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Human Physique and Sexual Attractiveness: Sexual Preferences of Men and Women in Bakossiland, Cameroon

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Human Physique and Sexual Attractiveness: Sexual Preferences of Men and Women in Bakossiland, Cameroon Arch Sex Behav (2007) 36:369–375 DOI 10.1007/s10508-006-9093-8 ORIGINAL PAPER Human Physique and Sexual Attractiveness: Sexual Preferences of Men and Women in Bakossiland, Cameroon Barnaby J. Dixson · Alan F. Dixson · Bethan Morgan · Matthew J. Anderson Received: 7 November 2005 / Revised: 28 April 2006 / Accepted: 2 June 2006 / Published online: 30 November 2006 C Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. 2006 Abstract Men and women living in a rural community in sexual selection, human morphology and attractiveness in Bakossiland, Cameroon were asked to rate the attractiveness the U.S., Europe, and elsewhere. of images of male or female figures manipulated to vary in somatotype, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), secondary sexual Keywords Sexual attractiveness . Evolution . Masculine traits, and other features. In Study 1, women rated meso- somatotype . Feminine waist-to-hip ratio . Secondary morphic (muscular) and average male somatotypes as most sexual traits . Cameroon attractive, followed by ectomorphic (slim) and endomorphic (heavily built) figures. In Study 2, amount and distribution of masculine trunk (chest and abdominal) hair was altered Introduction progressively in a series of front-posed male figures. A sig- nificant preference for one of these images was found, but Classical sexual selection theory predicts that traits which the most hirsute figure was not judged as most attractive. yield an advantage in intrasexual competition for mates or Study 3 assessed attractiveness of front-posed male figures which enhance an individual’s attractiveness to members of which varied only in length of the non-erect penis. Extremes the opposite sex should be favored during the course of evolu- of penile size (smallest and largest of five images) were rated tion (Andersson, 1994; Darwin, 1871). Where human beings as significantly less attractive than three intermediate sizes. are concerned, it is, therefore, possible that some morpholog- In Study 4, Bakossi men rated the attractiveness of back- ical differences between men and women (physique, facial posed female images varying in WHR (from 0.5–1.0). The traits, secondary sexual characters) might have been influ- 0.8 WHR figure was rated markedly more attractive than enced by sexual selection. Examples include cues indicating others. Study 5 rated the attractiveness of female skin color. fat distribution and reproductive health in women (waist- Men expressed no consistent preference for either lighter to-hip ratio (WHR): Singh, 1993, 2002; Singh & Young, or darker female figures. These results are the first of their 1995; body mass index (BMI): Tovee,´ Maisey, Emery, & kind reported for a Central African community and provide Cornellisen, 1999), muscular physique and somatotype in a useful cross-cultural perspective to published accounts on men (Dixson, Halliwell, East, Wignarajah, & Anderson, 2003; Lynch & Zellner, 1999; Maisey, Vale, Cornellisen, & Tovee,´ 1999), small foot size in women (Fessler et al., 2005), B. J. Dixson · B. Morgan · M. J. Anderson Department of Conservation and Research for Endangered height in men (Mueller & Mazur, 2001; Pawlowski, Dunbar, Species, Zoological Society of San Diego, & Lipowicz, 2000) and various facets of facial morphology San Diego, California in both sexes (Barber, 1995; Grammer & Thornhill, 1994; Penton-Voak et al., 2001; Perret et al., 1998). It has recently A. F. Dixson () School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, been shown, for example, that female faces are consistently POB 600, Wellington, New Zealand rated as most attractive, if the women concerned have high e-mail: [email protected] levels of estrogen during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (Law-Smith et al., 2006). Springer 370 Arch Sex Behav (2007) 36:369–375 A challenge for studies of the evolution of human mor- siland, Cameroon. We examined whether women show any phology is the requirement to obtain data from a sufficiently significant preferences for males, depending on muscular, wide range of human cultures, given the variation which oc- lean, or heavy body build and whether secondary sexual char- curs in physique, skin color, facial cues, and secondary sex- acteristics (chest hair) influence male attractiveness. Given ual characters (e.g., body and facial hair) in different parts that the human male external genitalia are prominent and of the world. The finding that men in North America ex- that sexual selection may have influenced their development press a preference for women who have a 0.7 WHR (Singh, as visual signals (Potts & Short, 1999; Short, 1980), we 1993; Singh & Young, 1995) has not been replicated in some examined whether alterations in penile size (length) influ- other cultures (e.g., the Matsigenka of Peru: Yu & Shepard, enced women’s perceptions of attractiveness. For men, we 1998; the Hadza of Tanzania: Wetsman & Marlowe, 1998; examined their ratings of female waist-to-hip ratios in order see, however, Marlowe, Apicella, & Reed, 2005) although to compare results from Cameroon with studies conducted considerable evidence for the cross-cultural and historic rel- elsewhere. Given that there are sex differences in skin color evance of female WHR has been marshaled by Singh (2002). in many human populations (Darwin, 1871; Van Der Berghe Singh proposed that the WHR provides an honest signal of &Frost,1986), we also asked men to rate the attractiveness fat distribution in relation to health, and that a low feminine of female figures which were lighter or darker than those WHR is indicative of good reproductive health and fertil- which are typical for this population. ity. Skin color tends to be lighter in women than in men (Darwin, 1871) and it is possible that sexual selection may have played a role in favoring sexual dimorphism in this trait Method (Frost, 1988; van Der Berghe & Frost, 1986). Symons (1995), for example, pointed out that female skin color changes with Study site and participants reproductive condition (e.g., during puberty, pregnancy, etc.) and may provide visual cues relevant to reproductive con- Bakossiland is a region in the South West province of dition and aging. However, geographical factors and natural Cameroon. The region is mountainous and densely forested, selection have almost certainly played an important role in with some areas of primary lowland and montane forestation the evolution of human skin pigmentation, so that the pos- still remaining (Cheek, Pollard, Darbyshire, Onana, & Wild, sible effects of sexual selection must be viewed within this 2004). The human population of 50,000 to 70,000 people is broader context. The distribution of hair on the trunk (chest spread among more than 80 villages and small townships, and abdomen) is also sexually dimorphic and pronounced which form part of the Mbo group, as defined on linguistic trunk hair was rated as highly attractive by women in one grounds (Ejepedang-Koge, 1986). Subsistence farming and study conducted in the U.K. (Dixson et al., 2003). Secondary traditional hunting remain the major way of life. The region sexual characteristics, such as trunk hair in men and capes has been slower to modernize, perhaps due to the rugged of hair in some non-human primates, are stimulated by tes- nature of the terrain and poor road system. This study was ticular hormones (Dixson, 1998). However, the relevance of conducted in the village of Nyasoso, on the flanks of Mt. such traits to masculine sexual attractiveness in primates is Kupe and based at the small Presbyterian General Hospital. unknown. The occurrence of trunk hair varies tremendously This is the only functional hospital in the area and it is visited in men and currently there is no cross-cultural evidence that by people from all over Bakossiland. Questionnaires were in- this trait is attractive in a global sense. dividually administered by one of us (B.M.) who has been The current study was undertaken in order to obtain quan- conducting fieldwork on primate behavior in this area for titative information on the sexual preferences for physical three years. As a respected outsider to the community, B.M. traits of women and men living in Cameroon, Central Africa. was allowed to interview men and women who visited the The only previous studies conducted in Africa to examine hospital and to record their responses to the questionnaires. human physique and sexual attractiveness are those reported Interviews were conducted in either English or Pidgin En- by Wetsman and Marlowe (1998) and Marlowe et al. (2005) glish as Cameroon is an Anglophone region of Cameroon. on the Hadza, a hunter-gatherer society in Tanzania. If cross- This approach was necessary because there is a low level cultural comparisons are to have any validity, there is clearly of literacy in this area of Cameroon. A total of 171 people a need to expand data collection to include other parts of participated in the study (99 men and 72 women). Africa. This is particularly important because Homo sapi- Each questionnaire had a cover sheet for demographic ens originated in Africa and all other human populations data, including the participant’s sex, age, and marital status. ultimately derive from an African origin. At no time were participants asked to give their names. Al- Here, we report on women’s preferences for male soma- though the great majority of marriages are monogamous in totype, distribution of trunk hair, and size of genitalia, and this part of Cameroon, polygamy is legal provided that the men’s preferences for female WHR and skin color in Bakos- first wife agrees that a man can take additional partners. In Springer Arch Sex Behav (2007) 36:369–375 371 practice, this is more likely to occur among the chiefs and attractive, 4 = very attractive, and 5 = extremely attrac- wealthier Bakossi. None of these men took part in the study. tive. The rating scale appeared next to each image in the However, it is possible that some of the women in our study questionnaire, as in previous studies (Dixson et al., 2003).
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