DOCSLIB.ORG

CHANDRAYAAN-2: India's 2Nd Lunar Exploration Mission

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 9 Issue 07, July-2020 CHANDRAYAAN-2: India’s 2nd Lunar Exploration Mission Hemant Khati, Devender Sharma Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Faridabad, India Abstract:- Chandrayaan-2 was a great achievement for India surface of south region related to water presence, mapping and the mankind and it made a history as 1st mission in the of the moon, elemental study. world which was projected on the southern pole of moon. This region always remains in darkness and temperature is CHALLENGES OF MOON LANDING extreme cold there and these two things are most dangerous There are various challenges in moon landing like; and affect negatively on mission. Therefore it was very challenging mission for India and entire world was curious trajectory accuracy, communication with deep space about its success. Its budget was 9.62 billion Indian rupees network, extreme cold & hot temperature variation, lunar and it is the most expansive space mission of India till now. dust, lumpy gravity, soft landing etc. some of the Chadrayaan-2 consisted of 3 parts; Orbiter, Lander and challenges involved in moon landing are mentioned here. Rover. This mission was launched in 2019. In this mission, Orbiter was successful its mission to reach in moon’s orbit but COMMUNICATION WITH DEEP SPACE NETWORK unfortunately communication was lost with Lander which Communication to the satellite from the ground station is causes Lander did not perform well and it crashed along very important. It helps to control satellite during mission, Pragyan rover and other sciencetific equipments. This paper send commands and new updates, give satellite location presents a detailed review about Mission Chandrayaan-2 and its landing failure. and its path, firing rocket engine and thruster. Indian deep space network is located at byalalu near the bangluru INTRODUCTION (Karnataka). Usually most of the time lack of Chandrayaaan -2 was the second lunar mission of India communication is responsible for the mission failure which was launched on 22 July 2019 form satish dhawan (ISRO, 2019a). space centre by GSLV MK-3 rocket. It was most important SOFT LANDING & anticipated mission for India and world both because Soft landing was the main challenge in this mission and it chandrayaan-2 had to land on south polar region of moon was first time for india attempt a soft landing on lunar where no one has reached yet. Its primary objects were to surface. The soft landing was executed by performing the understand the dark side of moon, mapping of lunar surface rough braking and fine braking maneuvers by firing the and to find the presence of water on South Pole. onboard engines and it takes extreme precision. Lander was Total cost of this mission was approx 9.78 billion Indian also capable to absorb shock impact without damaging rupees. It was most costly mission ever in Indian space onboard payload and systems (ISRO, 2019a). history. Chandrayaan-2 was made up of 3 part; Orbiter, VIKRAM Lander and PRAGYAN Rover. But it was not EXTREME TEMPERATURE completely successful mission because lander crash landed There is no atmosphere on moon which causes temperature on the lunar surface with rover. variation is extreme. It takes 27.5 days to complete one 1. 1st space mission to conduct soft landing on the moon’s rotation around its axis and also around the earth. Due to its South Polar Region. rotation one side of moon remains 13.6 day in light which 2. 1st Indian mission in which it attempts a soft landing on is called lunar day and another part remains in darkness for the lunar surface with home-grown technology. 13.6 days which is called lunar night. During the lunar day temperature can reach 260 F and in lunar night it can reach OBJECTIVES -280 F (ISRO, 2019a). 1. To understand the history of our solar system & moon. 2. Origin and evolution of moon CONFIGURATION OF CHANDRAYAAN-2 South Pole is greater than the North Pole & here lunar Chandrayaan 2 was launched by GSLV MK 3 from Satish surface area remains in shadow & there is a higher Dhawan Space Centre and its lift mass was 3850 kg probability of the presence of water & fossil records approx. It consisted of Lunar Orbiter, Vikram Lander, and because it is the coldest place on the moon & generally this Pragyan Rover. Budget of chandrayaan 2 mission was 9.78 always remains in shadow. South Pole has craters that are billion rupees. In which, 6 billion was allotted for space extremely cold and contain fossil record. vehicle and 3.75 billion for rocket (GSLV MK 3). Chandrayaan-1 got the presence of water molecules on the lunar surface in 2012 which was confirmed later by LRO ORBITER (NASA). Therefore chandrayaan-2 is a second lunar From September 2019, the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter was mission of India which will further study on the lunar orbiting in polar orbit of the moon at an altitude of IJERTV9IS070499 www.ijert.org 1233 (This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.) Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 9 Issue 07, July-2020 100 km. It carries eight scientific instruments; two of was a 6 wheeled rover operated by solar power. Its design which are advanced versions of those flown was focused to run 500 meters on the lunar surface with the on Chandrayaan-1. The approximate launch mass was speed of 1 cm per second. Orbiter was the bridge between 2,379 kg. The Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC) pragyan and ISRO command centre in this mission. It was organized high-resolution observations of the landing site not capable to directly contact with ground station before to separation of the lander from the orbiter. The (isro.gov.in) structure of orbiter was manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and delivered to ISRO Satellite • Stereoscopic camera-based 3D vision: Centre on 22 June 2015 (isro.gov.in) two 1 megapixel, monochromatic NAVCAMs are Chandrayaan 2 Orbiter can communicate with Indian Deep mounted in front of the rover to provide the Space Network (IDSN) at Byalalu as well as ground control team a 3D view of the surrounding the Vikram Lander. Its mission life is seven years which lunar surface, and help in path-planning by was planned first one year. developing a digital elevation model of the terrain. IIT Kanpur collaborated to the development of the subsystems for light-based • Dimensions: 3.2 × 5.8 × 2.2 m map generation and motion planning for the rover. • Gross lift-off mass: 2,379 kg (5,245 lb) • Propellant mass: 1,697 kg (3,741 lb) • Control and motor dynamics: • Dry mass: 682 kg (1,504 lb) The rover uses a rocker-bogie suspension system • Electric power generation capacity- 1000 Wt. and runs on six wheels, each driven by • Life- 7 years individual brushless D C electric motor. Steering is managed by differential speed of the wheels or VIKRAM LANDER skid steering. The Lander of Chandrayaan-2 was named Vikram after Dr Vikram A. Sarabhai, who was the Father of the Indian The expected mission life of Pragyan rover was one lunar Space Programme. It was designed to operate for one lunar day, which is equal to 14 Earth days. Its electronic systems day, which is similar to about 14 Earth days (Annadurai, were not designed to function in extreme dark and cold 2017). lunar night. The preliminary configuration analysis of the lander was • Dimensions: 0.9 × 0.75 × 0.85 m completed in 2013 by the Space Applications Centre (SAC) in Ahmedabad. The lander's propulsion system has • Travel speed: 1 cm/sec. eight 50 N thrusters to attitude control and five 800 N • Power: 50 Wt (180 lbf) liquid main engines derived from ISRO's 440 N • Mission duration: 14 days (one lunar day) liquid Apogee Motor. Initially, the lander design used four FAILURE OF VIKRAM main liquid engines, but a centrally mounted engine was added later to handle new requirements of having to orbit On 16 November 2019, the Failure Analysis Committee the Moon before landing. The additional engine was released its report to the Space Commission, concluding expected to attenuate upward draft of lunar dust during the that the crash was caused by a software glitch. It was soft landing. The Lander was designed to safely land on unexpected event because software was functioning well slopes up to 12°. during the trial period. The lander completed successfully its phase one of landing, in which from an altitude of 30 Some associated technologies include a high resolution km to 7.4 km over the Moon surface the velocity of vehicle camera, Laser Altimeter (LASA), Lander Horizontal was reduced from 1,683 m/s to 146 m/s. But unfortunately Velocity Camera (LHVC), Lander Position Detection velocity reduction during the second phase of descent was Camera (LPDC), Lander Hazard Detection Avoidance more than the calculation. Which causes actual calculation Camera (LHDAC), an 800 N throttle able liquid main and condition were beyond the designed parameters of on- engine, attitude thrusters, Laser Inertial Reference & board software and Vikram had to apply rough landing. Accelerometer Package (LIRAP), Ka band radio altimeters Then it was crashed and found approximately 500 meters (KaRA), and the software needed to run these components. of the intended landing site. The impact of the crash damaged its on board system and communication which • Dimensions: 2.54 × 2 × 1.2 m made it helpless.
Recommended publications
  • Bibliography

    Bibliography

    Annotated List of Works Cited Primary Sources Newspapers “Apollo 11 se Vraci na Zemi.” Rude Pravo [Czechoslovakia] 22 July 1969. 1. Print. This was helpful for us because it showed how the U.S. wasn’t the only ones effected by this event. This added more to our project so we had views from outside the US. Barbuor, John. “Alunizaron, Bajaron, Caminaron, Trabajaron: Proeza Lograda.” Excelsior [Mexico] 21 July 1969. 1. Print. The front page of this newspaper was extremely helpful to our project because we used it to see how this event impacted the whole world not just America. Beloff, Nora. “The Space Race: Experts Not Keen on Getting a Man on the Moon.” Age [Melbourne] 24 April 1962. 2. Print. This was an incredibly important article to use in out presentation so that we could see different opinions. This article talked about how some people did not want to go to the moon; we didn’t find many articles like this one. In most everything we have read it talks about the advantages of going to the moon. This is why this article was so unique and important. Canadian Press. “Half-billion Watch the Moon Spectacular.” Gazette [Montreal] 21 July 1969. 4. Print. This source gave us a clear idea about how big this event really was, not only was it a big deal in America, but everywhere else in the world. This article told how Russia and China didn’t have TV’s so they had to find other ways to hear about this event like listening to the radio.
  • America's First Moon Landing

    America's First Moon Landing

    America’s First Moon Landing (July 21, 1969) Apollo 11, which was launched into his oval mural commemorating America’s Moon landing space from the Kennedy Space Center, embellishes the Brumidi Corridors in the Senate wing of the Florida, began its epic voyage to the Moon on July 16, 1969. On board were Capitol. The mural’s three main elements are: the rocket that Commander Neil A. Armstrong, Lunar propelled the astronauts into orbit; astronauts Neil Armstrong Module Pilot Edwin E. ”Buzz“ Aldrin, Jr., and Buzz Aldrin planting the United States flag on the Moon, and Command Module Pilot Michael with the lunar module Eagle in the background and the space capsule Collins. After 24 hours in lunar orbit, the T command/service module, Columbia, Columbia circling the Moon; and a view of Earth as seen from the Moon. separated from the lunar module, Eagle. Although the Eagle landed on the Moon in the afternoon of July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin began their descent to the lunar surface in the Eagle while Armstrong and Aldrin did not erect the flag until the next morning, which Collins stayed behind to pilot the explains why the scene is dated July 21, 1969. Columbia. The lunar module touched Muralist Allyn Cox painted the work. The son of artists Kenyon down on the Moon at Tranquility Base on July 20, 1969, at 4:17 P.M. EDT.Arm­ and Louise King Cox, Allyn Cox was born in New York City. He was strong reported, “The Eagle has landed.” educated at the National Academy of Design and the Art Students League At 10:56 P.M., Armstrong stepped in New York, and the American Academy in Rome.
  • Bolden Testimony

    Bolden Testimony

    HOLD FOR RELEASE UNTIL PRESENTED BY WITNESS November 17, 2011 Statement of The Honorable Charles F. Bolden, Jr. Administrator National Aeronautics and Space Administration before the Subcommittee on Science and Space Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation U. S. Senate Mr. Chairman and Members of the Subcommittee, thank you for the opportunity to appear before you today to discuss the outlook for NASA’s human space flight program. This has been a remarkable year, as we have completed assembling and outfitting of the U.S. On-orbit Segment (USOS) of the International Space Station (ISS), allowing us to focus on full utilization of the Station’s research capabilities; taken key steps in moving forward into the future of exploration beyond Low-Earth Orbit (LEO); celebrated the 50 th anniversary of human spaceflight; and witnessed the successful conclusion of the historic Space Shuttle Program. We are also pleased with the progress our industry partners have made in developing an American capability to transport cargo and eventually astronauts to the ISS, and end the outsourcing of this work to foreign governments. More importantly, this will add a critical level of redundancy for transporting cargo and crew to the ISS. A robust transportation architecture is important to ensuring full utilization of this amazing research facility. Enabling commercial crew and cargo transportation systems in LEO allows NASA to focus on developing its own systems for sending astronauts on missions of exploration beyond LEO. This split between commercial and Government systems allows for a cost effective approach to promote a broad base for human exploration by the United States.
  • The Lost Indian Chandrayaan 2 Lander Vikram and Rover Pragyaan Found Intact in Single Piece on the Moon

    The Lost Indian Chandrayaan 2 Lander Vikram and Rover Pragyaan Found Intact in Single Piece on the Moon

    ISSN (Online): 2350-0530 International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ISSN (Print): 2394-3629 December 2020, Vol 8(12), 103 – 109 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i12.2020.2608 THE LOST INDIAN CHANDRAYAAN 2 LANDER VIKRAM AND ROVER PRAGYAAN FOUND INTACT IN SINGLE PIECE ON THE MOON Jag Mohan Saxena 1 , H M Saxena *2 , Priyanka Saxena 3 1 Bldg. 1-E-19, Jai Narayan Vyas Nagar, Bikaner 334003, India *2 Geetanjali Aptts. 9FF, E Block, Rishi Nagar, Ludhiana 141001, India 3 Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur 342037, India DOI: https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i12.2020.2608 Article Type: Research Article ABSTRACT The Lunar Lander Vikram of the Moon Mission Chandrayaan 2 of the Article Citation: Jag Mohan Saxena, Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) lost communication with the H M Saxena, and Priyanka Saxena. Lunar Orbiter and the mission control nearly 2.1 kms above the lunar (2020). THE LOST INDIAN surface during its landing on the Moon on 7th September, 2019. The exact CHANDRAYAAN 2 LANDER VIKRAM AND ROVER PRAGYAAN FOUND location and the sight of the lost lander and rover are still elusive. We INTACT IN SINGLE PIECE ON THE present here the exact location and first images of the lander Vikram and MOON. International Journal of rover Pragyaan sighted on the lunar surface. It is evident from the Research -GRANTHAALAYAH, processed images that the lander was intact and in single piece on landing 8(12), 103-109. away from the scheduled site and its ramp was deployed to successfully https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaa release the rover Pragyan on to the lunar surface.
  • Flight Opportunities and Small Spacecraft Technology Program Updates NAC Technology, Innovation and Engineering Committee Meeting | March 19, 2020

    Flight Opportunities and Small Spacecraft Technology Program Updates NAC Technology, Innovation and Engineering Committee Meeting | March 19, 2020

    Flight Opportunities and Small Spacecraft Technology Program Updates NAC Technology, Innovation and Engineering Committee Meeting | March 19, 2020 Christopher Baker NASA Space Technology Mission Directorate Flight Opportunities and Small Spacecraft Technology Program Executive National Aeronautics and Space Administration 1 CHANGING THE PACE OF SPACE Through Small Spacecraft Technology and Flight Opportunities, Space Tech is pursuing the rapid identification, development, and testing of capabilities that exploit agile spacecraft platforms and responsive launch capabilities to increase the pace of space exploration, discovery, and the expansion of space commerce. National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2 THROUGH SUBORBITAL FLIGHT The Flight Opportunities program facilitates rapid demonstration of promising technologies for space exploration, discovery, and the expansion of space commerce through suborbital testing with industry flight providers LEARN MORE: WWW.NASA.GOV/TECHNOLOGY Photo Credit: Blue Origin National Aeronautics and Space Administration 3 FLIGHT OPPORTUNITIES BY THE NUMBERS Between 2011 and today… In 2019 alone… Supported 195 successful fights Supported 15 successful fights Enabled 676 tests of payloads Enabled 47 tests of payloads 254 technologies in the portfolio 86 technologies in the portfolio 13 active commercial providers 9 active commercial providers National Aeronautics and Space Administration Numbers current as of March 1, 2020 4 TECHNOLOGY TESTED IN SUBORBITAL Lunar Payloads ISS SPACE IS GOING TO EARTH ORBIT, THE MOON, MARS, AND BEYOND Mars 2020 Commercial Critical Space Lunar Payload Exploration Services Solutions National Aeronautics and Space Administration 5 SUBORBITAL INFUSION HIGHLIGHT Commercial Lunar Payload Services Four companies selected as Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CPLS) providers leveraged Flight Opportunities-supported suborbital flights to test technologies that are incorporated into their landers and/or are testing lunar landing technologies under Flight Opportunities for others.
  • Project Selene: AIAA Lunar Base Camp

    Project Selene: AIAA Lunar Base Camp

    Project Selene: AIAA Lunar Base Camp AIAA Space Mission System 2019-2020 Virginia Tech Aerospace Engineering Faculty Advisor : Dr. Kevin Shinpaugh Team Members : Olivia Arthur, Bobby Aselford, Michel Becker, Patrick Crandall, Heidi Engebreth, Maedini Jayaprakash, Logan Lark, Nico Ortiz, Matthew Pieczynski, Brendan Ventura Member AIAA Number Member AIAA Number And Signature And Signature Faculty Advisor 25807 Dr. Kevin Shinpaugh Brendan Ventura 1109196 Matthew Pieczynski 936900 Team Lead/Operations Logan Lark 902106 Heidi Engebreth 1109232 Structures & Environment Patrick Crandall 1109193 Olivia Arthur 999589 Power & Thermal Maedini Jayaprakash 1085663 Robert Aselford 1109195 CCDH/Operations Michel Becker 1109194 Nico Ortiz 1109533 Attitude, Trajectory, Orbits and Launch Vehicles Contents 1 Symbols and Acronyms 8 2 Executive Summary 9 3 Preface and Introduction 13 3.1 Project Management . 13 3.2 Problem Definition . 14 3.2.1 Background and Motivation . 14 3.2.2 RFP and Description . 14 3.2.3 Project Scope . 15 3.2.4 Disciplines . 15 3.2.5 Societal Sectors . 15 3.2.6 Assumptions . 16 3.2.7 Relevant Capital and Resources . 16 4 Value System Design 17 4.1 Introduction . 17 4.2 Analytical Hierarchical Process . 17 4.2.1 Longevity . 18 4.2.2 Expandability . 19 4.2.3 Scientific Return . 19 4.2.4 Risk . 20 4.2.5 Cost . 21 5 Initial Concept of Operations 21 5.1 Orbital Analysis . 22 5.2 Launch Vehicles . 22 6 Habitat Location 25 6.1 Introduction . 25 6.2 Region Selection . 25 6.3 Locations of Interest . 26 6.4 Eliminated Locations . 26 6.5 Remaining Locations . 27 6.6 Chosen Location .
  • Overview of Chandrayaan-1 PDS (Planetary Data System) Products

    Overview of Chandrayaan-1 PDS (Planetary Data System) Products

    Chandrayaan-1 PDS Data Products Archival Generation and Browse By Ajay Kumar Prashar HRDPD/SIPG Chandrayaan-1 SAC Data Processing Team Contents • ISDA (ISRO Science Data Archive) Overview • PDS (Planetary Data System) Overview • Mission & instrument Overview • Archive Process • Data Products Definitions • Data Products Archive Generation • Archive Organization : Mission & Instrument level • Visualizations of PDS Data Products (Ch1PDSViewer/NASAVIEW/USGS-ISIS) • Chandrayaan-1 Browse Application ISDA – Overview Central repository for all scientific and engineering data returned by ISRO’s planetary missions Established at Indian Space Science Data Centre (ISSDC) Bangalore - in 2008. ISDA archives data sets from following missions: Chandrayaan-1 Mars Orbiter Mission Astrosat Chandrayaan-2 (Future) ISDA adopted PDS as archive standard for generating mission & instrument specific data sets for the scientific user community ISDA provides international collaboration with IPDA (International Planetary Data Alliance) PDS - Overview Well known Archive standard for all the NASA planetary missions in the scientific user community. Adopted by ESA, JAXA and other space agencies across globe. Features of PDS Self structured, documented & Peer Review Data Sets Long-term access and usability of data ISRO had also adopted PDS3 for following missions Chandrayaan-1 Mars Orbiter Mission. ISRO will adopt PDS4 for Chandrayaan-2 and continue PDS4 for future planetary missions. PDS Home Page (http://pds.nasa.gov) Mission & Instruments – Overview Chandrayaan-1, India’s first mission to Moon, was launched successfully on 22 October 2008 from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota. Spacecraft was orbiting around Moon at a height of 100 km from the lunar surface for chemical, mineralogical and photo-geologic mapping of the Moon. Spacecraft carried 11 scientific instruments built in India, USA, UK,Germany, Sweden and Bulgaria.
  • Ariane-DP GB VA209 ASTRA 2F & GSAT-10.Indd

    Ariane-DP GB VA209 ASTRA 2F & GSAT-10.Indd

    A DUAL LAUNCH FOR DIRECT BROADCAST AND COMMUNICATIONS SERVICES Arianespace will orbit two satellites on its fifth Ariane 5 launch of the year: ASTRA 2F, which mainly provides direct-to-home (DTH) broadcast services for the Luxembourg-based operator SES, and the GSAT-10 communications satellite for the Indian Space Research Organization, ISRO. The choice of Arianespace by the world’s leading space communications operators and manufacturers is clear international recognition of the company’s excellence in launch services. Based on its proven reliability and availability, Arianespace continues to confirm its position as the world’s benchmark launch system. Ariane 5 is the only commercial satellite launcher now on the market capable of simultaneously launching two payloads and handling a complete range of missions, from launches of commercial satellites into geostationary orbit, to dedicated launches into special orbits. Arianespace and SES have developed an exceptional relationship of mutual trust over more than 20 years. ASTRA 2F will be the 36th satellite from the SES group (Euronext Paris and Luxembourg Bourse: SESG) to use an Ariane launcher. SES operates the leading direct-to-home (DTH) TV broadcast system in Europe, based on its Astra satellites, serving more than 135 million households via DTH and cable networks. Built by Astrium using a Eurostar E3000 platform, ASTRA 2F will weigh 6,000 kg at launch. Fitted with active Ku- and Ka-band transponders, ASTRA 2F will be positioned at 28.2 degrees East. It will deliver new-generation DTH TV broadcast services to Europe, the Middle East and Africa, and offers a design life of about 15 years.
  • Indian Payload Capabilities for Space Missions

    Indian Payload Capabilities for Space Missions

    INDIAN PAYLOAD CAPABILITIES FOR 13, Bangalore - SPACE MISSIONS July 11 A.S. Kiran Kumar Director Space Applications Centre International ASTROD Symposium, Ahmedabad th 5 Application-specific EO payloads IMS-1(2008) RISAT-1 (2012) MX/ HySI-T C-band SAR CARTOSAT-2/2A/2B RESOURCESAT-2 (2011) (2007/2009/2010) LISS 3/ LISS 4/AWiFS PAN RESOURCESAT-1 (2003) LISS 3/ LISS 4 AWiFS CARTOSAT-1 (2005) (Operational) STEREOPAN Megha-Tropiques (2011) TES(2001) MADRAS/SAPHIR/ScARaB/ Step& Stare ROSA PAN OCEANSAT-2 (2009) OCM/ SCAT/ROSA YOUTHSAT(2011) LiV HySI/RaBIT INSAT-3A (2003) KALPANA-1 (2002) VHRR, CCD VHRR Application-specific EO payloads GISAT MXVNIR/SWIR/TIR/HySI RISAT-3 RESOURCESAT-3A/3B/3C L-band SAR CARTOSAT-3 RESOURCESAT-2A LISS 3/LISS 4/AWiFS PAN LISS3/LISS4/AWiFS RESOURCESAT-3 LISS 3/LISS 4/ CARTOSAT-2C/2D AWiFS (Planned) PAN RISAT-1R C-band SAR SARAL Altimeter/ARGOS OCEANSAT-3 OCM , TIR GISAT MXVNIR/SWIR/ INSAT- 3D TIR/HySI Imager/Sounder EARTH OBSERVATION (LAND AND WATER) RESOURCESAT-1 IMS-1 RESOURCESAT-2 RISAT-1 RESOURCESAT-2A RESOURCESAT-3 RESOURCESAT-3A/3B/3C RISAT-3 GISAT RISAT-1R EARTH OBSERVATION (CARTOGRAPHY) TES CARTOSAT-1 CARTOSAT-2/2A/2B RISAT-1 CARTOSAT-2C/2D CARTOSAT-3 RISAT-3 RISAT-1R EARTH OBSERVATION (ATMOSPHERE & OCEAN) KALPANA-1 INSAT- 3A OCEANSAT-1 INSAT-3D OCEANSAT-2 YOUTHSAT GISAT MEGHA–TROPIQUES OCEANSAT-3 SARAL Current observation capabilities : Optical Payload Sensors in Spatial Res. Swath/ Radiometry Spectral bands Repetivity/ operation Coverage (km) revisit CCD 1 1 Km India & 10 bits 3 (B3, B4, B5) 4 times/ day surround.
  • Exploration of the Moon

    Exploration of the Moon

    Exploration of the Moon The physical exploration of the Moon began when Luna 2, a space probe launched by the Soviet Union, made an impact on the surface of the Moon on September 14, 1959. Prior to that the only available means of exploration had been observation from Earth. The invention of the optical telescope brought about the first leap in the quality of lunar observations. Galileo Galilei is generally credited as the first person to use a telescope for astronomical purposes; having made his own telescope in 1609, the mountains and craters on the lunar surface were among his first observations using it. NASA's Apollo program was the first, and to date only, mission to successfully land humans on the Moon, which it did six times. The first landing took place in 1969, when astronauts placed scientific instruments and returnedlunar samples to Earth. Apollo 12 Lunar Module Intrepid prepares to descend towards the surface of the Moon. NASA photo. Contents Early history Space race Recent exploration Plans Past and future lunar missions See also References External links Early history The ancient Greek philosopher Anaxagoras (d. 428 BC) reasoned that the Sun and Moon were both giant spherical rocks, and that the latter reflected the light of the former. His non-religious view of the heavens was one cause for his imprisonment and eventual exile.[1] In his little book On the Face in the Moon's Orb, Plutarch suggested that the Moon had deep recesses in which the light of the Sun did not reach and that the spots are nothing but the shadows of rivers or deep chasms.
  • Conceptual Human-System Interface Design for a Lunar Access Vehicle

    Conceptual Human-System Interface Design for a Lunar Access Vehicle

    Conceptual Human-System Interface Design for a Lunar Access Vehicle Mary Cummings Enlie Wang Cristin Smith Jessica Marquez Mark Duppen Stephane Essama Massachusetts Institute of Technology* Prepared For Draper Labs Award #: SC001-018 PI: Dava Newman HAL2005-04 September, 2005 http://halab.mit.edu e-mail: [email protected] *MIT Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Cambridge, MA 02139 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... 1 1.1 THE GENERAL FRAMEWORK................................................................................ 1 1.2 ORGANIZATION.................................................................................................... 2 2 H-SI BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION ........................................................ 3 2.1 APOLLO VS. LAV H-SI........................................................................................ 3 2.2 APOLLO VS. LUNAR ACCESS REQUIREMENTS ...................................................... 4 3 THE LAV CONCEPTUAL PROTOTYPE............................................................ 5 3.1 HS-I DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS ................................................................................ 5 3.2 THE CONCEPTUAL PROTOTYPE ............................................................................ 6 3.3 LANDING ZONE (LZ) DISPLAY............................................................................. 8 3.3.1 LZ Display Introduction.................................................................................
  • Tribal Medicinal Studies on Sriharikota Island, Andhra Pradesh

    Tribal Medicinal Studies on Sriharikota Island, Andhra Pradesh

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OpenSIUC Ethnobotanical Leaflets 14 : 95-107, 2010. Tribal Medicinal Studies on Sriharikota Island, Andhra Pradesh# R Bharath Kumar* and B. Surya Narayana** *Dept.Biotechnology, Vignan’s Engineering College, Vadlamudi, Guntur-522213 email: [email protected] **-307, Karnakamma Street, Venkatagiri Town –524132 email: [email protected] Issued January 01, 2010 Abstract Sriharikota Island in Andhra Pradesh is an elliptical land mass sandwiched between Bay of Bengal in the East and Pulicat Lake in the West. Sullurpet is the nearest railway station which is 18 km from Sriharikota Island and it is on Chennai-Kolkata trunk line and 90 Km away from North of Chennai. An aboriginal tribe called Yanadi dwells in Sriharikota. It is similar to Chenchu community elsewhere in Andhra Pradesh. Inspite of the community being drifted from their natural way of life due to agro-rural development activities, a few aged tribal men are still able to furnish traditional ethno-medicinal data. So far no ethno-botanical studies are conducted are in this area except for a list of 50 plants reported by the senior author and co-researchers (1989). Therefore a detailed study on tribal medicine in this area is undertaken. During this work 190 species are collected having a variety of ethno-pharmacological values. However this article deals with 23 species only, having remedial effect for arthritis and rheumatism. Out of them 10 species having anodyne properties from first hand ethnic information. Introduction An aboriginal tribe called Yanadi dwells in Sriharikota.