrangements.Driedpearly Aerialpartofstemwithleavesand Whenfloweringisatitspeakfordried Influenzamedicine,poulticeofboiled Primarilydomestic.Floral,herbal, Driedfloraldecoratives,herbal Theherbisharvestedbyclipping Onceinflorescenceis (2000), USDANRCS(1999),Whitney(1997) (1998), USDAForestService(1988),ARS Keck (1959),PojarandMacKinnon(1994),Roseetal. (1993), MacFarlane(1985),MooreMunzand Hickman (1993),HortusWest (1998),Kruckeberg Burgett etal.(1989),FranklinandDyrness(1973), References other majordisturbanceonerosivesites. be agoodcandidateforrestorationfollowingfireand Considered arangeweed;unpalatabletolivestock.May Comments andAreasofConcern Range anddistribution: similar butdoesnothavebentleavesandleafstalks. 3-4 mm,broadlywingedlateralribs. 20 perumbel;involucralbractslacking;fruitsrounded, arranged inseveralumbrella-shapedclusters,morethan white orpinkish,smallinnumerouscompactheads with inflatedbasessheathingthemainstem;flowers tending toendatthepointsofteeth;leafstalks leaflets egg-tolance-shaped,coarselytoothed;veins bent abovethefirstpairofprimaryleaflets;ultimate major divisions,primarydivisionsbentback;leafstalk glaucous; leavescompound,4-10cmlong,withthree bered stembase;1-1.5m,oftenpurplishand hairless, hollow, arisingfromerect,tuberous,cham- al fromtaproot,insiderootusuallysolid;stemleafy, Description: Ecology ANGEL Apiaceae Angelica Angelica ponded marshes. streambanks, wetditchesand clearings,andfloodedor Habitat: and commonhorsetail. fern, Sitkavalerian,sedges,cow-parsnip,stingingnettle, western hemlockzones.Redalder, thimbleberry, lady Associations: in dispersedstands. genuflexa bia toCalifornia,morecommoninOregon. A. arguta Klamath MountainsandnorthernCaliforniacoast; region, sporadicsouthwardsinWashington andOregon, at lowtomiddleelevationsinnortherntwo-thirdsof A. arguta A. genuflexa Moistthickets,forestopenings, swamps, : scatteredfromsouthernmostBritishColum- forms large mats; Nutt.,Lyall’s angelica-ANAR3 Native. Mountainhemlock,Pacificsilverfir, L. spp. Nutt., Kneelingangelica-ANGE2 Angelica genuflexa Angelica genuflexa A. arguta Angelica arguta in highelevation : stoutperenni- Angelica : common able tostartfrom seed. Transplant viability: ( are commerciallyavailable for speciessea-watch Cultivation: Vegetative reproduction: fication togerminate. more seasonstoproduceseed.Seedsrequirecoldstrati- Seed: August. Flowering andfruiting: Biology decomposer contributessubstantiallytosoilstructure. and mammals,concealment;pollinatorattractor;rapid Ecological relations: shade tolerant. but alsopopulatesopeningsorcanopygaps.Moderately Successional stage: Angelica lucida Angelicaisaperennialthatmayrequiretwoor A. arguta Can becultivatedfromseed. Plants ). Partofstableplantcommunities Habitatforground-nestingbirds Notknown;probablymore reli- BloomsfromJulythrough Unknown. Angelica genuflexa 25
Plants Plants medicinal, foodadditives,and fragrances. Types ofmarkets: additive, fragrance,herbals. Common products: ing tubes. soap andfragrance;spice;stemsasunderwaterbreath- analgesic, headache,intestinalcramps;cookingtools; Indigenous uses: beverages, bakedgoods,etc. ingredient inmostmajorcategoriesoffoodproducts; soaps, detergent,creams,lotions,perfumes;flavor pharmaceutical preparation;fragranceingredientin modic, anddiuretic.Nowangelicarootrarelyusedasa to inducesweating,antibacterial,antifungal,antispas- nal, tea,tincturesformenstrualregulation,expectorant, Common uses: Uses andProducts kills theplant. Regeneration afterharvest: have completelygone. Positive identificationismoredifficultaftertheseeds ripened. Rootsaregatheredinlatesummertoearlyfall. possible, latesummertoearlyfallafterseedshave Harvest season: sensitive todigging. ed onlyfromplantsgrowinginareasthatwillnotbe Most oftheplantsinapatchareleft.Rootscollect- away soil.Unharvestedpartsofplantareleftformulch. roots arecollected.Sizeischeckedbygentlybrushing fall off,preferablywhenslightlygreen.Onlymature Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection 26 Seeds:upsetstomach.Roots:medici- Rootandseeds. Seedsaregatheredaslateinseason Spiritualuses,medicine,cathartic, Internationalanddomestic.Herbal, Tea, tinctures,foodandbeverage Seedsarecollectedbeforethey Gatheringrootsgenerally References genuflexa important Chineseherbalmedicine,interbreedswith Angelica polymorpha courage cultivationofthisplantratherthanwildcrafting. harvested isnotaNativeAmericangatheringsite.En- poses. Precautionsshouldbetakenthatthepatchbeing Americans useAngelicaforspiritualandculturalpur- streambanks susceptibletohumandisturbance.Native tion. hemlock ( Similar inappearancetopoisonousDouglas’water- Comments andAreasofConcern MacKinnon (1994),Tilford (1993,1998) (1996), Moerman(1998b),Moore(1993),Pojarand Cooke (1997),HortusWest (1998),LeungandFoster Riparian soilscompacteasily. Riparianareas and . Cicuta douglasii , primarysourceofDongQuai,an ); becertainofidentifica- A. best inearlytomidwinter. division. Vegetative reproductionbyroots.Cuttingsroot Vegetative reproduction: germinate. be propagatedfromseed;seedneedsstratificationto are blackwhenseedismatureandreadytoharvest.Can late summer. Fermentberriesto getviableseed.Berries Seed: August, fruitsAugustthroughOctober. Flowering andfruiting: Biology Ecological relations: tolerant. Successional stage: streams, andcanyons. Habitat: sweet-cicely, bedstraw, andwillow. Douglas-fir, tanoak,Oregonash,alder, big-leafmaple, Common associationsinriparianplantcommunities; Associations: Grows inpatcheswithinitsrange. Oregon totheSierrasandalongCaliforniacoast. Range anddistribution: globose clusters. green flowersinpanicles;fruits,blue-blackberries umbels inclustersoftwoorspreadingpanicle;yellow- one tothreelargepinnatelycompoundleaves,1-2m; Description: Ecology ARCA2 Araliaceae California spikenard,spikenard Aralia californica Seedssmall(4mmwide).Fruitsarecollectedin Mixedforesttype;moist,shadyareas;creeks, Native. Perennialshrub;erectstem2-3m; Western hemlock,mixed-coniferzones. Midtolatesuccessional.Shade Streambankstabilizer. FlowersfromJunethrough Below 1800m,southern Sproutseasilyfromroot S. Wats. Transplant viability: available. Cultivation: ripe, lateSeptembertoOctober). fall, aftertheplanthasseeded (berriescollectedafter Harvest season: resprout. leaving thecrownandouternodesingroundto Harvest techniques: ly leaves. Part harvested: Collection Canbecultivated.Plantsarecommercially Root,berriesforseed,andoccasional- Therootiscollectedinwinter orlate Centerportionofrootiscutout, Unknown. Aralia californica 27
Plants Plants and nutraceutical. Types ofmarkets: American ginsengproducts. such ascapsules,powders,andteas.Supplementto Common products: diseases, andasawashforitchingsores. arthritis, consumption,colds,fevers,lungandstomach Indigenous uses: whole plant:gardenlandscaping. Common uses: Uses andProducts determined. harvest, butsustainableharvestintervalshavenotbeen Regeneration afterharvest: 28 Roots:tonicandlungexpectorant; Decoctionofrootsusedasasoakfor Internationalanddomestic.Herbal Tinctures, driedherbalproducts Rootsregenerateafter (1997), UnitedPlantSavers(2000) (1998), Moore(1993),MunzandKeck(1959),Rolle Hortus West (1998),Kruckeberg (1993),Mizerak Blakley (1997),Dyrnessetal.(1974),Hickman(1993), References American medicinalplants“To Watch” list. ing harvestpressure;onUnitedPlantSaversNorth after sourceofginsenglikeproductsresultinginincreas- erosion afterrootsareremoved.Spikenardisasought- Grows infragileriparianareas;banksaresensitiveto Comments andAreasofConcern to northernCalifornia. Range anddistribution: like fruit6-8mm. urn-shaped flowers,whitetopink;blackish-red,berry- ascending; inflorescencepanicleorracemoseclusters; alternate leaves,spoontolanceshaped,spreading reddish, smoothorgray, roughandshredded;leathery, resistant burlsometimespresentatbase;barkgenerally small treesupto10m;prostrateerectstems;fire- evergreen, rangingfromsmallmat-formingshrubsto Description: Ecology ARCTO3 Ericaceae Manzanita Arctostaphylos on slightlyacidicsoil. open sites,welldrained,rocky slopesorrockoutcrops Habitat: fern. dendron, ceanothus,groundsel,lupine,andbracken brushfield, andnonforestcommunities;Pacificrhodo- Douglas-fir, whitefir, ponderosapine;oak,chaparral, Associations: stands. 60-2200 m.Widespread; somespeciesformdense California easttoSierraNevadaRange.Elevationsfrom Arctostaphylos viscida Idaho ( A. nevadensis northwestern California. British ColumbiatowesternCascadeRangesouth A. viscida A. patula A. nevadensis A. columbiana A. nevadensis Foothillstohighmontane, semidry todry, Greene,Greenleafmanzanita-ARPA6 Native. Includesabout50species,mostly : Washington southto California,eastto Parry, White-leavedmanzanita-ARVI4 Western hemlock,mixed-coniferzones. Gray, Pinematmanzanita-ARNE Piper, Hairymanzanita-ARCO3 ), easttoColorado( Arctostaphylos columbiana : SouthernOregontonorthern Adans. spp. Arctostaphylos patula British Columbiasouth A. patula and : ). Arctostaphylos cuttings. Vegetative reproduction: sary. embryos sodormancy-breakingtreatmentsareneces- Seed: winter tospring;fruitsripenfromsummerfall. Flowering andfruiting: Biology dieback duringdroughts,andformationofdensestands. tensity includingsheddingofbarkandleaves,plant The planthasseveralcharacteristicsrelatedtofirein- lated germinationofdormantseedsstoredinthesoil. grow backfromrootcrownorregeneratebyfire-stimu- Although firekillsabovegroundportionofplant,may coast. Importantwatershedcoveranderosioncontrol. major nectarsourceintheRogueRivervalleyandsouth and winter. Sourceofnectar fornativepollinators; wildlife; deerandelkmakesomeuseoffoliageinfall Ecological relations: moderate shadetolerance. sponds favorablytomildmoderatefire.Low Successional stage: patula Seedsusuallyhavehardseedcoatsanddormant Earlytomidsuccessional;re- Berrieseatenanddispersedby A. columbiana A. nevadensis A. A. columbiana Smallflowersbloominearly Canbepropagatedbyrooted 29
Plants Plants decoration crafts. herbal products.Localmarkets forspecialtyinterior and internationalmarketsfor decorativematerialand Types ofmarkets: tices. branches andtwigs,preservedstems,salves,poul- Common products: sucked andeatenbychildren;woodhasvarioususes. poison-oak rash;leavesmixedwithtobacco;flowers dried forfutureuse;decoctionofbarkdiarrhea, Indigenous uses: herbal remedies. cause constipation;leavesandberriesareusedfor from preservedbranches.Berriesareediblebutsaidto used forbirdandreptileperches.Artificialtreesmade Common uses: Uses andProducts clipped canresproutthefollowinggrowingseason. Regeneration afterharvest: spring. Late summer, earlyfalluntilnewgrowthstartsin Harvest season: shrub. selected andclippedleavingmostleafybrancheson destroyed, brancheswithleavesonstemsarecarefully bushes thatmayneedthinning.Ifshrubisnottobe Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection can betransplanted. Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: 30 Can becultivated.Plantsandseedsare Floralandlandscaping.Branchesare Leaves,branches,flowers,andberries. Oncethenewgrowthishardenedoff. Berriesusedforfoodanddrink, Decorativeandherbal.Domestic Transplants, wreaths,decorative Branchesareprunedoffonlarger Seedlingscollectedinthewild Plantsthathavebranches (1997), Young andYoung (1986, 1992) ford (1998),USDAForestService(1988),Whitney Steinfeld (1996),ThomasandSchumann(1993),Til- (1998), Oosting(1958),PojarandMacKinnon(1994), (1998), Howard(1992a),Kruckeberg(1993),Mizerak (1993), HitchcockandCronquist(1978),HortusWest Franklin andDyrness(1973),Hall(1988),Hickman Burg (1974),Burgettetal.(1989),Everett(1997), References Siskiyou regionofsouthernOregonandgloballylisted. ization. Gasquetmanzanita( range. Manzanitaspecieshaveahighdegreeofhybrid- restoration andslopestabilizationwithinitsnatural Manzanita protectedbyCalifornialaw. Usedinsite Comments andAreasofConcern A. hispidula ) foundinthe of winterforageforbirds,deer, elk,smallmammals, americanus ( Ecological relations: increase inearlyshrubstage.Shadeintolerant. in opensavannaormeadow, declineswithcanopycover pioneer stageorafterfire,reacheshighestcoverearly early-successional communitiesonglacialoutwashin Successional stage: and coniferousforest. slopes, sandysoils,acidicshallowchaparral, Habitat: arnica, beargrass, yarrow, balsamroot,andpenstemon. alpine communities;Oregongrape,pinematmanzanita, or dominantpartofseveralforestcommunitiesincluding fir, subalpinefir, andgrandfirseries.Indicatorspecies Associations: tensive groundcarpets. to alpinetundra.Commonandwidespread;formsex- Rocky Mountains;fromsealevelto3400m,lowslopes to Labrador, coastalCalifornia,Pacific Northwest, Range anddistribution: mm resemblingminiatureapples. drooping, 4-5mmlong;berriessmooth,brightred,7-10 inflorescence; flowersarepinkishwhite,urnshapedand below; long,woody, reddish-brownstems;raceme long, 10mmwide,darkgreenandshinyabove,paler cm long;oppositeleavesroundedtooblong,15-20mm shrub, 5-20cmhigh;erect,woody, branchesupto75 Description: Ecology ARUV Ericaceae Kinnikinnick, bearberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Ovis canadensis Spreng. Sunorpartialshade,rockyoutcrops,dry Blainville),deer;berriesimportant source Native. Perennial,trailing,lowgrowing PrimarilyPacificsilverfirzone.Douglas- Shaw),mountaingoat( Earlytomidsuccessional.Enters Browsedbybighornsheep Circumboreal species,Alaska (L.) Oreamnos commercially available. Cultivation: are thesurestmeansofpropagation. Vegetative reproduction: for springplantingordirectseedinfall. fied togerminate;collectberriesinfallandfreezethem berries toseparateseeds.Seedsneedbecold-strati- acid bathandwarmcoldstratification.Ferment June toAugust;collectfromplantsorground.Sulfuric Seed: resistant. dispersal fromAugusttoMarch.Seedsomewhatfire to May, fruitripensfromJunethroughAugust,seed Flowering andfruiting: Biology crown orstolons. those horizonswillkillbearberry. Maysproutfromroot organic soilhorizons,however, afirethatremoves rooted inmineralsoil,itcansurvivemoderatefire; with lowfuelbuildupandfireintensities.When sprouting speciesthatisbestsuitedtoshortfirecycles mals andnongamebirds;soilretention-stabilizer. A and hummingbirds;somecovervalueforsmallmam- and forbearinautumnearlyspring;nectarbees Fruitturnsbrightredorpinkonripeningfrom Can becultivated.Plantsand seedsare GenerallyflowersfromMarch Layeringorrootedcuttings Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 31
Plants Plants method ofestablishment. Transplant viability: ceutical, herbal,floralcrafts,andlandscaping. Types ofmarkets: tures, floralbouquetsandfiller, andtransplants. Common products: used asanarcotic;rawberries,laxative. dropsy, urinarydiseases,andbackpain;smokedleaves leaves appliedtoboilsandpimples;ingestedfor to powderplacedoncutforrapidhealing;pasteof mouthwash forcankersandsoregums;leavesroasted Indigenous uses: ing groundcover;dyes. erosion controlalonghighwayembankments;landscap- fruits usedasChristmasdecorations.Plantsfor of diureticsandlaxatives;herbaltea.Branches tions, firstaiddressing.Urinaryantiseptic,component Common uses: Uses andProducts ed tobepoor, especiallyinpoor, high-elevationsites. should bemonitored.Regenerationinthewildisreport- Regeneration afterharvest: are highest. dition; duringspringandsummerchemicalconstituents Harvest season: occurs; gatherconservativelyfromperiphery. checking thattheyhavenotrooted.Significantdieback Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection 32 Strongastringent,urinarytractinfec- Leaves,stems,flowers,andberries. Gatheranytimeplantisingoodcon- Plantsalveforrashesandsores;a Internationalanddomestic.Pharma- Tinctures, herbals,smokingmix- Looserunnersaregathered,after Transplantable; stemcuttingsbest Sensitivetoharvestand USDA ForestService(1988),Williams etal.(1995) Thomas andSchumann(1993),Tilford (1993,1998), Pojar andMacKinnon(1994),Roseetal.(1998), (1993), LeungandFoster(1996),Mizerak(1998), Dyrness (1973),HortusWest (1998),Kruckeberg Craighead etal.(1991),CraneFranklinand References by theWorld Wide FundforNature. for forage.ItislistedasaEuropeanspeciesofconcern when groundiswet;avoidstandsthatanimalsareusing vatively withawarenessoferosionpotential,never Do notuseinternallyduringpregnancy;gatherconser- Comments andAreasofConcern huckleberry association.Moderately shadetolerant. coverage inlate-successionalstagesofgrandfir-globe Successional stage: mineral soils. ous forest.Opencanopy, oftenexposed,moderatelydry Habitat: beadlily, andtwinflower. aspen, huckleberry, bunchberrydogwood,queencup communities; ponderosapine,lodgepoletrembling series. Dominantorindicatorspeciesinseveralforest grand firzones.Douglas-fir, grandfir, subalpinefir Associations: tions, formingalmostpurestands. Grows inlarge,densepatches(colonies)shadyloca- and Californiamountains;1000mtoabovetimberline. the West. CommoninsouthwesternandcentralOregon, Range anddistribution: hybridize andmaybedifficulttodistinguish. or moresetspairedflowers;however, thesespecies Arnica cordifolia flowers 10to15;fruitssmall6-10mmhairyachenes. bright yellow, daisylike;bothrayanddiskflowers, pairs, lanceshapedtoalmostheartshape;flowers heart-shaped andtoothed,stemleaves,twotofour unbranched, whitehairs;leavesopposite,basal long, nakedrhizomes;10-50cm;stemsloose,generally Description: Ecology ARNIC Asteraceae Arnica Arnica A. latifolia A. cordifolia Shaded,highmeadows,hillsidesandconifer- L.spp. Native. Perennialherb,generallyfrom Western hemlock,Pacific silverfir, and Bong., Broadleafarnica-ARLA8 Hook., Heartleafarnica-ARCO9 usuallysingleflower; Earlytolatesuccessional;highest Widespread andabundantin A. latifolia one burned areasbywindborneseed. from survivingrhizomes.Mayalsorapidlycolonize fires tendtoonlykillthetopportionofplant.Sprouts intensity firesreducequantitiesofplant,butmoderate fire andoccasionallyfromwind-borneseeds.High- tant, typicallysproutingfromsurvivingrhizomesafter subterranean insectsandothers.Moderatelyfireresis- sive rhizomesaerateforestfloorandprovidehabitatfor elk; poorcoverforwildlife;pollinator-attractor;exten- important constituentofsummerdietsmuledeerand Ecological relations: wind dispersed. not atallindrought;perennial aftersecondyear. Seeds August, firsttoemergeinearly spring,shortbloomor Flowering andfruiting: Biology Lowpalatabilitytoanimalsbut FlowersfromMaythrough Arnica cordifolia 33
Plants Plants for tuberculosis. swellings, bruisesandcuts; infusionofplanttaken plant usedforsoreeyes;mashed plantusedfor Indigenous uses: sprains. bruises, arthritis,bursitis,myalgia,sorethroat,and Common uses: Uses andProducts intact. lation viabilityamajorityoffloweringplantsareleft ability toregeneratebyseedthatyear. To ensurepopu- regeneration isslower. Removingflowersremoves harvested, canregeneratevegetatively;for Regeneration afterharvest: through July;collectrootafterflowershaveseeded. Harvest season: ing periodindryweathertoavoidsoilcompaction. cultivation isrecommended.Collectduringactivegrow- plants inpopulationintact.Forcommercialquantities, Roots shouldbecollectedleavingsufficientnumberof above rootcrown.Collectingrootsdestroysplants. Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection transplant shock. and moistureareimportant.Plantissusceptibleto Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: rhizomes. Vegetative reproduction: fluff. tile. Seedheadsshouldbeharvestedbeforeturningto Seed: 34 Upto80percentoftheseedsaretypicallyinfer- Can becultivated.Plantsandseedsare Medicinal:usedexternallyforbumps, Flowersandroots. Collectflowersfrommid-June Rootsusedasalovemedicine; Stemisseveredatbasejust Canbetransplanted,buttiming Canbepropagatedfrom Ifupperstemofplantis A. latifolia , by theWorld Wide FundforNature. used inwoundhealing,islistedasaspeciesofconcern European species,mountainarnica( internal use,someusesparingly(seeMoore1993).A Arnica’s primaryuseisexternal,notrecommendedfor Comments andAreasofConcern Forest Service(1988),Williams etal. (1995) ford (1993,1998),UnitedPlantSavers(2000),USDA Chambers (1988),Schofield(1989),SedaTil- erak (1998),Moore(1993),Reed(1993a),Rossand (1978), HortusWest (1998),Kruckeberg (1993),Miz- Hall (1988),Hickman(1993),HitchcockandCronquist References and medicinal. Types ofmarkets: ments, topicalpreparations;ingredientinfootpowders. Common products: and state(Oregon)listed. Watch” list.MountShastaarnica( ed PlantSaversNorthAmericanmedicinalplants“To Internationalanddomestic.Herbal Tinctures, salves,oils,gels,lini- A. viscosa Arnica montana Arnica isonUnit- ) isglobally ), pollen sourceforpollinators. cally wethabitatofmugwort. Importantnectarand most fires.Fireintensitymay bemediatedbythetypi- killed byfires.Probablythe rhizomewillresproutafter mented. Thetopportionoftheplantisdamagedor Ecological relations: tolerance. ble meadowcommunities.Lowtomoderateinshade Successional stage: of inlandfoothills. moist valleys,alongthecoast.Commononwestslopes low gullies,wasteplaces,riparianzones,drainages, Habitat: needlegrasses, andmuhlygrasses. mixed grass-weedtypes,associatedwithfringedsage, meadow communityintheOlympics.Componentof wood. Varied plantcommunities, includingatallforb ern hemlock,Douglas-fir, ponderosapine,blackcotton- Associations: connected byrhizomes. as scatteredindividualsormayformacolonyofplants east toIdaho;below2200m.Locallyabundant,grows Range anddistribution: achenes. 9 to25;fruits,generallysmalllessthan1mm,smooth cence, 10-30cm,3-9cmwide;diskflowersgenerally hairs above,denselymattedbelow;panicleinflores- cleft, upperonesentire,slightlycoveredwithmatted stems; evenlyspaced,lanceolateleaves,lowerones cm fromrhizomes;manyerect,browntogray-green Description: Ecology ARDO3 Asteraceae Mugwort, sagewort,wormwood Artemisia douglasiana Lowersubalpinezoneinopentoshade,shal- Native. Perennialaromaticherb,50-250 Mixed-conifer/hardwoodforests.West- Pioneerspeciesalsofoundinsta- Fireecologyisnotwelldocu- Baja CaliforniatoWashington Bess. stock. Vegetative reproduction: genus storeddry. Seed: October. Flowering andfruiting: Biology Littleinformationonspecies.Mostseedsof FlowersfromJunethrough Rhizomatous;divideroot- Artemisia douglasiana 35
Plants Plants Medicinal andherbal. Types ofmarkets: Common products: caches. to helppreventinsectinfestationsingranariesandfood In adriedbundleusedassmudgeorincense.Used inhaled forgrippe.Placedinnostriltotreatheadache. ache, andpinworms.Theplantcanbeburned to treaturinaryproblems,asthma,diarrhea,stomach Oil linimentforsprainsandbruises.Decoctionofplant rheumatism. Bitterteausedformenstruationproblems. religious ceremonies.Usedascompressforwoundsand pharmacopoeia, aswellinthecleansingritualsand Indigenous uses: and antimicrobial. topical anestheticandanti-inflammatory, antifungal, Common uses: Uses andProducts are harvested. Regeneration afterharvest: before goingtoseed. Harvest season: plants. are prunedtoavoidremovingimportantcoverforother from cutstemsandstoreddrywithoutcrushing.Plants summer orfall.Foliageandinflorescencearestripped spring justbeforeonsetofflowering;othersrecommend Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection Transplant viability: available forcoastalmugwort. Cultivation: 36 Can becultivated.Seedsarecommercially Asateaforgastritis,gastriculcers, Leavesandstems. Annually, latespringandsummer Hasbeenanimportantplantinthe Internationalanddomestic. Herbal,teas,andtinctures. Aerialpartsofplantareclippedin Maybetransplanted. Good,whenonlystems ( and overstimulateheartcirculation.Fieldsagewort do notuseduringpregnancy. Cancausestomachupset cient timesasavermifuge(dewormer).Usemoderately; habitats. Be cautiousincollectingtoavoidsensitiveriparian Comments andAreasofConcern and Young (1986) and Ryan (1997),USDAForestService(1988),Young (1998), Moore(1993),MunzandKeck(1959),Stevens West (1998),KleinandJohnson(1997),Mizerak Franklin andDyrness(1973),Hickman(1993),Hortus References Oregon. Knowidentityofspeciesbeingharvested. Service listedasSpeciesofConcernandin ( in thePacificNorthwestmaybeharvested.Whitesage mugwort( including Suksdorf’s dangered statusinWashington. Other Fish andWildlife ServiceSpeciesofConcern,hasen- A. campestris A. ludoviciana Artemisia ssp. ssp. specieshavebeenusedsincean- borealis estesii ), U.S.FishandWildlife var. A. suksdorfii wormskioldii Artemisia ) thatoccur ), U.S. species survivors oroff-siteindividuals. Reestablishment ofnewplants mustbefromseedingby moderate intensitybecause soilsareusuallyshallow. belowground partscanbekilledbyfiresofevenlightto Wild gingerissusceptibletofire-kill.Abovegroundand floor life;keyelementinforestbiocommunities. infiltration ofwater;structureforsubterraneanforest sive horizontalrootsystemaeratessoilandallowsfor insects, especiallyflies.Seedsdispersedbyants.Exten- Ecological relations: successional stages.Shadetolerant. Successional stage: slightly acidicsoil.Flowersoftenhiddenbyleaflitter. Habitat: goldthread. Douglas-fir; pathfinder, queencupbeadlilyandwestern zones. Grandfir, westernredcedar, westernwhitepine, Associations: Range. Localized,large,loosemats. below 1500m;lessfrequentoneastsideofCascade ton, Oregon,northernCalifornia,Idaho,Montana; Range anddistribution: fleshy capsules. sepals extendingfromacup-shapedbase;fruitsare ish purpletogreenishyellow, nearground,petallike wide, velvetyonunderside;bell-shapedflowersbrown- leaves, twooneachnode,4-10cmlong,to15 rooting freely;alternate,darkgreen,heart-shaped cm, extendingfromcreepingrhizomes;stemstrailing, Description: Ecology ASCA2 Aristolochiaceae Wild ginger Asarum caudatum Old-growth, shady, moist forests; organic, Native. Perennialevergreenherb,15-25 Western hemlock,Pacificsilverfir Mostcommoninmid-tolate- Flowers giveoff odor, attracting British Columbia,Washing- Lind. are met. requirements ofoverstoryshade,soil,andmoisture Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: tively growing. best fromdivisionstakenwhenparentplantisnotac- Vegetative reproduction: difficult. widely dispersed.Timing ofseedcollectionmaybe Seed: July, oneflowerperplant,flowersclosetoground. Flowering andfruiting: Biology Smallamountofseedproducedperflower; Canbecultivated.Plantsandseedsare Transplant successfulifhabitat FlowersfromAprilthrough Rhizomatous;reproduces Asarum caudatum 37
Plants Plants landscape, nursery. Types ofmarkets: flavoring, herbal;ornamentalorlandscapeplant. Common products: Roots canbebakedandeaten. boils; decoctionofleavestowashsores,baby’s navel. for stomachpains,aslaxative;heatedleavesappliedto headache, intestinalandkneepain;decoctionofroots boil forbeverage;decoctionofplantexternally Indigenous uses: ed areas. substitute forgingerroot;groundcoverplantshad- tion, antiseptic,toinducesweating;seasoning,flavor Common uses: Uses andProducts rhizomes. Regeneration afterharvest: Harvest season: ground. clipped off,replacingtherestofrhizomein (will havemanyplantsconnectedtoit).Theendsare Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection 38 Secretorystimulant,reliefofindiges- Entireplant;leavesmostflavorful. Anytime. Forstomachafflictions,tuberculosis, Domestic,herbal;international Tea, driedleavesorroots,for Alengthofrhizomeispulledup Readilyregeneratesfrom Tilford (1998),ZimmermanandGriffith (1991) MacKinnon (1994),Roseetal.(1998),Stewart(1988), (1998), Kruckeberg(1993),MoorePojarand (1993), HitchcockandCronquist(1978),HortusWest British ColumbiaMinistryofForests(1995),Hickman References disturbed. and sensitivespeciesincloseproximityshouldnotbe compaction anddisturbance.Streamsidepopulations but rarespeciesof fication shouldbeverifiedtoavoidharvestingasimilar else canestablishuntilthesoilisaerated.Speciesidenti- Often growsinstandswithdensecanopieswherelittle Comments andAreasofConcern Asarum . Habitatsensitivetosoil balsamroot. starry falseSolomon’s seal,kinnikinnick, valerian,and lock, oceanspray, white hawkweed,arnica,yarrow, zones. Associations: shrub. Widely distributedinmixedandpurepatches. to westernIdaho;lessthan2200m.Commonunder- British ColumbiatocentralCalifornia(SierraNevada) Description: Ecology BERBE Berberidaceae Oregon grape Berberis broad, conspicuousundershrub. 400-2100 m.Fairlycommonforestfloorcovering, mostly confinedtowesternsideoftheCascadeRange; to CascadeRange,OregonthroughBritishColombia, Range anddistribution: dery coating. of 1-cmdiameter, darkblueberrieswithwaxyorpow- dense clustersofyellowflowersto20cmlong; glossy onbothsurfaces,withthreetofivecentralveins; egg-shaped leaves,spinytipped,leathery, somewhat bark andwoodyellowish;compound,9to19oblong nervosa blue berrieswithwaxyorpowderycoating. ters ofyellowflowers;clusters1-cmdiameterdark above, lesssobelow, withonecentralvein;denseclus- shaped leaves,5-10cmlong,spinytipped,glossy and woodyellowish;compound,5to9hollylikelance- shrub upto2m;woodystems,spreadingerect,bark green forests;westernhemlock, Port-Orford-cedar, and montane andsubmontaneconiferous andmixedever- B. nervosa B. aquifolium Berberis aquifolium : evergreenshrubto60cm;woodystems,erect, Berberis nervosa Native. Western hemlockandPacificsilverfir L. spp. Pursh,DwarfOregongrape-BENE2 Pursh, Tall Oregongrape-BEAQ Berberis aquifolium Berberis aquifolium : Douglas-fir, westernhem- : understorydominantin Berberis nervosa : evergreen Berberis : Coast : Habitat: twinflower, andwesternswordfern. vine maple,salmonberry, huckleberry;snowqueen, Douglas-fir; oceanspray, salal,Pacificrhododendron, ties. component ofbothsuccessionalandclimaxcommuni- Successional stage: Douglas-fir forests. open toclosedforest;commoninsecond-growth exposed slopes. woodlands, shadedrockyslopes,occasionallyopenly B. aquifolium until mid-successionalstages. Moreshadetolerantthan successional andclimaxcommunities, notprominent Berberis nervosa
Berberis aquifolium . Berberis nervosa Berberis nervosa
Berberis aquifolium : importantcomponentofboth B. aquifolium : drytomoistconiferous : drytofairlymoist, : important 39
Plants Plants eris nervosa ed transplantsdopoorlyandareslowtoestablish. Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: of disturbance,graduallyspreadsfromrhizomes. taken infallrootbest. Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection zomes andstemcuttings. Vegetative reproduction: stratification inthecaseof dormant andcanbestartedafteracoldorwarm-cold mentation neededtoremoveseedfromberry, seeds several seeds.Dispersalbybirdsandmammals.Fer- Seed: fruit ripensfromJulythroughAugust. Flowering andfruiting: Biology stream. intensity fires.Coverincreaseswithdistancefrom killed byfire,resproutsfromrhizomesaftermoderate- soil aerationanderosioncontrol.Aerialportionofplant other pollinators.Therhizomatousplantisimportantfor spring floweringimportantnectarsourceforbeesand white-footed voleintheCoastRangeofOregon.Early small animals. by smallbirdsandmammals.Plantprovidescoverfor moose, bears,rodents;berrieseatenandseedsdispersed Ecological relations: collection becausetheroots arelarger. Onlylowerstems spring. Thisisthepreferred speciesforcommercial collected formedicinalproducts fromfallintoearly 40 Fruitproducedannually. Thefruitcontainsoneto : plantsmaybeslowtoestablish. Canbecultivated.Plantsandseedsare Berberis nervosa Roots,stems,andleaves.
Occasionalbrowsefordeer, elk,
Berberis aquifolium Berberis nervosa Berberis aquifolium Flowersinearlytolatespring; Berberis aquifolium Easily propagatedfromrhi- Berberis aquifolium : importantfoodforthe : intheabsence : rootsare : fieldcollect- : cuttings . Berb- Indigenous uses: scaping borderplant. laxative, andantiseptic;infloralarrangements;land- the leavesusedforyellowdye,goldensealsubstitute, Berberis nervosa dye; landscaping,goldensealsubstitute,andantiseptic. tonic; berriesasedibles;rootsusedtomakeayellow and bloodpurifier, laxative,antimicrobial,digestive Common uses: Uses andProducts and leavestakenfornosebleeds. laxative; berriesusedtomakejelly;infusionofroots eyewash forred,itchyeyes;fruitalsoanexcellent taken orusedaswashforarthritis,syphilis,an Berberis nervosa for thekidneys;yellowdyefromrootsandinnerbark. if eatencausediarrhea,usedaslaxative;roottonic losis, asgargleforsorethroat,washarthritis;fruits root usedforstomachtroubleorhemorrhages,tubercu- nervosa that haveyellowcolorinthemarecollected. vest. differs widelydependingonhabitatandimpactofhar- rhizomes leftafterharvest.Regenerationoffoliage resprout. Studiesareneededtoassesssproutingfrom portion ofrootsandrhizomesareleftinthegroundto reported inproductivehabitatsaslongsufficient Regeneration afterharvest: to midfall.Infall,rootsaremostpotent. mid summertowinter. LeavesarecollectedfromMay Harvest season: are leftinthegroundorreplanted. inal use,portionsoftheroots-rhizomeswithshootbuds stems. Forbothspecies,ifcollectedforpersonalmedic- has 9to15leaflets.Eachbunchcontains2528 dirt andinsectdamage.Eachstemis40-45cmlong : floral:newgrowthisdarkgreenandfreeof
Berberis aquifolium : antimicrobial,tonic,rootsorpossibly : roots:laxative;decoctionofrootbark Roots andstemsarecollectedfrom
Berberis aquifolium Regenerationhasbeen : liverstimulant : decoctionof Berberis and landscaping. ing. Identification ofspeciesmaybedifficultwhengather- The berriesareimportanttowildlifeforwinterforage. Comments andAreasofConcern Common products: ing. Berberis aquifolium Types ofmarkets: greens, yellowdye. nervosa tea, tonics,eyedrops,herbalteas,andtonics. in thewild. list becauseithasbeenheavilycollectedinsomeareas. Savers NorthAmericanmedicinalplants“To Watch” ered aninvasivespecies. Europe andinsomeforestedareasofGermany, consid- mental plantinEurope1822.Itisnownaturalized Berberis nervosa Berberis nervosa : medicinal,herbal,floralcrafts,ornamental Berberis aquifolium Internationalanddomestic. : medicinal,herbal,andlandscap-
: medicinal,herbal,floral,nursery, Berberis aquifolium and Berberis B.aquifolium introducedasanorna- onUnitedPlant mayhybridize : tincture,leaf Berberis Service (1988),Young andYoung (1986) (1990c), UnitedPlantSavers(2000),USDAForest mann (1993),Tilford (1993,1998),Tirmenstein Rose etal.(1998),Seda(1989),ThomasandSchu- (1998), Moore(1993),PojarandMacKinnon(1994), al. (1987),MinoreandWeatherly (1994),Mizerak man etal.(1994),LeungandFoster(1996),Logan cock andCronquist(1978),HortusWest (1998),Huff- Forests (1995),Cooke(1997),Hickman(1993),Hitch- Auge andBrandl(1997),BritishColumbiaMinistryof References 41
Plants Plants 42 Continued