Why We Fight
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An Environmental History of the Middle Rio Grande Basin
United States Department of From the Rio to the Sierra: Agriculture Forest Service An Environmental History of Rocky Mountain Research Station the Middle Rio Grande Basin Fort Collins, Colorado 80526 General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-5 Dan Scurlock i Scurlock, Dan. 1998. From the rio to the sierra: An environmental history of the Middle Rio Grande Basin. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-5. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 440 p. Abstract Various human groups have greatly affected the processes and evolution of Middle Rio Grande Basin ecosystems, especially riparian zones, from A.D. 1540 to the present. Overgrazing, clear-cutting, irrigation farming, fire suppression, intensive hunting, and introduction of exotic plants have combined with droughts and floods to bring about environmental and associated cultural changes in the Basin. As a result of these changes, public laws were passed and agencies created to rectify or mitigate various environmental problems in the region. Although restoration and remedial programs have improved the overall “health” of Basin ecosystems, most old and new environmental problems persist. Keywords: environmental impact, environmental history, historic climate, historic fauna, historic flora, Rio Grande Publisher’s Note The opinions and recommendations expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the USDA Forest Service. Mention of trade names does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the Federal Government. The author withheld diacritical marks from the Spanish words in text for consistency with English punctuation. Publisher Rocky Mountain Research Station Fort Collins, Colorado May 1998 You may order additional copies of this publication by sending your mailing information in label form through one of the following media. -
By Douglas P. Klein with Plates by G.A. Abrams and P.L. Hill U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado
U.S DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY STRUCTURE OF THE BASINS AND RANGES, SOUTHWEST NEW MEXICO, AN INTERPRETATION OF SEISMIC VELOCITY SECTIONS by Douglas P. Klein with plates by G.A. Abrams and P.L. Hill U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado Open-file Report 95-506 1995 This report is preliminary and has not been edited or reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards. The use of trade, product, or firm names in this papers is for descriptive purposes only, and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. STRUCTURE OF THE BASINS AND RANGES, SOUTHWEST NEW MEXICO, AN INTERPRETATION OF SEISMIC VELOCITY SECTIONS by Douglas P. Klein CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .................................................. 1 DEEP SEISMIC CRUSTAL STUDIES .................................. 4 SEISMIC REFRACTION DATA ....................................... 7 RELIABILITY OF VELOCITY STRUCTURE ............................. 9 CHARACTER OF THE SEISMIC VELOCITY SECTION ..................... 13 DRILL HOLE DATA ............................................... 16 BASIN DEPOSITS AND BEDROCK STRUCTURE .......................... 20 Line 1 - Playas Valley ................................... 21 Cowboy Rim caldera .................................. 23 Valley floor ........................................ 24 Line 2 - San Luis Valley through the Alamo Hueco Mountains ....................................... 25 San Luis Valley ..................................... 26 San Luis and Whitewater Mountains ................... 26 Southern -
Rimrock Rose Ranch Acquisition and Taos Resource Management Plan Amendment Addressing Livestock Grazing on Two Allotments in Sabinoso Wilderness
Rimrock Rose Ranch Acquisition and Taos Resource Management Plan Amendment Addressing Livestock Grazing on Two Allotments in Sabinoso Wilderness Environmental Assessment DOI-BLM-NM-F020-2016-0011-EA Taos Field Office 226 Cruz Alta Road Taos, New Mexico 87571 Rimrock Rose Ranch Acquisition and Taos Resource Management Plan Amendment Addressing Livestock Grazing on Two Allotments in Sabinoso Wilderness Environmental Assessment DOI-BLM-NM-F020-2016-0011-EA Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... 3 1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 3 1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Purpose and Need for Action ........................................................................................... 4 1.3 Land Use Plan Conformance............................................................................................ 4 1.4 Decisions to be Made ....................................................................................................... 5 1.5 Applicable Authorities ..................................................................................................... 5 1.6 Identification of Issues ..................................................................................................... 6 1.7 Issues Considered -
A Proposed Low Distortion Projection for the City of Las Cruces and Dona Ana County Scott Farnham, PE, PS City Surveyor, City of Las Cruces NM October 2020
A Proposed Low Distortion Projection for the City of Las Cruces and Dona Ana County Scott Farnham, PE, PS City Surveyor, City of Las Cruces NM October 2020 Introduction As part of the ongoing modernization of the U.S. National Spatial Reference System (NSRS), the National Geodetic Survey (NGS) will replace our horizontal and vertical datums (NAD83 and NAVD88) with new geometric datums assigned in the North American Terrestrial Reference Frame of 2022 (NATRF2022). The City of Las Cruces / Dona Ana County and the City of Albuquerque / Bernalillo County submitted proposals to NGS to incorporate Low Distortion Projections (LDP) as part of the New Mexico State Plane Coordinate Systems. Approval by NGS was obtained on June 17, 2019 for the proposed systems (see approval notice). Design of the LDP is the responsibility of the submitting agencies and must be submitted to NGS on or prior to March 31, 2021. Mark Marrujo1 with NMDOT is submitting final LDP design forms to NGS for the State of New Mexico. The City of Las Cruces (City) is designing a new Low Distortion Projection for Public Works Department, Engineering and Architecture projects to NGS criteria. To meet NGS LDP minimum size and shape criterion, the LDP area extends to Dona Ana County (County) boundary lines. This report presents design analysis and conclusions of the proposed City / County local NGS LDP system for stakeholders’ review prior to NGS final design submittal. NGS NM SPCS2022 Zones and Stakeholder Organizations NGS is designing new State Plane Coordinate Systems (SPCS2022) for New Mexico. The default SPCS2022 designs for the State are a statewide single zone and the three State Plane Zones: West, Central, and East. -
Issues in the 111Th Congress
Federal Lands Managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the Forest Service (FS): Issues in the 111th Congress (name redacted), Coordinator Specialist in Natural Resources Policy (name redacted), Coordinator Specialist in Natural Resources Policy (name redacted) Legislative Attorney (name redacted) Analyst in Energy Policy October 22, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R40237 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Federal Lands Managed by the Bureau of Land Management and the Forest Service Summary Congress, the Administration, and the courts are considering many issues related to the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) public lands and the Forest Service (FS) national forests. Key issues include the following. Energy Resources. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-58) led to new regulations on federal land leasing for oil and gas, oil shale, geothermal, and renewable energy. The Obama Administration is reviewing some rules and has withdrawn certain oil and gas leases in Utah. Hardrock Mining. The General Mining Law of 1872 allows prospecting for minerals in open public domain lands. Several bills to reform aspects of the Law have been introduced to require royalties on production and establish a fund to clean up abandoned mines, among other changes. Wildfire Protection. Various initiatives seek to protect communities from wildfires by expanding fuel reduction, and one related program was established in P.L. 111-11. Cost concerns led to new fire suppression accounts in the FLAME Act (Title V of P.L. 111-88). Wild Horses and Burros. To reduce program costs and the number of wild horses and burros on the range, the Secretary of the Interior has proposed wild horse preserves and increased fertility controls. -
Wilderness Study Areas
I ___- .-ll..l .“..l..““l.--..- I. _.^.___” _^.__.._._ - ._____.-.-.. ------ FEDERAL LAND M.ANAGEMENT Status and Uses of Wilderness Study Areas I 150156 RESTRICTED--Not to be released outside the General Accounting Wice unless specifically approved by the Office of Congressional Relations. ssBO4’8 RELEASED ---- ---. - (;Ao/li:( ‘I:I)-!L~-l~~lL - United States General Accounting OfTice GAO Washington, D.C. 20548 Resources, Community, and Economic Development Division B-262989 September 23,1993 The Honorable Bruce F. Vento Chairman, Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests, and Public Lands Committee on Natural Resources House of Representatives Dear Mr. Chairman: Concerned about alleged degradation of areas being considered for possible inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System (wilderness study areas), you requested that we provide you with information on the types and effects of activities in these study areas. As agreed with your office, we gathered information on areas managed by two agencies: the Department of the Interior’s Bureau of Land Management (BLN) and the Department of Agriculture’s Forest Service. Specifically, this report provides information on (1) legislative guidance and the agency policies governing wilderness study area management, (2) the various activities and uses occurring in the agencies’ study areas, (3) the ways these activities and uses affect the areas, and (4) agency actions to monitor and restrict these uses and to repair damage resulting from them. Appendixes I and II provide data on the number, acreage, and locations of wilderness study areas managed by BLM and the Forest Service, as well as data on the types of uses occurring in the areas. -
Reconstruction of Mid Wisconsin Environments in Southern New Mexico
Articles Arthur H. Harris Reconstruction of Mid Wisconsin Environments in Southern New Mexico Abundant vertebrate remains from two mid-Wisconsin cave deposits in New Mexico allow reconstruction of paleoenvironments. Dry Cave lies in southeastern New Mexico, U-Bar Cave in the extreme southwest (Figure 1). Both sites are in the ecotone between woodland and Chihuahuan Desert vegetations. During the mid Wisconsin, both had vertebrate species indicative of woodland, but otherwise differed greatly. Dry Cave had winter temperatures milder than those at the site today, but otherwise the climate was similar to that now found some 450 km to the north. Except for taxa allowed into the area by mild winters, extralimital forms occur in nearby highland woodlands or in northeastern New Mexico. U-Bar Cave probably lacked winter freezes, had cool summers, and had precipitation more evenly distributed than now. Taxa now as distant as the Great Basin occurred together with species from the nearer highlands. Relatively warm summers and retention of seasonal patterns of precipitation at Dry Cave in contrast to cool summers and decreased seasonality of precipitation at U-Bar Cave produced more extreme biotic differences between the sites than is the case now. Whether this was due to different contemporaneous climatic regimes or to chronological differences between the faunas is uncertain. The last major subdivision of the Pleistocene Epoch is the Wisconsin Age. Between ice advances in the early Wisconsin, terminating around 60 000 B.P., and a major renewal of glacial activity in the late Wisconsin, commencing around 32 000 to 27 000 B. P., there was a long span of less severe climatic conditions, the mid Wisconsin (see Bradley 1985 for age estimates). -
Effective Southwest Riparian Tree and Shrub Planting Methods That Require Minimal Or No Irrigation
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plant Materials Program The Plant Materials Program • Collects, selects, and uses plant breeding strategies to release grasses, legumes, wildflowers, trees and shrubs to commercial producers who sell our products to the public • Develops technologies for establishing vegetation for the use of plants as a natural way to solve conservation issues with the ultimate goal of re-establishing ecosystem function Deep-Planting Techniques to Establish Riparian Vegetation in the Arid and Semi-Arid Southwest By: Greg Fenchel Dave Dreesen Danny Goodson Keith White Los Lunas, New Mexico Plant Materials Center Six Years Later After Treatment A 40-acre treatment site on the Rio Grande in Veguita, New Mexico. Site dominated by a saltcedar under a cottonwood gallery. Before Treatment Presentation Includes 1. What, when, and where to plant (and why) 2. Effective planting methods 3. Suggested planting equipment 4. Survival results 5. Suggested publications www.nm.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/technotes/bio/riparian.pdf 1. Step-by-step guide to obtaining resource data on the riparian site 2. An assessment tool to determine the condition of a site 3. Treatment considerations and references 40 websites where you can download free, “state- of- the-art,” NM NRCS endorsed methodologies to improve condition Guide–Step 1: Obtaining Site Resource Data (Pages 1-4) •Locate the site - Use of aerial photography and USGS quad sheets •Identify ownership - Federal, state, local, tribal, private •Locate utility corridors - Get a line check from the providers for potential buried electric, oil, gas, phone lines etc. •Locate flood control structures – Dikes or dams that effect natural flow •Site modifications – Waste disposal, concrete, car bodies, etc •Public access – Some areas may need to be excluded to protect plants •Rules and regulations – Compliance with environmental laws (i.e. -
Cenozoic Thermal, Mechanical and Tectonic Evolution of the Rio Grande Rift
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 91, NO. B6, PAGES 6263-6276, MAY 10, 1986 Cenozoic Thermal, Mechanical and Tectonic Evolution of the Rio Grande Rift PAUL MORGAN1 Departmentof Geosciences,Purdue University,West Lafayette, Indiana WILLIAM R. SEAGER Departmentof Earth Sciences,New Mexico State University,Las Cruces MATTHEW P. GOLOMBEK Jet PropulsionLaboratory, CaliforniaInstitute of Technology,Pasadena Careful documentationof the Cenozoicgeologic history of the Rio Grande rift in New Mexico reveals a complexsequence of events.At least two phasesof extensionhave been identified.An early phase of extensionbegan in the mid-Oligocene(about 30 Ma) and may have continuedto the early Miocene (about 18 Ma). This phaseof extensionwas characterizedby local high-strainextension events (locally, 50-100%,regionally, 30-50%), low-anglefaulting, and the developmentof broad, relativelyshallow basins, all indicatingan approximatelyNE-SW •-25ø extensiondirection, consistent with the regionalstress field at that time.Extension events were not synchronousduring early phase extension and were often temporally and spatiallyassociated with major magmatism.A late phaseof extensionoccurred primarily in the late Miocene(10-5 Ma) with minor extensioncontinuing to the present.It was characterizedby apparently synchronous,high-angle faulting givinglarge verticalstrains with relativelyminor lateral strain (5-20%) whichproduced the moderuRio Granderift morphology.Extension direction was approximatelyE-W, consistentwith the contemporaryregional stress field. Late phasegraben or half-grabenbasins cut and often obscureearly phasebroad basins.Early phase extensionalstyle and basin formation indicate a ductilelithosphere, and this extensionoccurred during the climax of Paleogenemagmatic activity in this zone.Late phaseextensional style indicates a more brittle lithosphere,and this extensionfollowed a middle Miocenelull in volcanism.Regional uplift of about1 km appearsto haveaccompanied late phase extension, andrelatively minor volcanism has continued to thepresent. -
Cultural Resources Overview Desert Peaks Complex of the Organ Mountains – Desert Peaks National Monument Doña Ana County, New Mexico
Cultural Resources Overview Desert Peaks Complex of the Organ Mountains – Desert Peaks National Monument Doña Ana County, New Mexico Myles R. Miller, Lawrence L. Loendorf, Tim Graves, Mark Sechrist, Mark Willis, and Margaret Berrier Report submitted to the Wilderness Society Sacred Sites Research, Inc. July 18, 2017 Public Version This version of the Cultural Resources overview is intended for public distribution. Sensitive information on site locations, including maps and geographic coordinates, has been removed in accordance with State and Federal antiquities regulations. Executive Summary Since the passage of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) in 1966, at least 50 cultural resource surveys or reviews have been conducted within the boundaries of the Desert Peaks Complex. These surveys were conducted under Sections 106 and 110 of the NHPA. More recently, local avocational archaeologists and supporters of the Organ Monument-Desert Peaks National Monument have recorded several significant rock art sites along Broad and Valles canyons. A review of site records on file at the New Mexico Historic Preservation Division and consultations with regional archaeologists compiled information on over 160 prehistoric and historic archaeological sites in the Desert Peaks Complex. Hundreds of additional sites have yet to be discovered and recorded throughout the complex. The known sites represent over 13,000 years of prehistory and history, from the first New World hunters who gazed at the nighttime stars to modern astronomers who studied the same stars while peering through telescopes on Magdalena Peak. Prehistoric sites in the complex include ancient hunting and gathering sites, earth oven pits where agave and yucca were baked for food and fermented mescal, pithouse and pueblo villages occupied by early farmers of the Southwest, quarry sites where materials for stone tools were obtained, and caves and shrines used for rituals and ceremonies. -
Fighting the Good Fight
www.nmwild.org NEW MEXICO CONGRESSMAN TOM UDALL FIGHTING THE G O O D F I G H T by Stephen Capra hen it comes to conservation, wilderness and the protection of W wildlands in America, few fami- lies have the same pedigree as the name Udall. Here in New Mexico Congressman Tom Udall is the latest in the Udall family to fi ght hard for the protection of wildlands in the West. His Father, Stewart Udall was Secretary of Interior during the Kennedy and Johnson Administrations. His uncle Mo Udall is fondly remembered for his efforts on national wilderness issues and his work on the monumental Alaska Lands Act. And today, during what many people consider a conservation crisis under the Bush Administration, few Congressmen are working harder and voting consistently for the protection of our National Forests and our public lands than our own New Mexico Congressman Tom Udall. Even before being elected to Congress, Udall worked diligently as Attorney Gen- eral of New Mexico to slow sprawl and enact tough new measures for develop- ers. Land use and subdivisions at that time had been loosely regulated in New Mexico, as in many parts of the West. A series of attempts in the early 1990’s to amend New Mexico’s subdivision laws failed. Interest groups such as the New Mexico Homebuilders Association and the New Mexico Association of Realtors had long been a powerful force in the state. But in 1995, the New Mexico State Legislature passed a sweeping set of amendments to the State’s subdivision laws. -
Plan for the Recovery of Desert Bighorn Sheep in New Mexico 2003-2013
PLAN FOR THE RECOVERY OF DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP IN NEW MEXICO 2003-2013 New Mexico Department of Game and Fish August 2003 Executive Summary Desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) were once prolific in New Mexico, occupying most arid mountain ranges in the southern part of the state. Over-hunting, and disease transmission from livestock are 2 primary reasons for the dramatic decline in bighorn sheep numbers throughout the west during the early 1900s. In 1980, desert bighorn were placed on New Mexico’s endangered species list. From 1992-2003, approximately 25% of bighorn were radiocollared to learn causes of mortality driving this species towards extinction. Approximately 85% of all known-cause non-hunter killed radiocollared individuals have been killed by mountain lions. Despite the lack of a native ungulate prey base in desert bighorn range, mountain lion populations remain high, leading to the hypothesis that mountain lions are subsidized predators feeding on exotic ungulates, including cattle. Lack of fine fuels from cattle grazing have resulted in a lack of fire on the landscape. This has lead to increased woody vegetation which inhibits bighorn’s ability to detect and escape from predators. Bighorn numbers in spring 2003 in New Mexico totaled 213 in the wild, and 91 at the Red Rock captive breeding facility. This is in spite of releasing 266 bighorn from Red Rock and 30 bighorn from Arizona between 1979 and 2002. Several existing herds of desert bighorn likely need an augmentation to prevent them from going extinct. The presence of domestic sheep and Barbary sheep, which pose risks to bighorn from fatal disease transmission and aggression, respectively, preclude reintroduction onto many unoccupied mountain ranges.