Asteraceae – Aster Family
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ASTERACEAE – ASTER FAMILY Plant: herbs (annual or perennial), some shrubs, rarely vines or trees. Stem: Root: Often with tubers, rhizomes, stolons, or fleshy roots Leaves: mostly simple, some compound, alternate or opposite, rarely whorled. Flowers: flower head supported by an involucre (whorl of green bracts); each head composed of small flowers (composite) of flat ray-like (ligulate) flowers on the outside (ray flowers) and central tube-like flowers (disk flowers) – some species may have only one or the other. Calyx absent or modified into hairs, bristles, scales or a crown (pappus); 5 stamens (syngenesious -united by anthers); 5 united petals (sympetalous), receptacle may also have hairs or bristles. Both pappus and receptacle hairs/bristles may be used in ID. Fruit: achene (small, one-seeded, inferior ovule, 2 carpels, hard shell fruit) often with persisting crowned pappus which helps with seed dispersal. Other: Very large family, 1-2,000 genera, 20,000+ species. Dicotyledons Group WARNING – family descriptions are only a layman’s guide and should not be used as definitive ASTERACEAE – ASTER FAMILY Blanket-Flower [Firewheel, Indian Blanket]; Gaillardia pulchella Fouq. (introduced) Shaggy Soldier [Common Quickweed]; Galinsoga quadriradiata Cav. Spoonleaf Purple Everlasting [Cudweed]; Gamochaeta purpurea (L.) Cabrera Narrowleaf [Spiny-Toothed] Gumweed; Grindelia lanceolata Nutt. var. lanceolata Curlycup [Curly-Top] Gumweed; Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal Bitterweed [Yellowdicks]; Helenium amarum (Raf.) H. Rock var. amarum (Introduced) Common Sneezeweed; Helenium autumnale L. Purplehead Sneezeweed; Helenium flexuosum Raf. Common [Garden] Sunflower; Helianthus annuus L. Cucumberleaf Sunflower; Helianthus debilis Nutt. ssp. Debilis Woodland Sunflower; Helianthus divaricatus L. Tall [Giant ] Sunflower; Helianthus giganteus L. Sawtooth Sunflower; Helianthus grosseserratus Martens Hairy [Stiff-Haired; Oblong] Sunflower; Helianthus hirsutus Raf. Maximilian Sunflower; Helianthus maximiliani Schrad. Ashy [Downy] Sunflower; Helianthus mollis Lam. Western [Fewleaf] Sunflower; Helianthus occidentalis Riddell Stiff [Prairie] Sunflower; Helianthus pauciflorus Nutt. Willowleaf Sunflower; Helianthus salicifolius A. Dietr. Paleleaf Woodland Sunflower; Helianthus strumosus L. Jerusalem artichoke; Helianthus tuberosus L. ASTERACEAE – ASTER FAMILY Smooth Oxeye [False] Sunflower; Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet Camphorweed [Telegraph Plant]; Heterotheca subaxillaris (Lam.) Britton & Rusby White Hawkweed; Hieracium albiflorum Hook. Orange Hawkweed [Devil’s Paint-Brush]; Hieracium aurantiacum L. (Introduced) King Devil [Field Hawkweed]; Hieracium caespitosum Dumort. (Introduced) Canadian Hawkweed; Hieracium canadense Michx. Slender Hawkweed; Hieracium gracile Hook. Maryland Hawkweed; Hieracium greenii Porter & Britt. Hairy [Long-Bearded or -Haired] Hawkweed; Hieracium longipilum Torr. Wall Hawkweed; Hieracium murorum L. (Introduced) Rough Hawkweed; Hieracium scabrum Michx. Old Plainsman; Hymenopappus scabiosaeus L'Hér. var. scabiosaeus [Hairy] Cat's Ear; Hypochaeris radicata L. (Introduced) Blanket-Flower [Firewheel; USDA Indian Blanket] Gaillardia pulchella Fouq. var. pulchella (introduced) Asteraceae (Aster Family) Cave City area, Sharp County, Arkansas Notes: 7+ ray flowers, deeply 3-parted, tips yellow with red- purple-brown base, disc flowers turning reddish-brown; leaves lanceolate, mostly sessile to clasping, some short petiolate near plant base; stem often quite hairy; summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2007] Shaggy Soldier [Common Quickweed; USDA Peruvian Daisy] Galinsoga quadriradiata Cav. Asteraceae (Aster Family) Shawnee State Park, Scioto County, Ohio Notes: ray flowers mostly (4)5, white, 3-toothed, disk flowers yellow, pappus with sharp tip; leaves elliptical to ovate, distinctly toothed, hairy, short petiolate; stem moderately to densely hairy; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2007] Spoonleaf Purple USDA Everlasting [Cudweed] Gamochaeta purpurea (L.) Cabrera Asteraceae (Aster Family) Greers Ferry Lake area, Cleburne County, Arkansas Notes: discoid; 2+ flowering heads; basal leaves +/- at flowering, spatulate to oblanceolate, upper stem leaves almost wide linear, underside densely matted woolly, upperside sparsely woolly (purpurea with expanded basal hair cells); stem matted woolly; spring (species ID tentative) [V Max Brown, 2011] Narrowleaf [Spiny-Toothed] USDA Gumweed Grindelia lanceolata Nutt. var. lanceolata Asteraceae (Aster Family) Busiek State Forest and Wildlife Area, Christian County, Missouri Notes: ray flowers (~15-30) yellow, disk flowers yellow, bracts awl-shaped, ascending to spreading in several rows; leaves narrow lanceolate, sessile, mostly with sharp teeth with bristles; stems often reddish, some hairs; tall plant (1-2 m) late summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2010] Curlycup [Curly-Top] Gumweed USDA Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal Asteraceae (Aster Family) Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Chase County, Kansas Notes: ray and disc flowers yellow, bracts curling and or spreading in several rows, very resinous from glands; leaves elliptical to oblong, sessile, mostly with dull teeth without bristles, very glandular and resinous; lower stems somewhat woody; very gummy plant; summer to early fall (varieties present, one discoid) [V Max Brown, 2010] Bitterweed [Yellowdicks; Yellow USDA Dog Fennel; Bitter Sneezeweed] Helenium amarum (Raf.) H. Rock var. amarum (Introduced) Asteraceae (Aster Family) Near Sam A. Baker State Park, Wayne County, Missouri Notes: ray flowers 5-10, yellow, 3-toothed, disk yellow; leaves and leaf segments mostly filiform to linear, sharp pointed, glandular; summer to fall; [V Max Brown, 2006] Common Sneezeweed USDA Helenium autumnale L. Asteraceae (Aster Family) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: ray flowers 12+, 3-toothed, often drooping, disk flowers yellow; leaves lanceolate to ovate lanceolate, entire to somewhat toothed, sharp pointed, sessile and decurrent on stem giving wings; stem glabrous to somewhat hairy; moist areas; summer to fall (varieties disputed – probably var. autumnala) [V Max Brown, 2004] Purple-Headed Sneezeweed USDA Helenium flexuosum Raf. Asteraceae (Aster Family) Bald Knob National Wildlife Refuge, White County, Arkansas Notes: ray flowers 8+, yellow (may have purple at base), usually drooping, disk brownish to brownish-purple; leaves lanceolate, mostly entire, leaf decurrent down stem giving wings, hairy or not; stem hairy or not; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2007] Common [Garden] Sunflower USDA Helianthus annuus L. Asteraceae (Aster Family) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: ray flowers yellow, disk flowers red to reddish-purple to brown, disk up to 8+ cm and flat, bracts long-pointed; leaves mostly alternate, large, ovate, serrate, lower leaves usually cordate, long petioles; tall plant (up to 3+ m) with large stem; often hybridized for ornamentals and seed; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2007] Cucumberleaf USDA Sunflower Helianthus debilis Nutt. ssp. Debilis Asteraceae (Aster Family) Cedar Key, Levy County, Florida Notes: ray flowers vary (10-20), yellow and slightly notched, disc flowers yellow turning red, phyllaries lanceolate, long pointed, fine hairs; leaves alternate, triangular, somewhat hairy, toothed, petiolate; stem hairy and scabrous; upright plant; spring to fall (sometimes in winter) [V Max Brown, 2011] Woodland Sunflower USDA Helianthus divaricatus L. Asteraceae (Aster Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: ray flowers (5-15) yellow, disk flowers yellow, bracts long- pointed in several rows; leaves lanceolate, pubescent, oval to sub- cordate and 3-veined at base, nearly sessile, opposite and decussate; stems mostly solitary, often purple and glaucous; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2004] Tall [Giant ] Sunflower USDA Helianthus giganteus L. Asteraceae (Aster Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: ray flowers (10-15-20) yellow, disk flowers yellow, bracts spreading, very long, in several rows, ciliate; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, mostly sessile to very short petioles, tapering at both ends, toothed or not, often more opposite below and alternate above, hairy below especially on veins, somewhat rough above; stems often reddish to purple with spreading stiff white hairs; tall plant (1-2 m); summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2008] Sawtooth Sunflower USDA Helianthus grosseserratus Martens Asteraceae (Aster Family) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: ray flowers (10-20) yellow, disk flowers yellow, bracts ciliate; leaves alternate, lanceolate, tapering and 3-veined at base, with petioles, white tomentose beneath, serrate or not; stem often reddish, glabrous and often glaucous; tall plant (up to 4+ m); late summer to fall (often hybridizes with H. giganteus) [V Max Brown, 2007] Hairy [Stiff-Haired; Oblong] Sunflower USDA Helianthus hirsutus Raf. Asteraceae (Aster Family) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: ray flowers (8-15) yellow, disk flowers yellow, bracts long- pointed in several rows, densely hairy; leaves opposite, lanceolate to ovate, tapering quickly at base, rough and hairy on both sides, mostly entire to serrate, with short petioles; stem with abundant stiff hairs; plant quite variable; summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2009] Maximilian Sunflower USDA Helianthus maximiliani Schrad. Asteraceae (Aster Family) Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield, Greene County, Missouri Notes: ray flowers (10-20+) yellow, disk flowers yellow; bracts long, pointed,