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CHANDRAYAAN-2: India's 2Nd Lunar Exploration Mission Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 9 Issue 07, July-2020 CHANDRAYAAN-2: India’s 2nd Lunar Exploration Mission Hemant Khati, Devender Sharma Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Faridabad, India Abstract:- Chandrayaan-2 was a great achievement for India surface of south region related to water presence, mapping and the mankind and it made a history as 1st mission in the of the moon, elemental study. world which was projected on the southern pole of moon. This region always remains in darkness and temperature is CHALLENGES OF MOON LANDING extreme cold there and these two things are most dangerous There are various challenges in moon landing like; and affect negatively on mission. Therefore it was very challenging mission for India and entire world was curious trajectory accuracy, communication with deep space about its success. Its budget was 9.62 billion Indian rupees network, extreme cold & hot temperature variation, lunar and it is the most expansive space mission of India till now. dust, lumpy gravity, soft landing etc. some of the Chadrayaan-2 consisted of 3 parts; Orbiter, Lander and challenges involved in moon landing are mentioned here. Rover. This mission was launched in 2019. In this mission, Orbiter was successful its mission to reach in moon’s orbit but COMMUNICATION WITH DEEP SPACE NETWORK unfortunately communication was lost with Lander which Communication to the satellite from the ground station is causes Lander did not perform well and it crashed along very important. It helps to control satellite during mission, Pragyan rover and other sciencetific equipments. This paper send commands and new updates, give satellite location presents a detailed review about Mission Chandrayaan-2 and its landing failure. and its path, firing rocket engine and thruster. Indian deep space network is located at byalalu near the bangluru INTRODUCTION (Karnataka). Usually most of the time lack of Chandrayaaan -2 was the second lunar mission of India communication is responsible for the mission failure which was launched on 22 July 2019 form satish dhawan (ISRO, 2019a). space centre by GSLV MK-3 rocket. It was most important SOFT LANDING & anticipated mission for India and world both because Soft landing was the main challenge in this mission and it chandrayaan-2 had to land on south polar region of moon was first time for india attempt a soft landing on lunar where no one has reached yet. Its primary objects were to surface. The soft landing was executed by performing the understand the dark side of moon, mapping of lunar surface rough braking and fine braking maneuvers by firing the and to find the presence of water on South Pole. onboard engines and it takes extreme precision. Lander was Total cost of this mission was approx 9.78 billion Indian also capable to absorb shock impact without damaging rupees. It was most costly mission ever in Indian space onboard payload and systems (ISRO, 2019a). history. Chandrayaan-2 was made up of 3 part; Orbiter, VIKRAM Lander and PRAGYAN Rover. But it was not EXTREME TEMPERATURE completely successful mission because lander crash landed There is no atmosphere on moon which causes temperature on the lunar surface with rover. variation is extreme. It takes 27.5 days to complete one 1. 1st space mission to conduct soft landing on the moon’s rotation around its axis and also around the earth. Due to its South Polar Region. rotation one side of moon remains 13.6 day in light which 2. 1st Indian mission in which it attempts a soft landing on is called lunar day and another part remains in darkness for the lunar surface with home-grown technology. 13.6 days which is called lunar night. During the lunar day temperature can reach 260 F and in lunar night it can reach OBJECTIVES -280 F (ISRO, 2019a). 1. To understand the history of our solar system & moon. 2. Origin and evolution of moon CONFIGURATION OF CHANDRAYAAN-2 South Pole is greater than the North Pole & here lunar Chandrayaan 2 was launched by GSLV MK 3 from Satish surface area remains in shadow & there is a higher Dhawan Space Centre and its lift mass was 3850 kg probability of the presence of water & fossil records approx. It consisted of Lunar Orbiter, Vikram Lander, and because it is the coldest place on the moon & generally this Pragyan Rover. Budget of chandrayaan 2 mission was 9.78 always remains in shadow. South Pole has craters that are billion rupees. In which, 6 billion was allotted for space extremely cold and contain fossil record. vehicle and 3.75 billion for rocket (GSLV MK 3). Chandrayaan-1 got the presence of water molecules on the lunar surface in 2012 which was confirmed later by LRO ORBITER (NASA). Therefore chandrayaan-2 is a second lunar From September 2019, the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter was mission of India which will further study on the lunar orbiting in polar orbit of the moon at an altitude of IJERTV9IS070499 www.ijert.org 1233 (This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.) Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 9 Issue 07, July-2020 100 km. It carries eight scientific instruments; two of was a 6 wheeled rover operated by solar power. Its design which are advanced versions of those flown was focused to run 500 meters on the lunar surface with the on Chandrayaan-1. The approximate launch mass was speed of 1 cm per second. Orbiter was the bridge between 2,379 kg. The Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC) pragyan and ISRO command centre in this mission. It was organized high-resolution observations of the landing site not capable to directly contact with ground station before to separation of the lander from the orbiter. The (isro.gov.in) structure of orbiter was manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and delivered to ISRO Satellite • Stereoscopic camera-based 3D vision: Centre on 22 June 2015 (isro.gov.in) two 1 megapixel, monochromatic NAVCAMs are Chandrayaan 2 Orbiter can communicate with Indian Deep mounted in front of the rover to provide the Space Network (IDSN) at Byalalu as well as ground control team a 3D view of the surrounding the Vikram Lander. Its mission life is seven years which lunar surface, and help in path-planning by was planned first one year. developing a digital elevation model of the terrain. IIT Kanpur collaborated to the development of the subsystems for light-based • Dimensions: 3.2 × 5.8 × 2.2 m map generation and motion planning for the rover. • Gross lift-off mass: 2,379 kg (5,245 lb) • Propellant mass: 1,697 kg (3,741 lb) • Control and motor dynamics: • Dry mass: 682 kg (1,504 lb) The rover uses a rocker-bogie suspension system • Electric power generation capacity- 1000 Wt. and runs on six wheels, each driven by • Life- 7 years individual brushless D C electric motor. Steering is managed by differential speed of the wheels or VIKRAM LANDER skid steering. The Lander of Chandrayaan-2 was named Vikram after Dr Vikram A. Sarabhai, who was the Father of the Indian The expected mission life of Pragyan rover was one lunar Space Programme. It was designed to operate for one lunar day, which is equal to 14 Earth days. Its electronic systems day, which is similar to about 14 Earth days (Annadurai, were not designed to function in extreme dark and cold 2017). lunar night. The preliminary configuration analysis of the lander was • Dimensions: 0.9 × 0.75 × 0.85 m completed in 2013 by the Space Applications Centre (SAC) in Ahmedabad. The lander's propulsion system has • Travel speed: 1 cm/sec. eight 50 N thrusters to attitude control and five 800 N • Power: 50 Wt (180 lbf) liquid main engines derived from ISRO's 440 N • Mission duration: 14 days (one lunar day) liquid Apogee Motor. Initially, the lander design used four FAILURE OF VIKRAM main liquid engines, but a centrally mounted engine was added later to handle new requirements of having to orbit On 16 November 2019, the Failure Analysis Committee the Moon before landing. The additional engine was released its report to the Space Commission, concluding expected to attenuate upward draft of lunar dust during the that the crash was caused by a software glitch. It was soft landing. The Lander was designed to safely land on unexpected event because software was functioning well slopes up to 12°. during the trial period. The lander completed successfully its phase one of landing, in which from an altitude of 30 Some associated technologies include a high resolution km to 7.4 km over the Moon surface the velocity of vehicle camera, Laser Altimeter (LASA), Lander Horizontal was reduced from 1,683 m/s to 146 m/s. But unfortunately Velocity Camera (LHVC), Lander Position Detection velocity reduction during the second phase of descent was Camera (LPDC), Lander Hazard Detection Avoidance more than the calculation. Which causes actual calculation Camera (LHDAC), an 800 N throttle able liquid main and condition were beyond the designed parameters of on- engine, attitude thrusters, Laser Inertial Reference & board software and Vikram had to apply rough landing. Accelerometer Package (LIRAP), Ka band radio altimeters Then it was crashed and found approximately 500 meters (KaRA), and the software needed to run these components. of the intended landing site. The impact of the crash damaged its on board system and communication which • Dimensions: 2.54 × 2 × 1.2 m made it helpless.
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