The Gotlandic Merchant Republic and its Medieval Churches

Tore Gannholm The Gotlandic Merchant Republic and its Medieval Churches

Contents Foreword 9 The history of the Baltic Sea area 11 Gotlandic trading Emporiums 13 The Russian rivers 15 Varangians 16 The Rus’ Khaganate 18 Kingdom of Khazaria 20 The Christian time before Church building on 20 MiklagarSr, the Godander’s name for Constantinople 23 The official Christianization of the Gotlandic Varangians 25 Trade agreement in MiklagarSar 26 Kievan Rus’ 28 Primary Chronicle 28 First churches on Gotland 29 Cemetery finds 30 Archbishop Unni and the Danish church 30 The church building period 31 Guta Saga and Guta Lagh 33 Shift in Religion in 1164. The Godandic Church makes a deal with Pope Christianity 36 Early Byzantine churches in wood 38 Eke wooden church 40 wooden church 43 Are the Gotlandic crucifixes the earliest wooden crucifixes in natural size? 46 Origin of the Latin Cross 55 The Tree of Life (lignum vitae) 63 Light Cross 66 Gemstone Beaded Cross 68 Outline of the Latin Cross with a ring during the fist millennium 72 The master who made the Viklau Madonna 81 Gotland’s monumental medieval wooden crucifixes with rings or discs 90 The Crucifix in 90 The Crucifix in 92 The Crucifix in 92 The Crucifix in Lau 95 The Crucifix in Alva 97 The Crucifix in Fide 99 The Crucifix in 99 Tore Gannholm

The Crucifix in 100 The Crucifix in Sanda 104 The Crucifix in Stanga 104 The Crucifix in Oja 105 The Crucifix in Burs 108 The Crucifix in Frojel 110 The Crucifix in Sundre 115 The Crucifix in Tingstade 115 The Crucifix in Ardre 116 The Crucifix in Sproge 116 The Crucifix in Bal 117 The Crucifix in Nas 118 The Crucifix in Hamra 119 The Crucific in Rone 122 The Crucifix in Bjorke 122 The Crucifix in Rute 123 The Crucufix in 123 The Crucifix in 123 Lennart Karlsson writes in “Kyrkornas O 2012-2013” 124 Byzantine paintings 125 Romanesque stone churches 139 Early Scandinavian churches 140 Professor Johnny Roosval writes 144 Romanesque stonemasters 145 Godandic Romanesque churches 148 Iconic churches 149 Hejnum old church from 1029, nave and choir 153 old church from 1029 154 Vate Romanesque Church (1050) 159 Sanda Romanesque Church (1058) 164 Vange Romanesque Church (1058) 166 Reliefs in Grotlingbo Church (1090) 171 S:t Lars Church in (1046) 173 S:t Olof Romanesque Church 175 Baptismal fonts 176 The Hegwaldr lodge 178 The Harwest Miracle and motifs with agrarian connections 215 Comparison of the foot on the fonts 228 Christ Pantocrator 239

4 The Gotlandic Merchant Republic and its Medieval Churches

The Hablingbo Tympanum frieze 244 Fonts by the Majestatis lodge 247 Christ Pantocrator motifs in Skane 257 The gravestone in Dalhem 259 The Semi-Byzantios’ fonts 261 Byzantios’ lodge and its models 268 The Sighrafr lodge 304 The font in Aakirkeby 310 Thorn-extractors in the Godandic Romanesque art in the 1000s 313 Calcarius ’ lodge 317 Later Romanesque sculpture 326 The Globus lodge 328 Cistercian abbey churches and monasteries 334 Jesters and devils during the earlier Middle Ages 335 Mural paintings 343 I. Ashlar painting 344 Group 1. Simple ashlar painting 345 Group 2. Ashlar painting with simple ornamental additions 347 Group 3. Arches with ornately transformed decoration 349 Group 4. Ashlar decoration with marbling 350 II. Wrought iron style, Halvard’s style 351 III. Paradise vaults 358 IV. The “classic” vault decoration or Lafrans style 362 The Boge “Spiralgeometriker” 364 The Rone group or “The Cobweb Vaults” 367 Variations 375 The “showy” and “naturalistic” vault decoration 376 Figure Paintings. The Michael Master 379 The Apostle Master in Larbro 394 Ekeby Church 397 The Klinte painter 399 The Nicolaus Master 402 Church 406 Gothic architecture 410 The Romanesque Transitional architecture 413 Gothic stone carving on Gotland. Brief survey 416 Group I 421 Group II 428 Group III 430 Tore Gannholm

Group IV 438 Ornamental art 442 Dating 442 The nave in Norrlanda • 445 Plaster 446 Material and Technology 447 Portals 448 Windows 450 The interior 452 Arches 454 Tower 455 Stone mason’s marks 457 Lye Church 459 Stanga Church 460 Grotlingbo Church 461 Hablingbo Church 463 Vate Church 464 Church 466 The Gothic portals in Hablingbo 468 The Hablingbo nave poral 474 Egypticus - Fabulator - the Martebomaster 477 The reliefs in Martebo and Stanga 485 The Stanga portal, an architectural grandeur dream 487 Reconstruction efforts 489 Several masters? 493 The Tower in Larbro and its sculptural decoration 494 Window 495 Vault 495 Larbro Tower Portal 496 Gargoyles 500 Building interruption? 500 Exports from Gotland 501 Capitals from the monastery in Kolbatz 502 Capitals 502 The Devil’s capital 503 The Apostle capital 504 The Meals capital 504 Other capitals 505 Iconography 507

6 The Gotlandic Merchant Republic and its Medieval Churches

Gammelgarn Church 511 Horsne Church 511 The tower portal in Dalhem 513 Diedrich of Bern 515 Painted stone sculpture 516 Gotlandic churches were painted! 517 Hablingbo and Vange 518 Brick and tile imitation 519 Influences of Gothic architecture 519 The nave portal in Bro 520 The Martebo Church 521 The choir bench in Burs 522 Color in the interior 523 The art historical position of the Egypticus lodge 524 The painter in the Egypticus lodge 526 Church 533 Dalhem Church 533 Tofta Church 535 Bunge Church 536 Church 539 The Othem Master 543 Saints pictures 546 Late Middle Ages. Brief overview 552 Grouping and dating 553 Gotlandic Stained glass 554 Romanesque Stained glass 554 The Gotlandic art school has its roots in the Macedonian Renaissance art 559 Later variants in Italy 560 The Visby churches 564 The Middle Dalhem School 568 Glass painting in Young Gothic style 1170-1200 575 Scourging 578 High Gothic 586 Contra Gothic 591 Margaret Gothic 593 The depictions 598 Adam and Eve 598 The Annunciation 600 Mary and ElEabeth’s meeting 603 Tore Gannholm

The Nativity 603 Annunciation to the Shepherds 606 The Adoration by the Magi 608 The Infanticide in Betiehem 611 The Flight to Egypt 612 The Presentation in the temple 613 Mary’s Coronation 615 Christ’s public life. The Baptism of Christ 616 Christ’s Transfiguration 620 The Wedding in Cana 621 Christ and Mary Magdalene in the house of Simon the leper 623 Lazaruz’ awakening 624 Triumphal entry into Jerusalem 627 The Holy Communion 628 Christ’s Suffering, Resurrection, Passover, Passion and Apothesis 629 Christ’s Prophets 631 Christ’s Betrayal 634 The Scourging 635 The Cross-carrying 635 The Calvary motif 636 The Resurrection of Christ 638 The Ascension 640 The Face of Christ 643 Mary, angels and saints in presentation pictures 648 Frameworks, ornaments and color in the five styles 653 Frameworks, ornaments and color in Young Gothic 660 Frameworks, ornaments and color in High Gothic 663 Frameworks, ornaments and color in the Contra Gothic 665 Frameworks, ornaments and color in Margaret Gothic architecture 668 Iconographic directory, Gothic stone sculpture 670 Bibliography 681 Glossary 687 Abbreviations 687 Gotlandic history by year 687 Gotlandic Medieval Churches 692

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