DOCSLIB.ORG

11 Management Hu, R.; Lin, M.; Shieh, C-J

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
11 Management Hu, R.; Lin, M.; Shieh, C-J Performance evaluation of basic-level farmers’ associations introducing customer relationship 411 management Hu, R.; Lin, M.; Shieh, C-J. Performance evaluation of basic-level farmers’ associations introducing customer relationship management Reception of originals: 01/04/2018 Release for publication: 06/02/2018 Ridong Hu PhD in Engineering Institute : Institute of Quantitative Economics, Huaqiao University Address: No.668 Jimei Avenue, Xiamen, 361021 Fujian, China E-mail: [email protected] Mingyu Lin Institute :School of Economics and Finance, Huaqiao University Address: No. 269 Chenghua North Rd. Quanzhou, 362021 Fujian, China Chich-Jen Shieh PhD in Economics Institute :Institute of Quantitative Economics, Huaqiao University Address: No.668 Jimei Avenue, Xiamen, 361021 Fujian, China E-mail: charleshieh@ hqu.edu.cn (Corresponding author) Abstract Supply and marketing businesses have been the important economic business of basic-level farmers’ associations. However, following the changes of societies and markets, current basic- level farmers’ associationsare facing strict challenges and operation transformation on the supply and marketing businesses. It is necessary to introduce new business management models into the operation so as to enhance the overall business performance. The operation of supply and marketing businesses therefore should be established based on good customer relationship by better understanding customer needs, analyzing the need information, providing appropriate services and products, and actively concerning about customers’ after- sale responses to adjust and improve farmers’ associations’ services and products. To combine expert opinions, reduce input costs, and avoid fuzziness in the interview process, Modified Delphi Method is utilized for screening input and output factors. Basic-level farmers’ associations in Yunlin County, which is named the agricultural capital, is studied. The research results are summarized as followings. One DMU in the basic-level farmers’ associations shows strong efficiency, revealing the better relative efficiency. Three DMUs, with marginal inefficiency, present the relative efficiency between 0.9 and 1, revealing the relative efficiency being easily enhanced. Six DMUs, with obvious inefficiency, appear the efficiency lower than 0.9. The DEA evaluation results reveal that many basic-level farmers’ associations in Yunlin County do not achieve the scale efficiency. In this case, the input for basic-level Farmers’ associations’ introduction of customer relationship management, in Yunlin County, should be re-considered and re-adjusted in order to enhance the competitiveness. Finally, suggestions based on the results are proposed, expecting to analyze farmers’ relevant information and understand current situations and dilemmas of local agriculture production and marketing by the introduction of customer relationship management to provide farmers’ associations with opportunities and directions for future Custos e @gronegócio on line - v. 14, n. 2, Apr/Jun. - 2018. ISSN 1808-2882 www.custoseagronegocioonline.com.br Performance evaluation of basic-level farmers’ associations introducing customer relationship 412 management Hu, R.; Lin, M.; Shieh, C-J. transformation. Keywords: Farmers’ Association. Customer relationship management. Performance evaluation. 1. Introduction The structure of farmers’ associations in Taiwan is divided into economic business and expenditure business. Economic business is the major source of farmers’ associations’ business funds, including credit and supply & marketing businesses. Expenditure business, on the other hand, refers to engaging in farmer education and insurance with the surplusallocatedfrom economic business, containing promotion and insurance businesses. Farmers’ associations aim to serve farmers that the operating earnings of the supply and marketing businesses have been ignored for long. Besides, they are not operated with corporation management and, under the trend of economic and trade liberalization, the government changes the protection policy to open the concessionary business of farmers’ associations step by step that the competition from cooperative markets and agricultural enterprises results in unstable income of the supply and marketing businesses. The credit businesses therefore become the primary capital to support the operation of farmers’ associations. Along with the government’ promotion of financial liberalization, numerous private banks are established in past years. Moreover, farmers’ associations appear problems from internal management to external supervision due to the deficient system that the financial structure of the credit businessesis worsened and the surplus shortage in credit businesses influences the overall operation of farmers’ associations. For this reason, farmers’ associations gradually focus on the supply and marketing businesses which have been ignored for long. The supply and marketing businesses of farmers’ associations in Taiwan cover co-marketing and supply(pesticide, fertilizer distribution, and agricultural products), establishment of agricultural product brands and expansion of the marketing channels, agricultural product processing, and supermarket management. The service offered in the supply and marketing businesses aims at farmers’needs and the supplied agricultural production materials are the necessities for agricultural production. The served objects of the supermarket businesses are expanded to general consumers. As a result, the types of customers contacted and the varieties of products supplied in the supply and marketing businesses are more diversified than other departments in farmers’ associations. The needs for customer relationship management are therefore higher than other departments. Farmers’ associations in Taiwan present the advantage of local service that the supply and marketing business operation should be established based on good customer relationship by more understanding customer needs, analyzing the need information, providing appropriate services and products, and actively concerning about customers’ after-sale responses to adjust and improve the provided services and products. It could dig out new customers, prevent existing customers from loss, and enhance the loyalty and profits. Besides, it could understand current situations and dilemmas of local agriculture production and marketing and provide opportunities and directions for farmers’ associations’ future transformation by analyzing farmers’ relevant information. In this case, the performance evaluation of farmers’ associations introducingcustomer relationship management is discussed in this study. Custos e @gronegócio on line - v. 14, n. 2, Apr/Jun. - 2018. ISSN 1808-2882 www.custoseagronegocioonline.com.br Performance evaluation of basic-level farmers’ associations introducing customer relationship 413 management Hu, R.; Lin, M.; Shieh, C-J. 2. Literature Review 2.1. Customer relationship management Yazdanparast et al. (2016) pointed out the focus on customer relationship management (CRM) since 1999. The product manufacturing and marketing in the past development of agriculture, forestry, fishing, animal husbandry, and manufacturing were product-oriented; nevertheless, the emergence of service and consumerism gradually changed it into customer- oriented. Čeněk et al. (2016) emphasized that customer relationship management, with the assistance of information technology, integrated corporate functions, customer interactive channels, and advanced database technology to search for customer needs and further enhance customer loyalty and satisfaction. Jones et al. (2015) regarded customer relationship management as a tactic that enterprises increased new customers and prevented existing customers from loss, promotedcustomer loyalty, and enhancedcustomers’ profit contribution through meaningful communication and understanding as well as influence on customer behaviors, covering all activities which could change casual customers to loyal customers by satisfying or exceeding the needs to appear repurchase behavior. Griffiths& McLean (2015) defined customer relationship management as continuous relationship marketing, stressed on helping enterprises look for valuable customers for further segmentation, provided different products and channels for the satisfaction, and maintained favorable relationship with customers to further enhance the contribution for the enterprises making profits. Aichner & Jacob (2014) pointed out customer relationship management as business model and strategy application; enterprises grasped customer information by actively deepening the relationship with customers and utilized such customer information for distinct strategy application in order to satisfy different customer needs. Lee, T., Shia& Huh (2016) referred customer relationship as enterprises establishing long-term, mutually satisfactory, and mutually trusted partnership with high commitment, through the combination of economy, technology, information, and society, with the customers. Good customer relationship could be performed by customer satisfaction, customer retention rate, customer turnover, customer loyalty, and customer value. Harrigan & Miles (2014) pointed out customer relationship management as business model and strategy application;enterprises grasped customer information through actively deepening the relationship with customers and utilized such customer information for making distinct strategy application to satisfy
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Agriculture Landscape Planning Based on Biotop Area Factor in Yunlin, Taiwan
    AGRICULTURE LANDSCAPE PLANNING BASED ON BIOTOP AREA FACTOR IN YUNLIN, TAIWAN Su-Hsin Lee1 and Jing-Shoung Hou2 1Professor, Department of Geography, National Taiwan Normal University NO.162, Heping East Rd., Section1, Taipei, Taiwan; Tel: +886-2-77341665 Email: [email protected] 2Professor, Department of Landscape Architecture at Tung-Hai University NO.20-5, Lane 128, Sec. 3 Chung-Gone Rd., Taichung 407, Taiwan; Tel: +886-4-24635298 Email: [email protected] KEY WORDS: landscape planning, agriculture, BAF ABSTRACT: Agriculture has been the primary industry in Yunlin area for hundreds years. It contributes to industrial and living landscape which continuously represents vivid cultural landscape of the area. The strategies of landscape planning in Yunlin area not only emphasis on improving landscape and environment, but also focus on sustaining agricultural culture through landscape planning. In addition, ecological consideration and adapt-for-environment land use guidelines should be applied for local environmental development in order to meet the goal of sustainable environment planning. In this case, Yunlin area’s local industries and economy can continuously develop in the process of landscape improvement considering social, economic, and ecological dimensions. The strategies demonstrate the concept of green infrastructure (G.I.). Therefore, this study uses biotope area factor (BAF) to analyse environmental resource of Yunlin area in order to contribute to agricultural landscape planning. The results show: 1)Yunlin area can be categorised into different sub-area of land use according to BAF. The categories include agriculture land, forest land, transportation land, water conservancy land, building land, public infrastructure land, recreation and leisure land, mining land, and the land for other use.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of the Preservation Value and Location of Farm Ponds in Yunlin County, Taiwan
    Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 548-572; doi:10.3390/ijerph110100548 OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ISSN 1660-4601 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph Article Evaluation of the Preservation Value and Location of Farm Ponds in Yunlin County, Taiwan Wen-Wen Chou 1, Soen-Han Lee 1 and Chen-Fa Wu 2,* 1 Department of Architecture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 701, Taiwan; E-Mails: [email protected] (W.-W.C.); [email protected] (S.-H.L.) 2 Department of Horticulture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel./Fax: +886-422-859-125. Received: 7 October 2013; in revised form: 3 December 2013 / Accepted: 13 December 2013 / Published: 31 December 2013 Abstract: Farm ponds in Yunlin County first appeared in 1,622 and have played roles in habitation, production, the ecology, culture, and disaster reduction. Farm ponds largely disappeared with the development of urban areas and the industrial sector; thus, effective preservation of the remaining ponds is critical. The criteria to evaluate the preservation value of farm ponds is established by expert questionnaires which follow the Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) and Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP), and GIS, which are integrated into a spatial analysis of the remaining 481 farm ponds in Yunlin County. The results show that 28 ponds should be preserved to continue the cultural interaction between farm ponds and settlements; 36 ponds should preserved to connect coasts and streams, which are important habitats for birds; 30 ponds should be preserved to increase storage capacity, recharge groundwater, and reduce land subsidence; four ponds should be preserved as Feng-Shui ponds in front of temples in settlements or as recreation areas for local citizens; and four farms should be preserved (high priority) in agricultural production areas to support irrigation.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Anopheline Mosquitoes of Taiwan: Annotated Catalog and Bibliography1
    Pacific Insects 4 (3) : 615-649 October 10, 1962 NON-ANOPHELINE MOSQUITOES OF TAIWAN: ANNOTATED CATALOG AND BIBLIOGRAPHY1 By J. C. Lien TAIWAN PROVINCIAL MALARIA RESEARCH INSTITUTE2 INTRODUCTION The studies of the mosquitoes of Taiwan were initiated as early as 1901 or even earlier by several pioneer workers, i. e. K. Kinoshita, J. Hatori, F. V. Theobald, J. Tsuzuki and so on, and have subsequently been carried out by them and many other workers. Most of the workers laid much more emphasis on anopheline than on non-anopheline mosquitoes, because the former had direct bearing on the transmission of the most dreaded disease, malaria, in Taiwan. Owing to their efforts, the taxonomic problems of the Anopheles mos­ quitoes of Taiwan are now well settled, and their local distribution and some aspects of their habits well understood. However, there still remains much work to be done on the non-anopheline mosquitoes of Taiwan. Nowadays, malaria is being so successfully brought down to near-eradication in Taiwan that public health workers as well as the general pub­ lic are starting to give their attention to the control of other mosquito-borne diseases such as filariasis and Japanese B encephalitis, and the elimination of mosquito nuisance. Ac­ cordingly extensive studies of the non-anopheline mosquitoes of Taiwan now become very necessary and important. Morishita and Okada (1955) published a reference catalogue of the local non-anophe­ line mosquitoes. However the catalog compiled by them in 1955 was based on informa­ tion obtained before 1945. They listed 34 species, but now it becomes clear that 4 of them are respectively synonyms of 4 species among the remaining 30.
    [Show full text]
  • Vertical Facility List
    Facility List The Walt Disney Company is committed to fostering safe, inclusive and respectful workplaces wherever Disney-branded products are manufactured. Numerous measures in support of this commitment are in place, including increased transparency. To that end, we have published this list of the roughly 7,600 facilities in over 70 countries that manufacture Disney-branded products sold, distributed or used in our own retail businesses such as The Disney Stores and Theme Parks, as well as those used in our internal operations. Our goal in releasing this information is to foster collaboration with industry peers, governments, non- governmental organizations and others interested in improving working conditions. Under our International Labor Standards (ILS) Program, facilities that manufacture products or components incorporating Disney intellectual properties must be declared to Disney and receive prior authorization to manufacture. The list below includes the names and addresses of facilities disclosed to us by vendors under the requirements of Disney’s ILS Program for our vertical business, which includes our own retail businesses and internal operations. The list does not include the facilities used only by licensees of The Walt Disney Company or its affiliates that source, manufacture and sell consumer products by and through independent entities. Disney’s vertical business comprises a wide range of product categories including apparel, toys, electronics, food, home goods, personal care, books and others. As a result, the number of facilities involved in the production of Disney-branded products may be larger than for companies that operate in only one or a limited number of product categories. In addition, because we require vendors to disclose any facility where Disney intellectual property is present as part of the manufacturing process, the list includes facilities that may extend beyond finished goods manufacturers or final assembly locations.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Important Performance
    Annual Important Performance Item Unit 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1.Capacity of Water Supply System M3/Day … … … … … … 2.Capacity of Water-Purification-Station M3/Day 1,552,559 1,802,000 2,439,390 2,731,112 2,921,834 3,187,036 3.Average Yield Per Day M3 1,176,321 1,265,741 1,332,205 1,513,115 1,791,415 1,996,937 4.Average Water Distributed Per Day M3 1,159,958 1,251,325 1,329,623 1,509,732 1,786,097 1,993,547 5.Average Water Sold Per Day M3 791,814 833,840 906,641 1,053,783 1,294,756 1,493,036 6.Yield M3 429,357,104 461,995,434 487,586,996 552,286,833 653,866,592 728,881,919 7.Distributed Water M3 423,384,502 456,733,547 486,641,970 551,052,131 651,925,230 727,644,563 8.Water Sold M3 289,012,366 304,351,457 331,830,538 384,630,881 472,585,950 544,957,993 9.Actual Meter-Readings M3 … … 325,943,007 366,487,228 447,447,054 508,369,477 10.Percentage of Water Sold ％ 68.26 66.64 68.19 69.80 72.49 74.89 11.Percentage of Actual Meter Readings ％ … … 66.98 66.51 68.63 69.87 12.Administrative Population Person 13,212,945 13,431,137 13,688,930 13,908,275 14,127,946 14,376,247 13.Designed Population Person 6,248,858 6,780,700 7,616,810 8,300,890 8,927,215 9,503,965 14.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019/03/28 Statistical Yearbook(104)
    THE STATISTICAL YEARBOOK OF TAIWAN WATER CORPORATION 2015 No.38 Nanhua Reservoir TAIWAN WATER CORPORATION April 2016 Annual Important Performance Item Unit 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1.Capacity of Water Supply System M3/Day ……………… 2.Capacity of Water-Purification-Station M3/Day 1,552,559 1,802,000 2,439,390 2,731,112 2,921,834 3,187,036 3.Average Yield Per Day M3 1,176,321 1,265,741 1,332,205 1,513,115 1,791,415 1,996,937 4.Average Water Distributed Per Day M3 1,159,958 1,251,325 1,329,623 1,509,732 1,786,097 1,993,547 5.Average Water Sold Per Day M3 791,814 833,840 906,641 1,053,783 1,294,756 1,493,036 6.Yield M3 429,357,104 461,995,434 487,586,996 552,286,833 653,866,592 728,881,919 7.Distributed Water M3 423,384,502 456,733,547 486,641,970 551,052,131 651,925,230 727,644,563 8.Water Sold M3 289,012,366 304,351,457 331,830,538 384,630,881 472,585,950 544,957,993 9.Actual Meter-Readings M3 ……325,943,007 366,487,228 447,447,054 508,369,477 10.Percentage of Water Sold ％ 68.26 66.64 68.19 69.80 72.49 74.89 11.Percentage of Actual Meter Readings ％ ……66.98 66.51 68.63 69.87 12.Percentage of NRW(Non-Revenue Water) ％ ……………… Percentage of Water Losses ％ ……………… Percentage of Unbilled ％ ……………… Authorized Consumption 13.Administrative Population Person 13,212,945 13,431,137 13,688,930 13,908,275 14,127,946 14,376,247 14.Designed Population Person 6,248,858 6,780,700 7,616,810 8,300,890 8,927,215 9,503,965 15.
    [Show full text]
  • Taiwan's Remote Areas
    Taiwan's Remote Areas County city Other country Wanli Dist.、Jinshan Dist. 、Shiding Dist. 、Pingxi Dist. 、Shuangxi Dist. 、Gongliao New Taipei City Dist. 、Pinglin Dist. 、Wulai Dist. 、Sanzhi Dist. 、Shimen Dist. 、Ruifang Dist. Taoyuan County Fuxing Dist. Baoshan Township、Guanxi Township、Wufeng Township、Hengshan Township、Jianshi Hsinchu County Township、Beipu Township、Emei Township Nanzhuang Township、Shitan Township、Dahu Township、Taian Township、Zhuolan Miaoli County Township Taichung City Fengyuan Dist. 、Heping Dist. 、Xinshe Dist. Changhua County Xizhou Township、Zhutang Township、Erlin Township、Dacheng Township Zhongliao Township、Guoxing Township、Renai Township、Jiji Township、Shuili Nantou County Township、YuchiTownship、Xinyi Township、Lugu Township Fanlu Township、Meishan Township、Alishan Township、Dapu Township、Dongshi Chiayi County Township、Xikou Township、Yizhu Township、Budai Township Baozhong Township、Dongshi Township、Taixi Township、Mailiao Township、Shuilin Yunlin County Township、Kouhu Township、Sihu Township、Yuanchang Township Zuozhen Dist.、Yujing Dist.、Nanxi Dist.、Nanhua Dist. 、Longqi Dist. 、Qigu Dist. 、 Tainan City Jiangjun Dist. 、Beimen Dist. 、Baihe Dist. 、Dongshan Dist. 、Danei Dist. Tianliao Dist.、Liugui Dist. 、Neimen Dist. 、Shanlin Dist. 、Jiaxian Dist. 、Taoyuan Kaohsiung City Dist. 、Namaxia Dist. 、Maolin Dist. Sandimen Township、Wutai Township、Majia Township、Jiuru Township、Ligang Township、Gaoshu Township、Yanpu Township、Linluo Township、Zhutian Township、 Taiwu Township、Laiyi Township、Wanluan Township、Kanding Township、Xinpi Pingtung County Township、Nanzhou
    [Show full text]
  • Identifying Aging Villages with Primary Care Shortages: a Geographic Information System Approach 615
    Identifying Aging Villages with Primary Care Shortages: A Geographic Information System Approach 615 Identifying Aging Villages with Primary Care Shortages: A Geographic Information System Approach Tsanyu Kuo College of Social Science, National Chengchi University (NCCU), Taiwan [email protected]* Abstract the public sector’s responsibility to step in and increase the supply. This study aims to identify villages with low or no This study focuses on the relationship between public medical resources. Two counties in Taiwan— medical resource and aging population and is Chiayi and Yunlin—were selected for this purpose motivated by the prediction that Taiwan will become a because they have the highest aging ratio in Taiwan, super-aged society (i.e., with more than 20% of the which could potentially lead to high demands for primary population over age 65) by 2026 and the estimation care clinics. The enhanced two-step floating catchment that there will be zero population growth before 2027. area method was used to calculate the potential spatial This would lead to a growth of medical demands. It is accessibility of each village. Spatial autocorrelation important for health authorities to ensure good spatial analysis was further used to locate spatial clusters of distribution of medical institutions, not only for the villages with low clinic accessibility. This study found physical welfare of the elderly but also to alleviate the that 45.4% of the population living in the villages in burden of the working population. Chiayi and Yunlin had insufficient medical resources Among all medical institutions, primary care clinics while 0.74% (8,799 people) had no access to primary care are the most accessible.
    [Show full text]
  • 系統操作手冊 2021 Jul 目錄 01 流程及架構 05 其他功能 廣告設定流程 P.4 權限管理 P.52
    系統操作手冊 2021 Jul 目錄 01 流程及架構 05 其他功能 廣告設定流程 P.4 權限管理 P.52 廣告帳戶架構 P.5 成效報告 P.53 廣告帳號各層級上限 P.6 大量編輯/刪除 P.54 登錄及管理畫面 大量上傳 P.55 02 再次申請審核登陸頁面 P.73 建立登入帳號 (LINE Business ID) P.8 複製功能 P.74 管理畫面簡介 P.9 廣告複製編輯功能 P.75 03 基本設定 變更紀錄 P.76 建立群組 (Group) P.14 轉換與再行銷 申請付款資訊 (Payer info) P.15 06 追蹤 (LINE Tag) P.78 結帳費用說明 P.18 應用程式轉換追蹤 P.87 建立廣告帳號 (Ad account) P.19 上傳 IDFA/AAID P.88 上傳媒體 (Media) P.22 上傳電話號碼 P.89 建立廣告活動 (Campaign) P.23 上傳電子郵件帳號 P.90 建立廣告群組 (Ad group) P.24 LINE官方帳號好友的受眾 P.91 建立廣告 (Ad) P.33 類似廣告受眾 (Lookalike) P.92 04 廣告活動目標與自動最佳化 觀看影片受眾 P.93 應用程式主動參與 (App Engagement) P.37 07 跨產品精準行銷 加好友廣告 P.45 跨產品受眾設定 P.95 觸及人數與頻率 (Reach and Frequency) P.46 自動最佳化廣告遞送 – 優化點擊數 P.48 自動最佳化廣告遞送 – 優化轉換數/安裝數 P.49 自訂轉換優化 P.50 2 01 流程及架構 3 廣告設定流程 用戶 LINE 業務提供 註冊連結 個人帳號 LINE業務提供LAP註冊連結 https://admanager.line.biz，由此連結完成註冊 註冊及登錄 後即可使用該帳號登入LAP。 新增群組及 進入LAP後，請先建立群組。建立群組後請向LINE申請建立付款資訊。 申請付款資訊 *付款資訊申請流程請參考P.14 建立付款資訊 新增廣告帳號及 綁定付款資訊 請於建立好的群組下新增廣告帳號，並於該帳號選擇綁定付款資訊。 審核廣告帳號 新增廣告媒體及 進入已建立的廣告帳號，至「媒體」新增素材（圖片/影片/應用程式），並 廣告活動設定 新增廣告活動/廣告群組/廣告。 *廣告帳號審核中的同時可以新增素材及廣告活動/廣告群組/廣告。 *素材需審核的部分包含「媒體（圖片/影片/應用程式）」及「廣告（素材 審核廣告素材 組合）」。 廣告素材審核 如有任一階段審核未通過，投遞狀態則會顯示「未投遞」，一但通過審核後 廣告遞送 廣告即可開始遞送。 月費結算及 發票開立 4 廣告帳戶架構 群組 Group 群組 付款資訊 ※群組最多可建立3個層級 Group Payer info ※付款資訊需向LINE申請建立 廣告帳號 Ad account 廣告活動 受眾 追蹤(LINE Tag) 轉換 媒體(素材) Campaign Audience Tracking (LINE tag) Conversions Media • 網站流量受眾 • 廣告活動目標 • 基本程式碼 • 圖片 • 類似廣告受眾 • 一個廣告帳號最多可 • 刊登時程 • 上傳IDFA/AAID • 自訂事件代碼 • 影片 建立100筆自訂轉換 • 預算(每月/所有時間) • ⾏動應⽤程式受眾 • 轉換代碼 • 應用程式 • LINE官⽅帳號好友的受眾 廣告群組 Ad group • 目標受眾 • 自動最佳化 • 付款方式(CPC/CPM) • 出價金額 • 日預算 應用程式（廣告活動目標與應用程式相關時才會出現此欄位）
    [Show full text]
  • ISSP Background Variable Documentation
    TaiwanTaiwan 2007 ISSP 2 Please name the ISSP module which the documentation refers to (e.g., “Work Orientations III / ISSP2005”): Leisure and Sports /ISSP2007 Please name your country: Taiwan SEX - Sex of respondent National Language English Translation Question no. A1. : A1. Gender and text Codes/ (1) (1) Male Categories (2) (2) Female Interviewer Instruction Translation Taiwan Note Note Construction/Recoding: Country Variable Codes (in translation) Î SEX vA1=1 1. Male vA1=2 2. Female - not used - 2007 9. NA, refused ISSP Documentation for ISSP background variables © GESIS 3 AGE - Age of respondent National Language English Translation Question no. A2. A2. When were you born ? R. O. C. Year and text _____ month _____ Codes/ Categories Interviewer Instruction Translation Note Note R.O.C year =A.D. year-1911, ex. A.D. 2004-1911=R.O.C year 93 YearÆa2y, monthÆa2m Question no. Interview started at month day and text hour minute Codes/ Categories Interviewer Instruction Translation Note Note Interview started at month Æ stimem Taiwan Construction/Recoding: (list lowest, highest, and ‘missing’ codes only, replace terms in [square brackets] with real numbers) Country Variable Codes/Construction Rules ÎAGE Construction age=96-va2y or 95-a2y if a2m > stimem Codes [18] [94] 2007 99. No answer, refused Optional: Recoding Syntax ISSP Documentation for ISSP background variables © GESIS 4 MARITAL - R: Marital status National Language English Translation Question no. A14. ? A14. What is your current marital and text status? Codes/ (1) (01) Married, with spouse Categories (2) (02) Widowed (3) (03) Divorced (4) (04) Separated (5) , (05) Single and never married (6) , (06) Other (please specify) ______ Interviewer Instruction Translation Note Note Construction/Recoding: Country Variable Codes/Construction Rules Î Marital A14=1 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Groundwater Pollution Control Standards Six Articles Promulgated by EPA Order (90) Huan-Shu-Shui-Tzu No
    Groundwater Pollution Control Standards Six articles promulgated by EPA Order (90) Huan-Shu-Shui-Tzu No. 0073680 on November 21, 2001. Revisions to Article 4 promulgated by EPA Order Huan-Shu-Shui-Tzu No. 0980003647 on January 15, 2009. Revisions to Articles 1, 2, and 4 promulgated by EPA Order Huan-Shu-Tu-Tzu No. 1000010141 on February 10, 2011. Full text in seven articles promulgated by EPA Order Huan-Shu-Tu-Tzu No. 1020109478 on December 18, 2013. Article 1 These Standards are determined pursuant to Article 6, Paragraph 2 of the Soil and Groundwater Pollution Remediation Act (herein referred to as this Act). Article 2 When the concentrations of substances in groundwater listed in these Standards are affected by local hydrological, geological, and environmental background factors, and it is determined that the control values of pollutants listed in these Standards are reached for reasons not attributable to external pollution, after obtaining the approval from the central competent authority, these Standards shall not be applicable. Article 3 Groundwater is classified into the following two categories: I. Category 1: Groundwater in drinking water source protection areas II. Category 2: Groundwater which is not of Category 1 Article 4 Pollution control items and standard values (concentration units: mg/L): Control Standards Pollutant items Remarks Category 1 Category 2 Monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Benzene 0.0050 0.050 Toluene 1.0 10 Ethylbenzene 0.70 7.0 Xylenes 10 100 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Naphthalene 0.040 0.40 Chlorinated
    [Show full text]
  • Landscape and Species Traits Co-Drive Roadkills of Bats in a Subtropical Island
    diversity Article Landscape and Species Traits Co-Drive Roadkills of Bats in a Subtropical Island Joe Chun-Chia Huang 1,*,† , Wan-Jyun Chen 2,3,† and Te-En Lin 4,* 1 Southeast Asian Bat Conservation Research Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA 2 Division of Habitats and Ecosystems, Endemic Species Research Institute, 1, Ming-shen East Road, Jiji, Nantou 552, Taiwan; [email protected] 3 Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan 4 Division of Zoology, Endemic Species Research Institute, 1, Ming-shen East Road, Jiji, Nantou 552, Taiwan * Correspondence: [email protected] (J.C.-C.H.); [email protected] (T.-E.L.); Tel.: +886-49-2761-331 (ext. 566) (T.-E.L.) † These authors contribute equally to the work and share the co-first authorship. Abstract: The expansion of roads has threatened wildlife populations by driving casualties due to vehicle collisions. However, the ecological drivers of wildlife roadkills are not yet fully explored. We investigated the strength of landscape features and ecomorphological traits in determining spatial patterns of bat roadkills in Taiwan. In total, 661 roadkills that belonged to 20 bat species were acquired by citizen scientists between 2011 and 2019. The number and species richness of victim bats declined with increasing elevations with varying species compositions. Elevation and artificial light had significantly negative effects on the occurrence of roadkill, whereas protected area and its interaction with elevation had positive effects. Ordination analyses showed that roadkills were driven by different ecomorphological traits and landscape features. At low elevations, road Citation: Huang, J.C.-C.; Chen, W.-J.; casualties were associated with an aerial hawking hunting strategy.
    [Show full text]