L'exemple Du Rhin Supérieur

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L'exemple Du Rhin Supérieur 1 Christoph Bernhardt André Guillerme Elsa Vonau L´émergence des politiques de développement durable dans un contexte transfrontalier : L’exemple du Rhin supérieur (1914-2000) Rapport final 15 décembre 2009 Programme de recherche "PAYSAGES ET DÉVELOPPEMENT DURABLE" financé par le MEDD Groupe de recherche PD Dr. Christoph Bernhardt (Responsable) Prof. Dr. André Guillerme Dr. Elsa Vonau Centre d´Histoire des Techniques et de Leibniz-Institut für Regionalentwicklung und l´Environnement (CDHTE Strukturplanung (IRS) Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers (CNAM) Flakenstr. 28-31 5 Rue du Vertbois 15537 Erkner 75003 Paris Germany France 2 Sommaire 1. Introduction 4 2. Les antécédents : 1815-1905 20 3. Nouveaux paysages, regards nouveaux (fin XIXe - début XXe s.) 32 4 Régularisation et dérivation éclusée (1915 – 1945) 57 5 Le paysage, objet de savoirs 91 6 Trente ans de renversement (1945-75) 148 7 Les différentes voies de développement régional 171 8 La modification des sols : Conclusions de l’analyse cartographique 183 9 L´émergence des politiques pour un développement durable 188 10 Directive Cadre et Paysage 194 11 Conclusion 238 Bibliographie 249 Annexe 260 I. Programme Journée d´étude « Directive Cadre sur l’Eau et 261 paysage : le cas du Rhin supérieur », 19 mars 2009, Strasbourg II. Programme de la Conférence internationale et finale du projet : 264 « Fleuves frontaliers et paysages au XXe siècle/Border Rivers and landscapes in the 20th century », 13 -14 novembre 2009, CDHTE – CNAM Paris II.I. Abstraits des présentations de la Conférence finale du projet III. Activités scientifique et de valorisation dans le cadre du projet 297 3 4 I Introduction Nous présentons ici les résultats d´une recherche historienne relative à l´émergence des politiques pour un développement durable du paysage du Rhin supérieure au cours du XXe siècle. La question clé de ce projet mené dans le cadre du programme « Paysage et Développement Durable » du MEEDT1 est de savoir s´il y a une pré-histoire des efforts sociales, politiques et scientifiques pour un développement «avant la lettre». Jusqu´à présent le Rapport Brundtland de 1987 et la Déclaration de Rio de 1992 marquent, dans le débat scientifique et dans la perception du public, la naissance du concept «développement durable».2 Cependant concept et terme « durabilité » existent déjà depuis le milieu du XVIIIe siècle. A cette époque l’exploitation des forêts domaniales est planifiée dans le très long terme pour éviter l’épuisement de la ressource.3 Si on peut soutenir que ces approches se sont poursuivies et renforcées jusqu’au XXe siècle, alors le fameux Rapport n’est plus pionnier dans l’harmonisation du développement économique, sociale et environnemental, mais plutôt la modernisation d´une catégorie discrète des politiques paysagères, car au cours du dernier siècle des initiatives sociales ou politiques ont ouvert la voie à ce Rapport pour un brillant avenir politique. Le propos est d’abord le récit d’une invention au sens premier : une reconstitution de la « préhistoire » du développement durable dans les politiques régionales pour contribuer a une meilleure connaissance des forces sociales et des racines théoriques qui ont soutenu et soutiennent encore le concept de la durabilité. Le Rhin supérieur, bien connu comme laboratoire des politiques transfrontalières et environnementales4 sert d’exemple. Ce rapport montre qu’une multitude de stratégies et de projets pour un développement durable se sont croisés avec des politiques et des interventions bien connues et « non durables », comme le Grand Canal d´Alsace. 1 Voir https://pdd.cemagref.fr/contacts 2 CHARLES, L., KALAORA, B, « De la protection de la nature au développement durable : vers un nouveau cadre de savoir et d’action ? », Espaces et sociétés, 2007, n° 130, p. 121-133. BARTENSTEIN, K., « Les origines du concept de développement durable », Revue juridique de l’environnement, 2005, n° 3, p. 289-297. C’est l’un des objectifs de la création des Eaux et Forêts par le Roi de France Philippe VI de Valois en 1346. Au XVIIIe siècle, suite aux grands gels qui déciment les forêts, les chèvres sont interdites de pacage pour permettre la repousse et sauvegarder le patrimoine forestier. 4 MÖLLENKAMP, S., , La coopération franco-allemande pour la protection sur le Rhin, L’Harmattan, Paris, 2001 5 Tandis que théories et discours scientifiques sur le développement durable sont incohérents et font l’objet d’âpres débats académiques, le Rhin et ses paysages portent des mythes depuis des siècles. Pour déconstruire ces mythes et évaluer les approches divergentes on mène une réflexion sur «les Rhins» : regards portés par les historiens, les géographes et des acteurs clé de la région pour ensuite discuter les enjeux méthodologiques d´une recherche historienne sur le développement durable. On reconstruit d’abord les fondements historiques de la dégradation du paysage rhénan et de la coopération transfrontalière — la Commission du Rhin — tout au long du XIXe siècle (chapitre 2). Cette protohistoire justifie un continuum d’interventions techniques de grande envergure depuis le Premier Empire et qui ne cesse de s’amplifier. Pour comprendre ce qui se passe au XXe siècle, il est apparu nécessaire de saisir les nouvelles perceptions et appropriations paysagères autour de 1900 du fait de l´extension de la mobilité, du tourisme et des medias : « nouveaux paysages » perçus, analysés dans le troisième chapitre. On montre ensuite comment la sensibilité pour le paysage se déploie parmi les élites et se manifeste dans les premières législations modernes. Le quatrième et le sixième chapitre montrent comment s’élabore le plus grand projet de transformation du paysage rhénan au début du XXe siècle : le Grand Canal d´Alsace. Ce canal et ses effets destructifs sur le paysage marquent le point culminant des interventions « non- durable ». En même temps ces effets provoquent des questionnements et des mouvements parmi les ingénieurs hydrauliciens, les premiers paysagistes, les pêcheurs et d´autres groupes qui promeuvent des initiatives pour concilier les intérêts économiques et les demandes écologiques (chapitre 5). L´ambigüité profonde entre interventions « durables » et « non- durables» se prolongent et s’aggravent durant les « Trente glorieuses ». Mais on montre qu’alors les forces sociales favorables au développement durable sont capables d´infléchir une modification décisive des plans de construction du Grand Canal d’Alsace et de préparer les reformes des années 1970 – 2000 (chapitre 7-9). Enfin on observe l´état actuel des relations entre fleuve et paysage en prenant à témoin les enjeux de la Directive Cadre de l´eau de l`Union Européenne : orientation de la politique de l´eau au-delà des rives vers l´hydrosystème et le bassin – approche révolutionnaire pour l´Allemagne et pour d´autres pays européens – adopte en fait un point de vue paysager (chapitre 10). La démarche est globalement historienne : elle discerne les temporalités, adopte les différentes postures — environnementale, urbaine, technique, organisationnelle, politique, militaire — et s’associe la sociologie, la cartographie. Le parcours heuristique s’est réalisé à partir de l’habilitation de Christoph Bernhardt relative à l’aménagement des abords du Rhin aux XIXe et XXe siècles, des réflexions d’André Guillerme quant au paysage du XXe siècle 6 et aux techniques de génie civil et militaire, au développement des travaux d’Elsa Vonau sur les discours français et allemands sur l´eau et sur le paysage au Rhin, aux travaux d’enquête d’Elodie Piquette pour son mastère de sociologie des organisations à Strasbourg sous la direction de Maurice Wintz. André Guillerme est l´auteur des chapitres 2-4, et co-auteur avec Christoph Bernhardt des chapitres 1,6 et 11. Christoph Bernhardt est l´auteur des chapitres 7-9, Elsa Vonau du chapitre 5 et Elodie Piquette du chapitre 10 (sous la direction de Maurice Wintz). Les systèmes d’information géographique ont été exploités par Andreas Keller, géographe. La Région du Rhin supérieure (source Region Alsace, 2000) 7 Les Rhins La vallée du Rhin supérieur — qui va de Bâle à Strasbourg — est aujourd`hui une des plus dynamiques et des plus densément peuplées d´Europe5 Elle est aussi riche pour ses expériences de confrontation et de coopération transfrontalière, surtout dans le champs de la politique environnementale6. L´espace qui fait objet de référence comprend la Région Alsace, française — les départements du Haut-Rhin et du Bas-Rhin —, et la Région Südlicher Oberrhein, allemande. Elle s´inscrit dans un couloir long de 220 km et large d´environ 80 km : une étendue de 17.000 km2, dont 49% se situent en France, 48% en Allemagne, et 3% en Suisse.7 Cette région a été non seulement un territoire de confrontations nationalistes et militaires — deux guerres de position l’ont meurtrie — et, de fait, de dégradation, voire de déchéance environnementale. Mais elle a vu aussi de nombreuses initiatives pour protéger l’environnement transfrontalier notamment la coopération dans le secteur de l´eau — bassin et nappe —, secteur stratégique pour le développement durable du paysage. C’est dans cette région du Rhin supérieur, surtout dans la bande rhénane et la forêt alluviale du Rhin, que se sont déployés les premiers projets de protection du fleuve contre la pollution (ICPR, 1950), de protection contre les crues et de sauvegarde de la biodiversité (contrat franco-allemand 1982, Integriertes Rheinprogramm 1988). Aujourd’hui encore, les programmes de restauration de la biodiversité fluviale (Saumon 2000) et de protection transfrontalière de la nappe phréatique (1996)8, sont pilotes. Toutes ces initiatives, coopérations et programmes sont largement documentés et représentent une mémoire extraordinaire des expériences pour l´étude de la genèse des concepts du développement durable. « L’histoire jusqu’au XIXe siècle connaît « des Rhins », de fortune inégale aux diverses époques. Rhins dont chacun s’est élaboré grâce à une multitude d’efforts indépendants les uns des autres, en fonction d’échanges et de trafics perpétuellement mouvants — « mouvants de la mobilité même des peuples riverains purgeant leur inquiétude… 9» A chacun son Rhin pourrait-on dire.
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