SCIS11

Potrmarnock, Ireland to Porth Dafarch, Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable

Maritime Cultural Heritage Assessment

Volume 1 - Ireland

DRAFTv.FINAL

Prepared for Noordhoek Surveys B.V on behalf of Geo Network Ltd. HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland

CONTENTS

Summary

1. INTRODUCTION 4 1.1. Site location 4

2. LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK AND GUIDANCE 4 2.1. Consultation process

3. ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY 5

3.1. Study area 5 3.2. Desk Based Study methodology 6 3.3. Field Inspection Methodology 7 3.4. Intertidal/ Walkover Survey 7 3.5. Geophysical Survey 7 3.6. Geotechnical Survey 8 3.7. Significance Criteria 9

4. BASELINE ENVIRONMENT 10 4.1. Geological Baseline and Bathymetry In Irish waters 10 4.2. Sites of cultural heritage interest in the Inner Study Area 12 4.3. Sites of cultural heritage interest in the Outer Study Area 16 4.4. Potential for unrecorded maritime cultural heritage sites within 17 the Inner Study Area

5 IMPACT ASSESSMENT 23

5.1. Likely characteristics of the proposed cable installation 23 5.2. Impacts on maritime cultural heritage 25 5.3. Direct impacts 25 5.4. Indirect impacts 25 5.5. Secondary impacts 25 5.6. Cumulative impacts 26

6. MITIGATION MEASURES 26

7. DATA GAPS AND DIFFICULTIES IN COMPILING INFORMATION 29

8. REFERENCES 32

1

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland

Plates

Plate 1. Looking from NE to SE from proposed location of joint chamber above Strand Road Plate 2. Looking from West from proposed landfall location Plate 3. Looking SE towards the landfall with HA2034 (Shipwreck Inv. No. W00861) exposed at the LWM in low tide Plate 4. HA2034 (Shipwreck Inv. No. W00861) exposed at the LWM in low tide, looking East

Appendices

Appendix 1 Gazetteer of onshore sites within the Study Area Appendix 2 Gazetteer of offshore sites within the Inner and Outer Study Area Appendix 3 Gazetteer of offshore sites in the general area Appendix 4 Sidescan Sonar Targets Appendix 5 Sub Bottom Profiler Targets Appendix 6 Magnetometer Targets Appendix 7 Glossary of terms and definitions used Appendix 8 Legislative Framework and Guidance Appendix 9 Historic Charts Containing Descriptive Accounts Appendix 10 Historic and Archaeological Background Appendix 11 Ordnance Survey Name Books and Letters for Co. Dublin Appendix 12 Previous Archaeological Investigations Appendix 13: National Museum of Ireland (NMI) Topographical Files

Tables

Table 1. Site types within proximities to the proposed cable Table 2. Criteria for assessing the sensitivity of marine cultural heritage assets to impacts Table 3. Criteria used for assessing the magnitude of impacts on cultural heritage assets Table 4. Criteria for assessing the significance of impacts on marine cultural heritage assets Table 5. Types of impacts

Figures

Figure 1 Cable route in Irish waters Figure 2 Cable route in Irish waters Figure 3 Targets in Irish waters Figure 4 Headland targets in Irish waters Figure 5 Headland targets in Irish waters

2

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland

Summary

The purpose of the desk-based study and impact assessment is to assess the importance and sensitivity of the known as well as the potential marine archaeological and cultural heritage environment of the proposed Potrmarnock, Ireland to Porth Dafarch, Anglesey sub-sea fibre optic cable, to identify the impact of the proposed development on this environment and to propose mitigation measures to reduce any impacts.

The assessment identified one known wreck recorded in the Shipwreck Inventory of Ireland within the Inner Study Area with its location confirmed (HA2040). This wreck has been confirmed at this location by survey and is deemed to be of high significance within this impact assessment.

There is one known wreck recorded in the UKHO Database/ SeaZone dataset within the Inner Study Area with its location confirmed. This site corresponds with Site HA2040 above in the Shipwreck Inventory of Ireland.

Two RMP sites were recorded within the Inner Study Area. Site HA2008 is a 19th century Martello Tower (see also Site HA2013), while Site HA2007 is a holy well. Both of these sites are considered to be of high significance within this impact assessment.

A total of 44 targets were identified within the marine geophysical assessment. Of these, four of the sidescan sonar targets are considered to be of medium significance (HA11, HA67, HA70, HA71). Five sub bottom profile targets were identified and are considered to be of medium significance; and a total of 20 magnetometer targets are also considered to be of medium significance within this impact assessment.

The archaeological potential of the proposed landfall (inter-tidal zone) is regarded as being high. Consequently, all areas within the proposed cable route and landfall site that do not contain or comprise known cultural heritage features are collectively designated as an area of archaeological potential with a baseline rating of high sensitivity (Site HA2012).

Mitigation measures have been presented in connection with the proposed scheme where all sites subject to impacts of moderate or major significance will be furnished with exclusion zones, and if necessary accompanied by an appropriate programme of archaeological intervention to be agreed with the Underwater Archaeology Unit of the Department of Environment Heritage and Local Government.

3

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland

1. INTRODUCTION

Noordhoek Surveys on behalf of Geo Network Ltd. commissioned Headland Archaeology Ltd to undertake a cultural heritage impact assessment in connection with the proposed Dublin to Anglesey subsea cable route between Ireland and the UK. The assessment has been prepared in two volumes (Ireland and the UK); this volume, Volume 1, addresses that section within Irish jurisdiction.

The assessment comprises an introduction to the study area; and the identification of cultural heritage sites, features and deposits located in the area of the proposed cable. In order to provide a comprehensive assessment, an extensive desk based study of the proposed development area, and a walkover survey of the proposed landfall site affected by the proposed cable was undertaken. In addition, archaeological analysis and assessment of marine geophysical and geotechnical survey data collected was carried out. The potential impact of the proposed scheme on this environment is addressed and mitigation measures to ameliorate these impacts are presented.

1.1. Site Location The proposed scheme comprises a cable route corridor extending across the Irish Sea from Porth Dafarach Beach in Anglesey, North Wales, to Portmarnock (Port Mearnóg), Co. Dublin (Figure 1). Portmarnock to the north of Dublin City is a village characterised by a narrow beach facing east to the Irish Sea called the Velvet Strand. This area of coast is one of the most indented areas of the east coast of Ireland and is characterised by ‘extensive sandy beaches and sand systems.

2. LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK AND GUIDANCE

This assessment takes account of the following legislative procedures:

• UNESCO • EIA Directive 85/337/EEC as amended by 97/11/EC and 2003/35/EC • National Monuments Acts (1930-2004) • Merchant Shipping Act 1993 • Local Government (Planning and Development) Acts (2000-2001) • Policy and Guidelines on Archaeological Excavation. Govt. Publications Office, Dublin (DAHGI 1999) • The Heritage Council (2000) • Institute of Archaeologists of Ireland Code of Conduct for Archaeological Assessments (2006)

Full details of these legislative and guidance procedures are given in Appendix 8.

2.1. Consultation process In order to produce an informed assessment, contact was initiated with a number of statutory authorities regarding the maritime heritage in the area of the proposed cable route.

4

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland

Department of Environment Heritage and Local Government (DoEHLG) Underwater Archaeological Unit

As the regulator for marine cultural heritage in Republic of Ireland jurisdiction the Underwater Archaeological Unit of the DoEHLG stated in their correspondence (email from Karl Brady dated 18th April 2011).

1. Portmarnock is an area of high archaeological potential with several known wrecks and with important links to the development of the aviation industry. 2. While a number of the wrecks have been identified within the intertidal zone there are a number of other wreck sites that have been reported but have not been accurately located to date. 3. The beach at Portmarnock is relatively dynamic with large banks of shifting sands covering and uncovering wrecks at different times.

The UAU recommends that repeat intertidal surveys of the development area are undertaken to ensure that any potential impacts are minimised.

3. ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY

This section presents the methodology used in assessing the baseline maritime cultural heritage environment. The scope and methodology for the baseline assessment has been developed in consideration of the following guidelines:

• Environmental Protection Agency (2002) “Guidelines on the information to be contained in Environmental Impact Statements”

• Environmental Protection Agency (2003) “Advice notes on current practice (in the preparation of Environmental Impact Statements)”

To facilitate cross-referencing, sites contained within the gazetteers (Appendices 1- 3) are numbered, with these numbers carried through the assessment and associated illustrations. Sites identified during the marine geophysical data assessment are numbered HA1-999 and sites identified during the desk-based assessment in Irish waters are numbered HA2000 onwards.

3.1. Study Area The study area has been defined in respect of two factors: 1) the potential impact that the proposed scheme may have on individual aspects of the baseline environment (the potential for impacts to occur during the construction phase were considered when defining the dimensions of the study area); and 2) relevant information that can inform the potential for additional, previously unknown, archaeology to be located within the area of the proposed cable route.

Taking each of these factors into account the study area comprises two areas that extend from Portmarnock, Co. Dublin to the edge of waters under Irish jurisdiction:

• The Inner Study Area includes the proposed route of the cable and the cable corridor as defined by the marine geophysical survey that has been provided by

5

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland

Noordhoek Survey B.V. The survey corridor measures 500m- 600m in width. All cultural heritage features within this boundary are considered for potential construction impacts.

• The Outer Study Area extends 700m on either side of the outer limit of the survey corridor that has been provided by Noordhoek Survey B.V. (giving an approximate 1km ‘buffer’ either side of the centre of the survey corridor). Cultural heritage features are identified in this area to help inform the potential for unrecorded cultural heritage remains to be present within the Inner Study Area and to highlight known sites to avoid in association with any peripheral or secondary installation activity.

Taking these factors into account the study area has been defined as follows:

Subject Study area

Recorded Monuments & Within approx. 1km of proposed cable route or landfall Places (RMPs)

Protected Structures and/or Within approx. 1km of proposed cable route or landfall their curtilage

Architectural Conservation Within approx. 1km of proposed cable route or landfall Areas (ACAS) Structures recorded in the Within approx. 500m of proposed cable route or landfall NIAH Unregistered features of Within approx. 500m of proposed cable route or landfall cultural heritage Townland boundaries Within proposed cable route or landfall Areas of archaeological Within proposed cable route or landfall potential Artefact find spots Within townlands encompassed by and adjacent to proposed cable route or landfall including Burrow (Coolock By, Malahide Ed,), Carrickhill and Portmarnock. Previous Excavations Within townlands encompassed by and adjacent to proposed cable route or landfall including Burrow (Coolock By, Malahide Ed,), Carrickhill and Portmarnock. Table 1. Site types and proximities to the proposed cable route

3.2. Desk Based Study methodology The present assessment of the maritime cultural heritage in the area of the proposed scheme is based on a desktop study of a number of documentary and cartographic sources. The desk based study was further augmented by an archaeological assessment of marine geophysical and geotechnical data. The main sources consulted in completing the desktop study are listed here:

• National Shipwreck Inventory of Ireland; • Information on wrecks and losses held on the UK Hydrographic Office database; • Irish Geological Survey regional guide and previous work in the area;

6

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland

• Cartographic Sources, including 1st edition Ordnance Survey (OS) and Admiralty Charts; • Record of Monuments and Places; • Literary sources; • Topographic Dictionaries; • National Inventory of Architectural Heritage; • National Museum of Ireland (NMI) Topographical Files; • Excavations Bulletin; • Ordnance Survey Name-books and Letters; and • Marine geophysical and geotechnical grey literature

A variety of sources have been consulted to provide information on potential impacts and the relationship of the proposed cable route within the wider maritime context. These fall into the two study areas and buffer zone above and include all known marine archaeological sites and features, recorded maritime losses both with and without locational data, protected monuments, both maritime and land-based, previous archaeological investigations and a wide range of documentary sources. Together these provide an overview of the cable route and its surroundings which can then be used to determine areas of archaeological potential. Full details of the sources used in this assessment are given in the Appendices.

3.3. Intertidal/ Walkover Survey An intertidal survey and walkover of the proposed landfall site for the proposed cable at Portmarnock was undertaken by Headland Archaeology (Ireland) Ltd on 14 April 2011.

The primary purpose was to assess the intertidal area and area around the landfall area for exposed wrecks and features and to identify any potential low-visibility archaeological and/or historical sites that are not currently recorded and which may be impacted upon negatively by the proposed cable. It is also to survey any known monuments or sites and to consider the relationship between them and the surrounding landscape, all of which need to be considered during the process of the archaeological impact assessment.

The methodology used involved recording the present land use as well as the existing topography for the entire area comprising the proposed landfall site for the proposed cable. A photographic record and written description were compiled for any known and/or potential sites of archaeological, architectural and/or cultural significance. In addition, a GPS (Global Positioning System) waypoint was taken for each identified site of said significance.

3.4. Geophysical Survey Archaeological analysis and assessment of marine geophysical survey data supplied by Noordhoek Surveys was carried out (see Volume 3, Portmarnock, Ireland to Porth Dafarch, Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable, Archaeological Assessment of Marine Geophysicall Data). The specific objectives are:

• to confirm the presence of previously identified marine sites and to comment on their apparent character; • to identify, locate and characterise hitherto unrecorded marine sites;

7

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland

• to review available data in respect of seabed and sub-seabed deposits likely to be of archaeological interest; and • to present mitigation measures in conjunction with the results of the desk- based study and impact assessment.

The geophysical survey was undertaken between the 8th and 24th of March 2011 over an area of approximately 120km in length. Potential obstructions and wrecks were identified before the commencement of the survey. The route between Ireland and Anglesey contains many maritime losses and the proposed cable route is designed to avoid as many of these as possible. The deepwater survey data was acquired on board the 62m Dutch-registered DPII survey vessel the Noordhoek Pathfinder. Techniques employed included

• High-resolution multibeam echosounder survey for detailed bathymetric modelling and slope analysis. • Sidescan sonar survey for identification of surface features and object/hazard identification. • Sub-bottom profiling to assess the shallow geology along the route. • Magnetometer survey to identify surface or shallow metallic debris along the route.

The deepwater survey consisted of a centreline (the proposed cable route) and wing lines at both 75m and 175m each side giving a 500m survey corridor area. The deepwater survey continued until approximately 20m (LAT) from the shore in UK waters and 16m (LAT) from the shore in Irish waters for safety reasons.

For the near shore survey works at Portmarnock, Ireland the M.V. Sharpshooter was used by Titan Environmental Surveys Ltd. Techniques employed included

• Singlebeam echosounder survey. • Sidescan sonar survey for identification of surface features and object/hazard identification. • Magnetometer survey to identify surface or shallow metallic debris along the route. • Sub-bottom profiling to assess the shallow geology along the route.

The shallow water survey data was collected eleven survey lines with 50m spacing and tie-lines every 500m, this allowed for sufficient overlap with the offshore data. The geodetic parameters used throughout the survey were WGS84 UTM Projection zone 30 North.

3.5 Geotechnical Survey Archaeological analysis and assessment of marine geotechnical survey data collected and supplied by Noordhoek Surveys was carried out (see Volume 4, Potrmarnock, Ireland to Porth Dafarch, Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable, Archaeological Assessment of Marine Geotechnical Data). The specific objectives of the assessment are:

• to review available data in respect of seabed and sub-seabed deposits likely to be of palaeoenvironmental and archaeological interest;

8

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland

• to identify any deposits of palaeoenvironmental potential within the off-shore 2 m depth of the sea-bed along the cable corridor; and • to present mitigation measures where appropriate to the findings of the assessment.

This was undertaken through the examination of the geotechnical data; namely piezocone penetration testing and vibrocore logs that have been taken.

3.6. Significance Criteria In order to categorise the baseline environment in a systemised manner, ‘sensitivity values’ have been assigned to each identified archaeological site, feature or deposit within the Inner Study Area of the proposed scheme. The cultural heritage value of a site is determined with reference to the ‘importance’ and thus ‘sensitivity’ of the site.

The sensitivity of a site is determined based on the presence of extant remains and/or the potential for associated subsurface remains of the site or feature to survive in situ.

It should be noted that the National Monuments Act (1930-2004) does not differentiate between recorded archaeological sites on the basis of relative importance or sensitivity. Consequently, all recorded archaeological monuments, Protected Structures and Areas of Architectural Conservation are regarded as being of ‘high’ importance and sensitivity irrespective of adverse effects such as above-ground presence and/or the condition of the site. The criteria used for defining a cultural heritage features’ sensitivity to direct physical impacts are summarised in Table 2 below.

Sensitivity Guideline Criteria of Receptor Recorded monuments, historic wrecks, protected structures, Architectural Conservation Areas, National Inventory of Architectural Heritage sites, recorded features and areas of high archaeological High potential, geophysical targets of high potential, unregistered built heritage sites that comprise extant remains which are regarded as constituting cultural heritage remains Unregistered built heritage sites that comprise extant remains in poor condition, cultural heritage sites that comprise extant remains, extant townland boundaries, wetland areas, areas of medium archaeological Medium potential, geophysical targets of medium potential unregistered cultural heritage remains for which there are no extant remains but where there is potential for subsurface remains Areas regarded as constituting low archaeological potential, Low geophysical targets of low potential Negligible Areas regarded as constituting no archaeological potential Table 2. Criteria for assessing the sensitivity of marine cultural heritage assets to impacts

Caution should be exercised when assessing the perceived sensitivity of a maritime cultural heritage site, feature or deposit; as such categorisation is open to subjectivity. In addition, the perceived levels of importance as identified in this report may well be subject to future revision in the instance where new information is gathered through further archaeological investigation; for example, where a site or feature of archaeological potential proves to constitute significant archaeological remains which would thus increase their sensitivity rating.

9

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland

In determining the magnitude of impact, the value or special interest of the feature affected is first defined. This allows the identification of key sites, features and deposits and provides the baseline against which the magnitude of change can be assessed; the magnitude of impact being proportional to the degree of change in the feature’s baseline value or special interest. The criteria used for defining the magnitude of physical direct impacts on a cultural heritage feature are summarised in Table 3 below.

Magnitude of Guideline Criteria effect High beneficial The asset is preserved in situ, where it would be lost if the ‘do nothing’ scenario was played out, preserving or enhancing the asset’s value. Medium beneficial The asset is preserved by record, where it would be lost if the ‘do nothing’ scenario was played out. Low beneficial The asset is preserved by record where it would otherwise continue to naturally degrade. Negligible Very slight or negligible alteration of the cultural heritage asset Low adverse Slight physical alteration of the cultural heritage asset not affecting key elements, slightly reducing the asset’s value Medium adverse Loss of one or more key elements of the cultural heritage asset substantially reducing the asset’s value High adverse Total loss or major alteration of the cultural heritage asset removing the asset’s value. Table 3. Criteria used for assessing the magnitude of impacts on cultural heritage assets

The significance of a construction impact is assessed by combining the magnitude of the impact and the sensitivity of the feature. The matrix in Table 3.3 provides a guide to decision-making, but is not a substitute for professional judgement and interpretation, particularly where the sensitivity or impact magnitude levels are not clear or are border line between categories. The permanence of the effects are also taken into account, with irreversible effects being more significant while temporary or reversible changes are likely to be less significant. Likely effects of major or moderate significance equate to potentially significant impacts in the European Communities (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Amendment) Regulations, 1999.

Magnitude Sensitivity

Negligible Low Medium High

High Negligible Moderate Major Major Medium Negligible Minor Moderate Major Low Negligible Negligible Minor Moderate Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible Minor

Table 4. Criteria for assessing the significance of impacts on marine cultural heritage assets

10

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland

4. BASELINE ENVIRONMENT

4.1. Geological Baseline and Bathymetry in Irish Waters

4.1.1. Geological baseline Within the study area the pre-Quaternary geology largely comprises of Carboniferous sedimentary rocks, principally limestone, siltstone and mudstone, largely derived from marine and tidal settings (Jackson et al, 1995). The solid geology beneath the seabed along the proposed cable route from Ireland through to Anglesey is both varied and complex as one would expect from such a large area. The Anglesey sea shelf is characterised by sub-cropping Precambrian and Lower Palaeozoic rock, the latter also present in Ireland, the Isle of Man and up the coast to Southern Scotland. Lower Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks occur in places along with some Tertiary sedimentary rocks. The Quaternary sediments are thin in the platform areas up to 300m thick in the Western trough.

The substructure of the Irish Sea basin includes deep geological grabens, palaeovalleys and glaciofluvial scouring. Carboniferous-Devonian period rocks form the basement of the region with six main depositional basins with variable thickness sedimentary rocks within the Irish Sea basin; the Kish Basin being the main one lying to the south of the proposed cable route.

4.1.2. Bathymetry The inshore section at Portmarnock slopes gradually and is considerably longer than that at Porth Dafarch. The 20m contour is encountered at KP 106.15. From this point the gradient increases and the seabed dips down to 70.5 m at KP 82, and from there begins to drop more steeply yet again to 100m at KP80, reaching a maximum depth of 110m at KP 90. Afterwards the seabed gently rises to 63m at KP 55. Within the offshore survey extents (20m contour to 20m contour) the deepest recorded depth was 128.6m at KP 47.937 on the UK side. The topography of the seabed along the route corridor is identified as varied.

4.1.3. Landfall/ Intertidal Survey The intertidal survey and walkover of the proposed landfall site for the proposed cable at Portmarnock was undertaken by Headland Archaeology (Ireland) Ltd on 14 April 2011 at low tide. The proposed landfall site for the undersea cable lies at the north end of the Velvet Strand in the townland of Burrow (Coolock By, Malahide Ed.), Portmarnock, Co. Dublin. The Velvet strand is a long sandy beach, approximately 5km in length, located on the east side of a north/south orientated peninsula, primarily formed from sand dunes, which shelters the Baldoyle Creek (Pl.1 & 2). The beach is generally level; mostly level sand sloping gradually between the HWM and LWM (c. 150m). There is occasional rock outcrop and stone, and shingle has accumulated around these areas. Sand dunes rise steeply less than 10 m from the high- water mark. The sand dunes themselves are an important natural habitat, characterised by the presence of marram grass, however, large sections of the sand dune peninsula have been developed into a links golf course. The proposed cable route will cross the north end of the Velvet Strand on an approximate east/west alignment, terminating approximately 20 m above the high-water mark within the sand dunes. This location is

11

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland directly overlooked by the Golf Links Hotel (CH#11), which was formerly the residence of the Jameson family. A significant number of known shipwreck sites are located along the length of the Velvet Strand. Most of the precisely located wreck sites are towards the south end of the Velvet Strand at a substantial remove from the proposed cable route. However, the sands are known to be highly volatile, with wreck sites regularly exposed and re-buried according to prevailing conditions; therefore it is extremely likely that more wrecks could be located along the foreshore than are currently known. The foreshore within the study area was surveyed during low tide as part of the site inspection, at that time only one known wreck site was visible (HA2034, Unknown wooden wreck), which lies 700 m to the south of the cable route (Plates. 3 & 4). No new archaeological features or potential wreck sites were identified either within the study area or specifically along the proposed cable route.

4.2. Sites of Cultural Heritage Interest in the Inner Study Area The proposed landfall site for the undersea cable lies at the north end of the Velvet Strand in the townland of Burrow (Coolock By, Malahide Ed.), Portmarnock, Co. Dublin. The Velvet strand is a long sandy beach, approximately 5km in length, located on the east side of a north/south orientated peninsula, primarily formed from sand dunes, which shelters the Baldoyle Creek.

The beach is generally level, with the sand dunes rising steeply less than 10 m from the high-water mark. The sand dunes themselves are an important natural habitat, characterised by the presence of marram grass, however, large sections of the sand dune peninsula have been developed into a links golf course. The proposed cable route will cross the north end of the Velvet Strand on an approximate east/west alignment, terminating approximately 20m above the high-water mark within the sand dunes. This location is directly overlooked by the Golf Links Hotel, which was formerly the residence of the Jameson family.

The baseline environment has been sub-divided into five categories, each of which is addressed individually below. These are as follows:

(i) Designated Archaeological Sites (ii) Maritime Archaeology (iii) Designated Architectural Heritage Sites (iv) Undesignated Cultural Heritage Sites (v) Areas of Archaeological Potential

A gazetteer of all cultural heritage sites included in this study is presented as Appendices 1-3, which details each Cultural Heritage feature with a unique Headland (HA) number. All sites are referred to in the text by HA numbers which correspond to tables, figures and appendices. Sites within the Inner Study Area and the Outer Study Area are shown in Figures 1-5.

12

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland

4.2.1. Designated Archaeological Sites

4.2.1.1 Record of Monuments and Places (RMPs) There are two recorded RMP sites within the Inner Study Area. These sites are in close proximity to each other 150m- 170m north of the proposed cable route as it reaches and crosses Rush Beach. Site HA2008 is a 19th century Martello Tower (see also Site HA2013), while Site HA2007 is a holy well. Both of these sites are considered to be of high sensitivity within this impact assessment.

4.2.2. Maritime Archaeology

4.2.2.1 The Shipwreck Inventory of Ireland All shipwrecks over 100 years old and archaeological objects found underwater are protected under the National Monuments (Amendment) Acts 1987 and 1994. Significant wrecks less than 100 years old can be designated by Underwater Heritage Order on account of their historical, archaeological or artistic importance. The Shipwreck Inventory of Ireland is primarily a desktop survey with information gathered from a broad range of cartographic, archaeological and historical sources, both documentary and pictorial. It is a record of all currently known shipwrecks within Irish territorial waters.

There is one known wreck recorded in the Shipwreck Inventory of Ireland within the Inner Study Area with its location confirmed. Site HA2040 is possibly the wreck of a vessel known as Peaceful Star, a British steam drifter bombed and sunk by German aircraft on March 4th 1941. This wreck has been confirmed at this location by survey and is deemed to be of high sensitivity within this impact assessment.

4.2.2.2 Known Maritime Wrecks from the UKHO Database/ SeaZone There is one known wreck recorded in the UKHO Database/ SeaZone dataset within the Inner Study Area with its location confirmed. This site corresponds with Site HA2040 above in the Shipwreck Inventory of Ireland.

4.2.2.3 Maritime sites and features within the Inner Study Area identified during the Marine Geophysical Data Assessment A total of 44 targets were identified within the geophysical survey area in the marine geophysical assessment (see Appendices 3, 4 & 5). Of these 19 were side scan sonar targets (HA1, HA11, HA15, HA58-73) five sub bottom profile targets (HA85- HA89) and 20 magnetometer targets (HA96, HA97, HA98, HA103, HA106, HA113-HA117, HA122- HA126, HA130, HA132, HA136, HA137, HA140) (Figures 1-5).

Four of the sidescan sonar targets are considered to be of medium potential (HA11, HA67, HA70, HA71). One of these targets (HA11) is 240m to the north of a known wreck site (HA2042) and may be associated. The remaining three (HA67, HA70, HA71) are clustered together. There is no recorded wreck in close proximity to these targets. All of these targets could represent cultural heritage remains and are considered to be of medium sensitivity within this impact assessment.

The five sub bottom profile targets that have been identified are considered to be of medium potential. These may be indicative of palaeo-features.

13

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland

All 20 magnetometer targets are of medium potential and are considered to be of medium sensitivity within this impact assessment. None of these targets are in close proximity to any known wreck sites. Targets HA113, HA115, HA117, HA126, HA130 and HA132 are located 0- 10m from the proposed cable route.

4.2.3 Designated Architectural Heritage Sites In 1997 Ireland ratified the Granada Convention on architectural heritage. This provided the basis for a national commitment to the protection of the architectural heritage throughout the country. The Local Government (Planning and Development) Act 2000, and the Architectural Heritage (National Inventory) and Historic Monuments

(Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1999, made the legislative changes necessary to provide for a strengthening of the protection of architectural heritage.

4.2.3.1 Record of Protected Structures The Fingal County Development Plan (2005-2011) was consulted for schedules of Protected Structures. These are buildings that a planning authority considers to be of special interest from an architectural, historical, archaeological, artistic, cultural, scientific, social, and/or technical point of view. Protected Structures receive statutory protection from injury or demolition under Section 57 (1) of the Local Government (Planning and Development) Act 2000. Protected structure status does not exclude development or alteration but requires the developer to consult with the relevant planning authority to ensure that elements which make the structure significant are not lost during development.

There is one Protected Structure within the study area, the Martello tower already referred to as an RMP site (HA2008, see also Site2013).

4.2.3..2 National Inventory of Architectural Heritage (NIAH) The National Inventory of Architectural Heritage (hereinafter the 'NIAH') is a state initiative under the administration of the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government and was established on a statutory basis under the provisions of the Architectural Heritage (National Inventory) and Historic Monuments (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1999. Its purpose is to identify, record and evaluate the post-1700 architectural heritage of Ireland, uniformly and consistently, as an aid in the protection and conservation of the built heritage. NIAH surveys provide the basis for the recommendations of the Minister for the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government to the planning authorities for the inclusion of particular structures in their Record of Protected Structures (RPS).

There are two sites listed in the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage within the study area, the Martello tower already referred to as an RMP site and Protected Structure (HA2008), and the Golf Links Hotel (HA2011). Both of these sites are considered to be of high sensitivity within this impact assessment

4.2.4 Undesignated Cultural Heritage Sites This section deals with sites that are considered to be of cultural heritage value but which do not fall within the above categories. These sites are divided into four sub- groups:

14

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland

(i) Undesignated built heritage structures (ii) Undesignated cultural heritage features (not including built heritage sites) which comprise extant remains (iii) Undesignated cultural heritage sites that do not comprise known extant remains (iv) Townland boundaries

4.2.4.1 Undesignated Built Heritage Structures There is one undesignated cultural heritage feature which does not comprise extant remains present within the study area (HA2013). The first edition Ordnance Survey map (1837) depicts a ‘quay’ directly east of the Martello Tower (HA2008). There are no extant remains of this quay and it does not appear on later editions of the Ordnance Survey. As it does not appear on Rocque’s map of 1756, it is likely that this was a short-lived construction originally built to service the Martello Tower.

4.2.5. Areas of Archaeological Potential

4.2.5.1 Foreshore and Intertidal Area The foreshore and intertidal areas can have an exceptional ability to preserve organic remains in respect of the degree of anaerobic conditions present within a particular environment. The types of archaeological features that can be found in such locations include fish weirs or fish traps, flood-banks, revetments, quays or landing points and tidal mills. In addition to these in situ site types, remains of shipwrecks and abandoned boats can also be found in such locations. The high frequency of known shipwrecks from this section of the coastline has been commented on (Brady 2008).

As a result of these factors, the archaeological potential of the proposed cable route and landfall site is regarded as being high. Consequently, all areas within the proposed cable route and landfall site that do not contain or comprise known cultural heritage features are collectively designated as an area of archaeological potential with a baseline rating of high sensitivity (Site HA2012).

4.2.6. Geotechnical Assessment

The following presents the geoarchaeological implications for the proposed scheme with the potential survival of submerged archaeological remains within the inner study area and incorporates observations made by Headland’s Geoarchaeologist during the review of the geotechnical data provided by Noordhoek Survey BV (Volume 4) and the review of the geophysical assessment highlighted in Volume 3. This was undertaken through the examination of piezocone penetration testing (PCPT), vibrocore logs (VC) that have been taken along the proposed cable route.

4.2.6.1 Deposition/erosion regime of the seabed in the submerged zone A total of 12 vibrocores (Vibrocores 1-12, Figures 3 & 4, Volume 4) were taken in Irish waters. The vibrocoring extended to a maximum depth of 5.30m (VC9_KP77.822); with a minimum depth recorded of 2.90m (VC3_KP101.822). The sediments recorded consist mainly of sands, silty sands, clays, silty clays and gravely clays, with shells and shell fragments observed within sands in all but five of the vibrocore locations (VC4_KP92.822, VC6_KP89.822, VC7_KP85.823, VC8_KP81.823 and VC9_KP77.822). The actual sequence of deposits across the area is quite variable, although sand and silty

15

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland sand deposits are generally the uppermost deposit in the sequences. These sand and silty sand units either extend to the base of the core or are units are underlain by clay layers, which in turn are often underlain by further sand units. No organic sediments such as peats or organic silts were recorded in any of the vibrocore logs.

A total of 48 CPTs (CPT 62-110, Figures 3 & 4, Volume 4) were taken in Irish waters. Penetration tests reached a minimum of 1.88m at CPT 78 and a maximum depth of 3.10m at CPT 65. The stratigraphic sequences recorded in the upper layers (top 2-3m) are generally quite similar to the vibrocore results, with clays and silty clays underlain by sands, and sandy silts. Where no sands are recorded the sequences consist of clays and silty clays with bands of organic soil and sensitive fine grained deposits. Very thin bands of organic soils are recorded in all but one of the CPT locations (CPT 85). Mostly these were very thin bands at the very top of the sequence, between 0 and 0.2m. At 29 locations, however, organic soils are recorded at greater depths. At CPT 69, 71, 72, 77, 78, 78a, 81, 82, 84, 87, 89, 90, 91, 93, 95, 97, 101 and 102 organic soils are found between bands of clay at depths of 1 to 2.5m. At CPT 73, 74, 75, 76, 79, 80, 83, 92, 94 99 and 100 very thin bands of organic soil were recorded at depths of 1 to 2.35m between bands of clay and sensitive fine grained deposits.

4.3. Sites of cultural heritage interest in the Outer Study Area This section identifies those known sites located within the outer study area to identify areas for construction vessels to avoid during installation and to help inform potential for unrecorded discoveries within the proposed cable corridor.

4.3.1 Designated Archaeological Sites

4.3.1.1 Record of Monuments and Places (RMPs) There are seven recorded archaeological monuments located in the outer study area (HA2001-HA2006, HA2009). These include a possible ring-ditch (HA2001), an ecclesiastical complex, including church, graveyard and holy well (HA2002, HA2005, HA2003), an ogham stone (site of) (HA2004), a memorial stone (HA2006), and a prehistoric lithic scatter (HA2009). The closest sites to the Inner Study Area are the holy well and Martello Tower. These sites and are deemed to be of high sensitivity within this impact assessment.

4.3.2. Maritime Archaeology

4.3.2.1 Shipwreck Inventory of Ireland There are five wrecks recorded in the Shipwreck Inventory of Ireland in the Outer Study Area with confirmed locations.

Site HA2037 is the site of the Cresswell (probably), a steel steamship torpedoed and sunk by German submarine U-46 on 05/02/1918. It is 700m from the proposed cable route.

Site HA2045 is an unknown wreck located by survey. Its wreckage is reported to be spread over a large area. Its recorded location is 680m from the proposed cable route.

Site HA2042 is an unknown wreck located by survey. It reportedly measures L. 23m x B. 6m x H. 5m, lies intact, upright and orientated E-W in general sea depth of 59m (least

16

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland depth 54m). Wreck measures L. 23m x B. 6m x H. 5m. It is recorded 485m from the proposed cable route, however, a sidescan target of medium potential has been identified 230- 240m north of this wrecks recorded location and may be associated (see geophysical target HA11).

Site HA2034 is an unknown wooden wreck that has been seen and recorded within the intertidal zone at Portmarnock Beach. Its recorded location is 700m from the cable route.

Site HA2030 is a wooden wreck that was reportedly exposed on the strand in 2002-3. The vessel occasionally becomes exposed on the beach when sand levels are low. The wreck is orientated E-W. Its recorded location is 1000m from the cable route.

These sites are deemed to be of high sensitivity within this impact assessment.

A number of wrecks are recorded in the National Shipwreck Inventory of Ireland with approximate locations which may be within the Inner or Outer Study Areas but cannot be more accurately located. Full entries from the National Shipwreck Inventory can be found in Appendices 2 and 3. Where locations are known they have been plotted on Figures 1 and 2 based on the available locational information, all of which appear in the buffer zone and so were not given HA numbers. When these wrecks were plotted they were shown to be close to known wrecks and there may be some correspondence between the known and unknown wrecks, although this cannot be stated with any certainty. Additionally, a large number of wrecks are described as being in this part of the Irish Sea with no known locational information (Appendix 2 and 3).

4.3.2.2 Known maritime wrecks from the UKHO Database There are three known wrecks from the UKHO Database/ SeaZone dataset in the Outer Study Area. These wrecks correspond to those mentioned above recorded in the Shipwreck Inventory of Ireland (HA2037, HA2045, HA2042).

4.3.3 Designated Architectural Heritage Sites

4.3.3.1 Record of Protected Structures There are three Protected Structures within the outer study area. These include a possible ring-ditch (HA2001), a church (HA2002) and a thatched dwelling (HA2010).

4.3.3.2 National Inventory of Architectural Heritage (NIAH) There are four structures or designed gardens within the outer study area that are listed in the NIAH. These include a church (HA2002) and a thatched dwelling (HA2010). None of these sites are located along the actual route of the proposed undersea cable.

4.3.4 Undesignated Cultural Heritage Sites

There are no undesignated cultural heritage sites within the outer study area (HA2013).

4.4. Potential for unrecorded maritime cultural heritage sites within the Inner Study Area Based on the assessment of the types of sites located in the wider vicinity of the proposed cable route it is possible to assess the potential for unrecorded discoveries

17

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland within the boundaries of the proposed scheme. In order to gauge potential an assessment of the known sites in the Inner and Outer Study areas and in the wider vicinity was undertaken. The following provides an assessment of the potential for the discovery of cultural heritage remains along the proposed cable route. An overview of the historical and archaeological background to the receiving environment and wider context can be found in Appendix 9.

4.4.1. Factors affecting the potential preservation of maritime cultural heritage assets In order to assess the potential for the preservation of sites and features of maritime cultural heritage interest within the proposed scheme it is important to establish the nature of the receiving environment, for example the underlying geology, sea-bed character, and hydrology within a specified study area. For example, favourable conditions for the survival and preservation of archaeological remains might include areas of seabed in deeper waters with deep, soft sediments located on a gentle gradient and in a location not subject to strong dynamics such as tides, currents and wave action. Human factors may also affect survival of assets such as commercial fishing (such as trawling), the effects of large volumes of maritime traffic (in shallower water) and dredging activities. On the whole, the receiving environment would be conducive to supporting remains of maritime losses and their associated debris.

4.4.2. Geoarchaeological aspects and review of the geotechnical assessment Given a history of fluctuating sea-levels through the Quaternary era the prospect of submerged areas of formerly terrestrial landscapes and associated archaeological remains needs to be addressed. The potential for significant submerged archaeological and palaeoenvironmental deposits to exist depends on:

• Relative sea level (RSL) change rates and sea bed topography • Potential for submerged prehistoric Cultural Heritage Remains

4.4.2.1 Relative sea level change and sea bed topography Published relative sea level change curves for both the Irish and British sides of the Irish Sea have been consulted (Brooks et al. 2007 and Shennan and Horton 2002). The relevant sea level curves (Dublin, North Wales and Mersey) closely match each other, once the different Chart Datum values used have been taken into account.

The curves demonstrate that there has been little major change in RSL for the last 6000 years (i.e. from the early Neolithic) on either side of the Irish Sea. Given the rapid rise in RSL prior to this it is theoretically possible that there may be early Neolithic sites in the intertidal or immediately sub-tidal zones, particularly on the UK side. The rapid change in RSL means that Mesolithic remains might be found on the coastal shelf on both sides of the Irish Sea to a depth of approximately 10 m below Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT).

Prior to this rapid rise in relative sea-level, which began at approximately 8000 BP, the UK and Ireland were connected and thus the proposed cable route would have been on an area of dry land (Carter et al, 1989). Therefore there is the potential for the presence of archaeological finds, such as flint scatters across the entire route of the cable. With respect to longer term RSL changes it should be noted that sea level change in the Irish Sea during the Pleistocene is relatively poorly understood. Although some models do extend back from the Holocene into the Late Pleistocene these parts of the models are

18

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland generally backed by little or no direct evidence in the form of in situ palaeoenvironmental deposits that can be radiocarbon dated (Carter et al, 1989; Brooks et al, 2007). As such the probable depths at which Palaeolithic remains might have been originally deposited are difficult to model accurately, though it is possible that they exist (Brooks et al, 2007).

4.4.2.2 Potential for submerged prehistoric cultural heritage remains Previous work in the intertidal areas in both the Irish and Welsh context have showed high potential for the presence of sediments of palaeoenvironmental interest such as intercalated sequences of organic sediments (e.g. peats and organic muds) and minerogenic sediments (e.g. estuarine silts). This is highlighted by the number of palaeoenvironmental studies have taken place around the Welsh coastline on such sequences in order to investigate changes in relative sea-level (e.g. Allen, 2001; Hill et al, 2007) and palaeoenvironments (e.g. Smith and Morgan, 1989; Walker et al, 1998), including around Anglesey itself (e.g. Godwin, 1956). There is great potential for similar studies to be undertaken on the Irish coastline, with suitable sediments noted around Dublin (e.g. McQuade and O’Donnell, 2007); however to date such studies have been largely absent leading authors (e.g. O’Sullivan, 1998; Van de Noort and O’Sullivan, 2006) to call for the development of such work across Irish coastal wetlands. In areas such as Anglesey, large tree remains have also been recorded in the intertidal area (Lyell, 1875), which are very important for palaeoenvironmental study as they provide an opportunity of direct investigation of former coastal woodlands (e.g. Timpany, 2007). Thus there is good potential for the occurrence of these sediments along the cable route, which could provide further palaeoenvironmental information to compliment and further previous work in these areas.

Together with the potential for sediments of palaeoenvironmental interest there is also the potential for the presence of archaeological materials within these intertidal areas. Previous intertidal archaeological investigations (e.g. Bell, 2000, 2007; Bell et al, 2000) have shown these areas provide excellent (waterlogged) conditions for the preservation of archaeological organic remains, such as wooden objects and structures and are believed to have been important locations for people in prehistory (Bell, 2000; O’Sullivan, 2001). This has been seen recently in Co. Dublin from archaeological work in the Liffey Estuary where a wooden Mesolithic fish trap has been discovered (McQuade and O’Donnell, 2007). Similarly, archaeological materials have been found in the Anglesey area, including flint scatters at Porth Rufydd (Kelly, 1982). Therefore together with sediments of palaeoenvironmental interest, there is also good potential for archaeological remains to be encountered within the intertidal areas.

A total of 48 piezocone penetration tests were carried out (CPT 62-110) in Irish waters. Very thin bands of organic soils are recorded in all but one of the CPT locations. The presence of organic material would be of palaeoenvironmental significance and given the shallow depth of deposits these occur in (from 0 to 1.2m) are likely to provide information relating to the Holocene period. Such intercalated bands of organic and minerogenic sediments have been shown from previous studies of such sediments to have great potential for vegetational reconstruction studies from proxies such as pollen and plant macrofossils (e.g. Smith and Morgan, 1989), together with sea-level change from proxies such as diatoms (e.g. Hill et al, 2007). In the latter study type the organic bands may also be used as sea-level index points where dating such layers, provides a chronology for periods of when terrestrial (or dryland) surfaces existed and thus periods

19

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland when sea-level was lower than this level. Such studies would be of particular interest in the Irish coastal area where few studies of this nature have currently taken place (O’Sullivan, 1998). Given the presence of organic sediments, there is also good potential for the occurrence of archaeological materials along the cable route. Such sediments provide ideal (waterlogged) conditions for the preservation of organic remains such as wooden fish traps, evidence for which has been found in the Liffey Estuary (McQuade and O’Donnell, 2007).

4.4.3. Potential for maritime cultural heritage remains The archaeological heritage of the study area is closely related to sea-level change over time. Despite a dearth of evidence for an Irish Paleolithic (70000BP- 10000BP), it is now well understood that the Irish Sea was exposed as dry land for much of that time and research suggests the area was occupied by hominins who exploited sea areas that were inhabitated by mammals during glaciation (Stringer 2006). A struck flint discovered in County Louth on the east coast of Ireland has a provenance from the Irish Sea area (Mitchell & Ryan 1997). There is no material evidence that tells us if travel by boat was undertaken in the Irish Sea during this period; or indeed what type of vessel may have been used. It has been suggested that any craft types from this era could only be represented by simple hide- covered boats, log rafts and possibly dugout canoes (Mc Grail 1997; 2001).

No Mesolithic sites have been identified within the study area, however, shell middens have been commonly identified along the north Dublin coastline. An example of Mesolithic shell midden was excavated to the south of Portmarnock at Sutton, Co. Dublin (Baker 2010, 9), and a shell midden located in nearby Rush townland demonstrates evidence of maritime resource exploitation. Similar to the preceding period evidence for Mesolithic seafaring in the Irish Sea area is scant. By 10000BP mainland Britain and Ireland were separated by the Irish Sea and the North Channel. The discovery of a Mesolithic site on the northeast coast of Northern Ireland dated to between 7000 and 6600 BC has been attributed to new arrivals (Woodman 1986, 49). According to Woodman the earliest colonists arrived from Britain by skin covered boats from different parts of western Britain settling at Mount Sandel, on the eastern bank of the River Bann and near its upper tidal limits (ibid). While this site represents the earliest known in the Irish archaeological record, it has been suggested that such is the insular nature of Irish Mesolithic material that the initial colonisation must have taken place some time earlier (Mc Erlean, Mc Conkey, Mc Cooey & Williams 1998). A number of different routes have been suggested for the journey, including from the islands of the southwest coast of Scotland across the North Channel to Antrim and across the Irish Sea to the Leinster coast (Wessex 2005; 18). According to Smith, settlement in Ireland during the Mesolithic would have been impossible without an effective means of water transport (1992, 139- 40). It is likely that the Mesolithic period would have witnessed technological advances in boat building techniques and the construction of larger craft than the preceding period (Mc Grail 1997; 2001).

The Neolithic also brought about a massive fluctuation in sea levels, possibly up to 5 m of modern levels (Murphy and Allen 1997, 6; Jones 2002, 9) and large-scale social changes were reflected in the vast trade and communication networks in use, both within Ireland and in connecting it to the wider world. Regular maritime contact across the Irish Sea is reflected by the similarities of monumental tombs, economies, houses and artefacts (Moore et al. 2008, 16). The similarities between ritual monuments such as

20

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland passage and court tombs, concentrated primarily at western coastal locations in Scotland, Wales and at coastal locations in Ireland suggest cultural contacts across the Irish Sea (Waddell 1991; 29- 40). Large numbers of polished stone axeheads made from Antrim porcellanite and tools of Antrim flint have been recovered across mainland Britain, just as Arran pitchstone and large numbers of stone axeheads from Great Langdale in Cumbria found their way to over a timespan of over 1000 years (ibid.) Evidence for Neolithic activity within the study area comes from the lithic scatter site at Robswall. Analysis of the large artefact assemblage (just under 3,000 lithics) indicated that the earliest activity dated to the Neolithic. This was supported by radiocarbon dating of associated features, which indicated activity in the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age. Stone axes played a significant role in the area’s economy with trade between Britain and Ireland and an axe factory located on Lambay Island (DU009- 001016; Cooney and Mandal 1998). Axes from Lambay Island, which may have been exported either as completed axes or as raw material have been found on the Irish mainland, indicating a level of seafaring being undertaken for economic purposes.

A number of examples of sea- faring vessels have been identified and recovered from coastal locations in eastern Ireland dating from the Neolithic period, including two from Ballylig in Larne lough, Co. Antrim, with radio carbon dates of 3641-3378 BC and 3700- 3382 BC (O'Sullivan, Aidan & Breen, Colin 2007; 74). Both were found close to a sea lough with no navigable rivers, so they were likely to have been used to travel at sea (ibid.). A Neolithic logboat was recovered from Greyabbey Bay in Co. Down suggested to be for sea travel (Forsythe and Gregory, 2007; 6-13), while a further example from the east of Ireland was recovered under 2 metres of sand during offshore trenching at a landfall site at Gormanstown, County Meath (Brady, 2002). It is suggested that this example was modified with outriggers to accommodate long distance sea travel (ibid.).

While the archaeological evidence provides us with examples of the continued use of logboats during the Bronze Age again it is the trade of goods and ideas as well as possible migrations that represent the other main indications of maritime contact across the Irish Sea and North Channel during the Bronze Age period. It is suggested that during this time the distribution was not only more widespread but happened in a much shorter space of time (Waddell 1991, 33-34), intimating that sea travel between the two islands was not uncommon. One example that demonstrates widespread travel in the Irish Sea is the distribution of Irish type decorated funerary bowls found in burial contexts predominantly on the east and northeast coast of Ireland. A significant number have been found also in burial contexts in Argyll and Galloway in Scotland, on the Isle of Man, and in Wales (ibid.) Evidence for Bronze Age activity within the study area is again provided by the lithic scatter site at Robswall (HA2009) and in addition the possible ring-ditch (HA2001) could well date to this period.

Although there was no official Roman conquest of Ireland a substantial amount of Roman material has been uncovered on the east coast of Ireland to suggest that cross- channel links existed. A group of burials found on Lambay Island contained Roman brooches and decorative metal objects of a style also found in northern England from the late first century AD. The Annals of Ulster claimed that the patron saint of Ireland, St. Patrick, was a Roman who was kidnapped from Wales by Irish raiders and brought back to Antrim where he was enslaved. In the Irish annals there are a number of references to the Irish traveling to mainland Britain on similar raids.

21

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland

Maritime links based upon the Irish Sea assumed renewed importance in the Early Medieval period, especially in relation to the spread of Christian culture and the written record from this period makes constant reference to journeys undertaken by those involved with the church between Ireland and Scotland, Wales, Cornwall and Brittany. Well documented voyages include those of a number of Irish monks including Colm Cille, who travelled with a group of monks from Northern Ireland to set up a monastery in Iona and Columbanus who traveled to Gaul (Ó Cróinín 2005). The medieval text Navigatio Sancti Brendani Abbatis (The Voyage of St Brendan the Abbot) tells how 6th century monk St Brendan and a crew of 17 Irish monks built themselves a leather curragh type Irish boat and set sail west over the ocean in search of the promised land recounting the lands and creatures they encountered before returning to Ireland.

The Irish Sea was frequently navigated by Danish and Norse Vikings who developed most of the major towns and cities on the eastern Irish coast including Dublin. This is evident in both documentary evidence and in the material culture. The Annals of Ulster tell us of intermittent raids being carried out by the Norse at monastic sites on the west coast of Scotland at Iona; the east coast of Ireland at Lambay Island. The Viking longship, clinker built vessels, was a major factor in the success of their raids and voyages as they were suited to rough seas but also with the ability to navigate shallow estuaries and waterways. Evidence for Viking vessels has been found on Orkney, the Isle of Man, at Portrush in County Antrim and on Rathlin Island off the coast of County Antrim, while timbers examined from Viking wrecks found off the coast of Denmark were found to have been constructed from timbers hewn in Dublin between 1060 and 1070 AD (Breen & Forsyth 2004).

During the medieval period it was military campaigns, migration and consequent commercial expansion that accounted for much of the travel in the Irish Sea area. The initial conquest was the Anglo- Norman invasion of Ireland commencing in 1169 AD, this would have involved large numbers of vessels crossing the Irish Sea. By the middle of the 13th century most of the east, north and south of the island was under control, and a significant expansion of coastal settlement occurred. The importance of ports on the eastern coast of Ireland grew, as did significant populations, prompting an expansion in seaborne trade and commerce. Custom accounts from the 15th century provide evidence of a thriving import and export industry across the Irish Sea (Sherbourne 1987). In the 16th and 17th centuries the Crown offered land and grants to the immigrant class of Scotland and England and large numbers relocated to the north and south of Ireland in what is now known as the plantation.

The post-medieval period saw a steady increase in coastal activity where military activity and the expansion of world-wide trade meant further growth in the volume of shipping. The Irish Sea’s importance as a major sea lane also increased, both between Britain and Ireland and along the length of the British Isles. From the 18th century onwards records began to be kept of ship losses and from the middle of the 19th century these records became far more comprehensive. The post-medieval and modern periods present the greatest potential for unrecorded archaeology to be discovered during the course of the proposed scheme. The surrounding area has a long history associated with maritime activities and the location has been involved with many of the significant events and developments of the post-medieval and modern periods; in particular the fishing industry and various types of trade from the medieval period into the modern era until the collapse of the Irish fisheries in the 1800s (Moore et al. 2009). The Martello Towers,

22

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland constructed between 1804-06 to deter possible Napoleonic attacks, are also significant land-based features of the area with at least one located within the study area. These towers form part of a large system of coastal defences located throughout Ireland.

The Irish Sea was noted for submarine activity during both world wars. During WW1 the RMS Leinster was a vessel operated by the City of Dublin Steam Packet Company, served as the Kingstown -Holyhead mailboat until she was torpedoed and sunk by German submarine UB-123 on 10 October 1918. She went down just outside Dublin Bay at a point four miles (6 km) east of the Kish light. Over 500 people perished in the sinking which was the greatest single loss of life in the Irish Sea.

Analysis of the shipwreck inventory (Brady 2008) indicates that there are a total of 130 recorded shipwrecks within the near-shore zone (Zone 006), which extends from Baldoyle Creek in the south to Rush in the north and there are in excess of 260 wreck sites recorded; the majority of these are not precisely located (ibid.). Twenty-four of these wreck sites have a general location at or near Portmarnock Strand, though only nine sites out of this 24 can be precisely located. Of these 24, a total of 11 are known to date to the post-medieval period (and to be more than 100 years old), with only one dating to the first quarter of the twentieth century (less than 100 years old). There are two instances of recorded medieval shipwrecks. The remainder of the known shipwrecks are not currently dated, though most are likely to be in excess of 100 years old. A significant number of known shipwreck sites are located along the length of the Velvet Strand. Most of the precisely located wreck sites are towards the south end of the Velvet Strand at a substantial remove from the proposed cable route. However, the sands are known to be highly dynamic, with wreck sites regularly exposed and re-buried according to prevailing conditions; therefore it is extremely likely that more unrecorded wreck remains could be located along the foreshore. The foreshore within the study area was surveyed during low tide as part of the site inspection; at that time only one known wreck site was visible.

5. IMPACT ASSESSMENT

5.1. Likely characteristics of the proposed cable installation The cable installation works has the potential to cause direct and indirect impacts on cultural heritage assets within area of the proposed cable route. Direct impacts may be caused during installation of marine cables during burial or protection. Indirect impacts, both positive and negative, may be caused by the disturbance and subsequent redeposition of sediments which may partially or completely cover or uncover cultural heritage assets within the area. Further indirect impacts may be caused by the deployment of anchors in the vicinity of cultural heritage assets. The following describes the proposed methodology for each element of the cable installation as provided by the client.

The land-based cable installation activities will comprise of the prior construction of a jointing chamber in the highway in Strand Road and the minor excavation of a single trench from there to the Low Water Mark (LWM) by mechanical and manual methods as suitable. The cable will be buried to a depth of 2 m wherever possible by digging a trench generally with an excavator. The trench is likely to be 0.5 -2m wide depending on ground consistency and approximately 150 meters in length from the jointing chamber

23

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland to the LWM. The trench will be back filled using excavated material and the beach will be graded back to its original condition.

At Portmarnock the sea bed shelves gently, and the 12m contour is approximately 6200 m from shore. As this is too far for a direct pull-in, it will be necessary to install a pre-laid shore end. A shallow draught vessel (barge) together with onshore personnel will float the short section of cable from the shore to a depth at which the cable ship can safely anchor. Once significant cable has been established, divers will sink the cable and a high pressure water jet will be employed to bury the cable to the target 1m depth. The sea cable end will be fitted with a buoy to facilitate retrieval by the cableship. Once the cableship is anchored near to the buoy, it will retrieve the cable end, splice it to the end of the main cable and commence main lay operations.

Prior to the installation of the cable the seabed will be cleared of debris with a special trenching tool or grapnel. This grapnel will be towed along the seabed and remove any seabed hazards such as ropes fishing gear and other debris. The entire cable route centreline will be covered with the exception of protected areas, particularly those within 500m of in-service cables and pipelines. Any recovered debris will be held on the vessel until it can be discharged in port and disposed of in accordance with relevant national/environmental legislation.

The main cable section is proposed to be laid and buried as a continuous operation by plough. Ploughing operations are planned to commence at approximately the 12m contour with a target 1m minimum burial depth. Ploughs are equipped with a cable tracking system, and forward obstacle avoidance sonar. The plough will be deployed and recovered by means of an ‘A’ frame located at the stern of the cable ship. Once launched the vessel proceeds along the proposed cable route, at a speed around 0.7km/hr to 1.8km/hr dependent on factors such as seabed conditions, weather, tide and current. Ploughing will be terminated upon completion of work, equipment failure, cable and pipeline crossings and un-ploughable ground. Then the plough is recovered to deck or “flown” over small sections of un-ploughable ground. Un-ploughable ground maybe rock, granite and other hard seabed, extremely hard soil, extremely soft seabed, mega ripples and areas of steep seabed slopes.

Once main lay operations have been completed the route will be inspected and where necessary additional attempts made to bury the cable. This may be carried out by divers in shallow water or by free-swimming or tracked ROVs equipped with jetting or trenching tools. The inspection shall check cable slack and the condition of reinstatement

Further to the operational corridor for the cable trenching, a corridor 400m either side of the cable route has been established to allow for potential anchoring activity for operational vessels. It is estimated that each anchor would potentially disturb an area of seabed approx 15m2. Under normal circumstances the only vessel to use anchors would be the cable barge, and the other support vessels would use dynamic positioning. Anchors are moved along the route with the barge with each anchor moving approximately 500m each time it is recovered and re-laid.

24

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland

5.2 Impacts on the cultural heritage The impact that the proposed development will have on the baseline environment is addressed under the same five categories as applied in Section 4 above. Thus the impact that the proposed development may have on the baseline environment is examined under the following categories shown in Table 5. below.

Type of Impact Description Direct Impact Direct impacts on marine archaeological sites, features, deposits and artefacts that may be affected by the laying of the proposed cable. These might include the preparation and clearing of the seabed prior to installation or cable laying operations. Indirect Impact Potential damage to marine archaeological sites and features within the proposed development may be caused by indirect impacts. These might include scour around cables, and changes to the sediment regime within the area of the development. Some indirect impacts may be beneficial, for instance the burial of sites and features by increased sedimentation. Secondary Impact Secondary impacts on marine archaeological sites, features and artefacts that may be affected by the development. These might include the effects of the anchoring of maintenance vessels and associated activities during the installation phase. Cumulative Impact The assessment will consider the potential for the effects of cumulative impacts on sites, features and artefacts of cultural heritage interest associated with the proposed development. Possible impacts may include effects within the proposed development such as continued interference through cable laying activities upon a relict landscape surface or deposit. Impacts outside the development area may include the effects of several developments within the same locality on the cultural heritage resource. Table 5. Types of impacts

5.3. Direct impacts There will be a direct impact on Site HA2012 (Area of High Archaeological Potential). Site HA2012 is considered to be of high sensitivity and in the absence of mitigation the magnitude of the impact could potentially be high adverse. The significance of the impact is therefore regarded as major.

There will be a direct impact on sidescan sonar targets HA67, HA70 and HA71. These are a cluster of three targets of medium potential located 11- 17m from the proposed route. These targets of considered to be of medium sensitivity within this impact assessment. In the absence of mitigation the magnitude of impacts could be high adverse. The significance of the impact is therefore regarded as major.

There will also be a direct impact on sites HA113, HA115, HA116, HA117, HA126, HA130 and HA132, all magnetometer targets of medium sensitivity. In the absence of mitigation the magnitude of impacts could be high adverse. The significance of the impact is therefore regarded as major.

5.4. Indirect impacts Although there may be some minor changes in the sediment regime around the cable trench, no significant indirect impacts from the proposed scheme have been identified as part of this assessment.

25

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland

5.5. Secondary impacts A 200 m corridor has been established either side of the proposed cable that may be impacted upon by anchoring activities. This has resulted in potential secondary impacts on all of the identified sites within the Inner Study Area. In addition, it is noted that this 200m zone of influence also extends beyond the Inner Study Area (survey corridor) along certain sections of the proposed cable route. This makes the identification of potential impacts in these areas more problematic. It is assumed at this stage that operational vessels will only anchor within the Inner Study Area (survey corridor).

Site HA2040 is c.70m from the proposed route. It is possibly the wreck of a vessel known as Peaceful Star, a British steam drifter bombed and sunk by German aircraft on March 4th 1941. This wreck has been confirmed at this location by survey and is deemed to be of high sensitivity within this impact assessment. The potential magnitude of the impact in the absence of mitigation could be moderate adverse and the significance of the impact is therefore regarded as major.

Side scan sonar target (HA11) is considered to be of medium potential, with medium sensitivity in this impact assessment. The potential magnitude of the impact of any proposed anchoring activity in the absence of mitigation could be medium adverse. The significance of the impact is therefore regarded as moderate.

Magnetometer targets HA101, HA102, HA103, HA104, HA105, HA114, HA122, HA123, HA124, HA125, HA135, HA136 and HA137 considered to be of medium potential, with medium sensitivity in this impact assessment. The potential magnitude of the impact of any proposed anchoring activity in the absence of mitigation could be medium adverse. The significance of the impact is therefore regarded as moderate.

5.6. Cumulative impacts The proposed cable route falls within an area of seabed that has been subject to a number of cable laying activities in the past. While these cables and the proposed cable may constitute a cumulative impact, the lack of identified sites in the vicinity of the proposed cable route means that the possibility for a significant cumulative impact is unlikely. The potential cumulative impact on submerged palaeoenvironmental and archaeological deposits should be considered however, especially where potential deposits or relict surfaces are seen to exist over a wide area of seabed.

6. MITIGATION MEASURES

Mitigation measures shall be undertaken in compliance with national policy guidelines and statutory provisions for the protection of the archaeological and cultural heritage.

There are various ways that potential impacts of a development can be mitigated. Mitigation measures usually involve avoidance (the implementation of exclusion zones and design alterations), reduction (the introduction of measures to deal with unexpected discoveries during works), or offsetting (excavation and recording of a site before an impact occurs). Ideally, sites and features of cultural heritage interest should be subject to as little disturbance as possible, where policy normally dictates a presumption in favour of preservation in situ in line with Irish policy.

26

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland

Overall the aim is to minimise the impact on cultural heritage assets through the appropriate siting of infrastructure and works. As such, the preferred mitigation for the disturbance of a wreck or site of maritime cultural heritage interest would be avoidance, so that the cable and associated operations are micro-sited to avoid wrecks or identified sites and features of cultural heritage interest. Consequently, ‘exclusion zones’ should be marked on project charts to avoid potential sites and features of maritime cultural heritage interest. The size of the exclusion zone is normally dependent on the certainty the target represents a wreck or site and the potential importance or sensitivity of that asset (historically significant or not). It is recommended that sites of moderate significance are furnished with a 50 m buffer zone measured from the furthest extent of any identified cultural heritage remains. Adherence to the implementation of the exclusion zones during scheme operations can be checked through procedures and protocols set out in a Method Statement or Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI). The WSI would be subject to the approval of the DoEHLG (UAU) and any proposed investigations would be subject to licensing requirements.

It is recognised that some aspects of cable installation are potentially more damaging to the historic environment than others. As such, in addition to the requisite monitoring requirements, protocols could be established before the start of scheme operations detailing instructions to follow in the event of unexpected discoveries, with contact details of the relevant stakeholders. An archaeological representative would be nominated in the development company to ensure the correct procedures are followed and the relevant archaeological curators and contractors are kept up to date.

Given the results of the impact assessment above, the mitigation strategies outlined here detail the measures to be adopted in order to ameliorate the direct, indirect and secondary impacts that the proposed development may have on features of maritime cultural heritage interest within the proposed scheme. If these measures are employed it is envisaged that the proposed cable installation will have no impact on features of maritime cultural heritage interest.

The following mitigation measures proposed are subject to approval by Underwater Archaeology Unit of the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government and National Museum of Ireland: Any archaeological features or deposits identified during the monitoring programme will not be impacted upon until a suitable mitigation strategy which, may involve preservation by record and or preservation in situ has been drawn up in consultation with and has been approved by the relevant authorities (National Museum of Ireland and the Underwater Archaeology Unit (UAU) of the Department of the Environment Heritage and Local Government (DoEHLG) in accordance with National Monuments legislation 1930- 2004.

1) It is recommended that where possible all sites of cultural heritage interest included in this report are avoided. 2) Site HA2012 (Portmarnock Landfall Site) is classified in this report as an area of high archaeological potential. The beach at Portmarnock is relatively dynamic with large banks of shifting sands covering and uncovering wrecks at different times. Therefore as with advice given by the UAU it is recommended that repeat visual intertidal surveys are undertaken preceding any intrusive works associated with the proposed cable to ensure that any potential impacts are minimised. Further, a licensed metal detection survey should be undertaken by

27

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland

a suitably qualified archaeologist well in advance of any construction works. Should any archaeologically significant material be present, an appropriate mitigation strategy should be agreed with the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government and National Museum of Ireland. Any intrusive works undertaken at the landfall should be monitored by a suitably qualified archaeologist who would be furnished with a metal detection device. In the event of archaeological features or material being uncovered during the construction phase, it is crucial that the machine work cease in this immediate area to allow the archaeologist/s to inspect any such material. Once established that archaeologically significant material is present, an appropriate mitigation strategy should be conducted and agreed with the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government and National Museum of Ireland. The discovery of any archaeological object must be reported to the Director of the National Museum of Ireland within 96 hours of discovery (Section 23 of the National Monuments Acts 1930 (as amended). 3) It is recommended that all intrusive elements of the installation operations described in the characteristics of the proposed cable installation above should be monitored by a suitably qualified archaeologist as agreed with the UAU. Should any archaeologically significant material be present, an appropriate mitigation strategy should be agreed with the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government and National Museum of Ireland. In the event of archaeological features or material being uncovered it is crucial that the machine work cease in this immediate area to allow the archaeologist/s to inspect any such material. Once established that archaeologically significant material is present, an appropriate mitigation strategy should be conducted and agreed with the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government and National Museum of Ireland. The discovery of any archaeological object must be reported to the Director of the National Museum of Ireland within 96 hours of discovery (Section 23 of the National Monuments Acts 1930 (as amended). 4) Site HA2040 has been identified as of major significance in this assessment. It is recommended that a 100m exclusion zone be established around the extent of this site to ensure that no impacts occur during installation activities, such as anchoring or jack-up barge operation, and that potential impacts (if any) will be effectively avoided. In the event that dynamic positioning systems are used for operational vessels, these mitigation proposals may be deemed unnecessary and appropriate alternative archaeological mitigation agreed with the UAU of the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government. 5) It is recommended that sites HA11 (sidescan target of medium potential), HA67, HA70 and HA71 (cluster of medium potential sidescan targets), HA65, HA102, HA103, HA104, HA105, HA113, HA114, HA115, HA116, HA117, HA122, HA123, HA124, HA125, HA126, HA130 HA132, HA135, HA136 and HA137 (magnetometer targets) should be furnished with a minimum 50m exclusion zone and consideration be given to the re-routing of the cable to avoid potential impacts on these targets. 6) Two RMP sites, HA2008 (Martello Tower) and Site HA2007 (holy well) were recorded within the Inner Study Area. One site was identified from cartographic sources, Site 2013 (quay site of) is also within the Inner Study Area. Although they are more than 150m from the proposed cable route their location should be noted and they should be protected from any damage during construction.

28

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland

7) The geotechnical assessment has identified that there is potential for the discovery of deposits of palaeoenvironmental and archaeological interest, particularly in the inter-tidal zones at the landfalls. As such it is recommended that an appropriate level of archaeological intervention be implemented either prior to or in concert with the installation of the cable as instructed by the UAU; and that protocols and procedures are in place, with appropriate archaeological intervention as required, in the event that deposits or artefacts are encountered during operations. Any such measures will be agreed with the UAU prior to the commencement of any works. 8) Bathymetry data from the recently acquired National Seabed Survey held by the Geological Survey of Ireland should be acquired, analysed and assessed by an archaeologist prior to construction works commencing. 9) The results of any pre-lay geophysical survey should be provided to the archaeologist to provide assessment listing the results and any targets, including appropriate mitigation, subject to approval from the UAU. 10) Should the proposed cable route be subject to further revision, sites of moderate or major significance that may be impacted upon could be subject to targeted archaeological investigation as part of offsetting in order to help determine their nature, age and the extent of any potential remains. 11) Any proposed Cultural Heritage mitigation works will be undertaken in compliance with the provisions of the National Monuments (Amendments) Act 1930-2004, and in consultation with and subject to the approval of the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government UAU and the National Museum of Ireland (NMI), as appropriate. The results of any archaeological investigation will be submitted in a report to the UAU, Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government and the National Museum of Ireland. 12) Where possible, every reasonable effort will be made to preserve in situ, or reduce the impact on identified Cultural Heritage sites. 13) If ground disturbing activity directly related to the installation of the proposed cable route is to take place outside the cable route corridor provided, the UAU of the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government and the National Museum of Ireland are required to be informed well in advance so that appropriate ameliorative archaeological work can be arranged where necessary.

7. DATA GAPS AND DIFFICULTIES COMPILING INFORMATION

Due to safe operational limitations of the survey vessel in the Irish nearshore area (above 20m contour depth) no geotechnical sampling was carried out within an 8km distance from the cable landfall.

29

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland

Summary of Impacts and Mitigation Measures

HA No. Type Impact Mitigation HA2012 Portmarnock Landfall Direct Repeat Visual Intertidal Surveys Site Metal Detection Survey prior to construction Archaeological monitoring during construction HA67, Cluster of sidescan Direct 50m exclusion zone HA70 sonar targets of HA71 medium potential HA113 Magnetometer target Direct 50m exclusion zone of medium potential HA115 Magnetometer target Direct 50m exclusion zone of medium potential HA116 Magnetometer target Direct 50m exclusion zone of medium potential HA117 Magnetometer target Direct 50m exclusion zone of medium potential HA126 Magnetometer target Direct 50m exclusion zone of medium potential HA132 Magnetometer target Direct 50m exclusion zone of medium potential HA2040 Wreck of Peaceful Star Potential 100m exclusion zone Secondary HA11 Sidescan sonar target Potential 50m exclusion zone of medium potential Secondary HA101 Magnetometer target Potential 50m exclusion zone of medium potential Secondary HA102 Magnetometer target Potential 50m exclusion zone of medium potential Secondary HA103 Magnetometer target Potential 50m exclusion zone of medium potential Secondary HA104 Magnetometer target Potential 50m exclusion zone of medium potential Secondary HA105 Magnetometer target Potential 50m exclusion zone of medium potential Secondary HA114 Magnetometer target Potential 50m exclusion zone of medium potential Secondary HA122 Magnetometer target Potential 50m exclusion zone of medium potential Secondary HA123 Magnetometer target Potential 50m exclusion zone of medium potential Secondary HA124 Magnetometer target Potential 50m exclusion zone of medium potential Secondary HA125 Magnetometer target Potential 50m exclusion zone of medium potential Secondary HA130 Magnetometer target Potential 50m exclusion zone of medium potential Secondary HA135 Magnetometer target Potential 50m exclusion zone of medium potential Secondary HA136 Magnetometer target Potential 50m exclusion zone of medium potential Secondary

30

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland

HA No. Type Impact Mitigation HA137 Magnetometer target Potential 50m exclusion zone of medium potential Secondary

31

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland

8. REFERENCES

Baker, C. 2010 Antiquities of old Fingal. Wordwell, Bray.

Bennet, I. (ed.) 2011 Excavations.ie, database of Irish excavation reports [online]. Available http://www.excavations.ie/Pages/HomePage.php [Accessed 22 April 2011]

Bolger, T. 1998 Early medieval settlement in Brega: a comparison of the archaeological evidence and contemporary 7th and 8th century sources. Unpublished MPhil Thesis, Department of Archaeology, UCD.

Bourke, E., 1994 ‘Glass vessels of the first nine centuries AD in Ireland’, Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, 124, 163-209

Brady, K. (comp.) 2008 Shipwreck inventory of Ireland: Louth, Meath, Dublin and Wicklow. Stationery Office, Dublin.

Brown, B., 1984, ‘Smugglers of Rush, Portrane and Donabate’, in Condrot, R., Hurley, P. and Moore, T. (eds.), 1984, Old tales of Fingal, An Taisce, Dublin

Byrne, P. (2000) ‘Ciannachta Breg before Síl nÁeda Sláine,’ in Smyth, A.P. (ed.) Seanchas: studies in early and medieval Irish history and literature in honour of Francis J. Byrne. Four Courts Press, Dublin. 121-6

Campion, M., 1969, ‘Skerries’, Dublin Historical Record XXIII,

Charles-Edwards, T. 2000 Early Christian Ireland. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Collins, S., 2005, Balrothery Poor Law Union, County Dublin, 1839-1851, Maynooth studies in local history 59.

Cooney, G., and Mandal, S., 1995, ‘Getting to the core of the problem: petrological results from the Irish Stone Axe Project’, Antiquity 69: 969-980

Cosgrave E. And Strangways, R., 1895, The Illustrated Dictionary of Dublin for Tourists and Citizens, Dublin, Sealy, Bryers and Walker.

Cunliffe, B., 2001, Facing the Ocean. The Atlantic and its peoples 8000 BC – AD 1500, Oxford: University Press.

Donnelly, N. n.d. Short histories of Dublin parishes / by N. Donnelly. Pt 16, Parishes of Lusk, Rush, Skerries and Balbriggan, Carraig Books, Blackrock.

Fingal County Council 2004 Fingal Development Plan 2005-2011. Fingal County Council.

Forsythe, Wes and Gregory, N (2007) A Neolithic logboat from Greyabbey Bay, Co. Down. Ulster Journal of Archaeology , 66 . pp. 6-13.

32

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland

Irish Placenames Commission, 2009 Place-names database of Ireland [online]. Available http://www.logainm.ie [Accessed: 22 April 2011]

Ixer, R.A., and Budd, P., 1998, ‘The mineralogy of the Bronze Age copper ores from the British Isles: implications for the composition of early metalwork’, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 17(1): 15-41.

Joyce, W. 1913, The Neighbourhood of Dublin: Its topography, antiquities and historical associations, M. H. Gill and Son Ltd, Dublin.

Lewis, S., 1837, A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland comprising the several counties, cities, boroughs, corporate, market, and post towns, parishes and villages, S. Lewis & Co, London.

McErlean, T., McConkey, R., and Forsyth, W., 2002. Strangford Lough: an archaeological survey of the maritime cultural landscape. The Blackstaff Press.

MacShamhráin, A., 2004, ‘Church and dynasty in early medieval Brega,’ in A. MacShamhráin (ed) The island of St. Patrick: church and ruling dynasties in Fingal and Meath, 400-1148. Four Courts Press, Dublin. 125-139

MacShamhráin, A., 2005, Swords and district: the political and ecclesiastical background fifth to twelfth centuries AD. Unpublished report, prepared for Margaret Gowen & Co. Ltd.

Mitchell, F. & Ryan, M. 1997. Reading the Irish landscape. Town House and Crown House.

Moore, F., Brady, K., Kelleher, C., Condit, T., McNeary, R., Murphy, M. and Devane, C. 2008 ‘Introduction to the Coastal Archaeology and History of Counties Louth, Meath, Dublin and Wicklow’ in Shipwreck Inventory of Ireland: Louth, Meath, Dublin and Wicklow, the Stationary Office, Dublin, 11-48.

National Monuments Service, 2007 National monuments – map viewer [online]. Available http://www.archaeology.ie/smrmapviewer/mapviewer.aspx [Accessed: 22 April 2011]

O'Brien, E., 1993, ‘Contacts between Ireland and Anglo-Saxon England in the 7th century’, Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 6, 93-102

Ó Conbhuí, C. 1961-3 ‘The lands of St. Mary’s Abbey, Dublin’, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 62C, 21-86.

O'Sullivan, Aidan & Breen, Colin (2007). Maritime Ireland. An Archaeology of Coastal Communities. Stroud: Tempus

Ordnance Survey of Ireland, 2011 Public map viewer [online]. Available http://maps.osi.ie/publicviewer/#V1,591271,743300,0,10 [Accessed: 22 April 2011]

Somerville-Large, P., 1979 Dublin, . Hamish Hamilton, London.

Waddell, J., 2000 The Prehistoric Archaeology of Ireland, Galway University Press, Galway.

33

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland

Waddell, J., 1991. The Irish Sea in Prehistory. Journal of Irish Archaeology VI.

Wooding, J., 1996 Communication and commerce along the western sealanes. B.A.R. (Int. Ser.) 654, Oxford.

Wessex Archaeology Ltd. 2005. Strategic Environmental Assessment Sea 6: Irish Sea. Department of Trade and Industry

Woodman, P.C., 1978. The Mesolithic in Ireland. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.

Charts and Maps

A Chart of the Coast from the Harbour of Ballbriggen to Tarrow Hill from an actual Survey Taken by Bernard Scale and William Richards 1766

Admiralty Chart #1468

Braich-y-Pwll to Clogher Head Admiralty 1953

British Islands, English Channel and North Sea Wreck Xchart in 7 Sheets, V, 1919

Close’s Fishermen’s Chart of Ireland 1910

Close’s Irish Sea: St. George’s and North Channels Corrections to 1936

Ireland East Coast: Howth to Drogheda Surveyed by Capt G.A. Frazer 1853

Ireland East Coast: Wicklow to Skerries Islands Admiralty Chart #1468, 1883 revised to 1913

Irish Sea Sheet II Admiralty 1868 revised to 1920

Irish Sea with St. George’s Channel and North Channel 1980

Ordnance Survey Map, Co. Dublin 1843 Sheet DN008

Ordnance Survey Map, Co. Dublin Sheets DN008-08 and SN008-12 1908

Skerries Islands to Wicklow with Dublin Bay US Navy Hydrographic Office 1961

The East Coast of Ireland from Rush to St. John’s Point Surveyed and Navigated by M. MacKenzie

Wicklow to Skerries Islands with Dublin Bay Admiralty Chart 1883 revised to 1913

34

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland

Pl.1. Looking from NE from proposed location of joint chamber above Strand Road

Pl.2. Looking from the East towards the proposed landfall location

35

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Ireland to Anglesey Sub-Sea Cable: Maritime Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Vol. 1. Ireland

Pl.3. Looking N towards the landfall with HA2034 (Shipwreck Inv. No. W00861) exposed at the LWM at low tide

PL. 4. HA2034 (Shipwreck Inv. No. W00861) exposed at the LWM at low tide, looking ESE

36

Appendix1 : Gazetteer of onshore sites within the Study Area

The following Gazetteer contains information on the identified Cultural Heritage (HA) sites within the Outer Study Area.

Distance HA Legal to cable No. Source status Site NGR_N NGR_E Description route 2001 RMP/RPS RMP No Ring-Ditch 324580 243953 Ring-Ditch possible. An aerial photograph taken in 350m DU015- possible 1971 (FSI 497/8) shows cropmark evidence for a ring 006---- RPS feature (diam. c. 15m). Access to the site is from the No. 477 Velvet Strand W of the coast road. This has been built on (prior to April 1993) leaving no surface trace. 2002 RMP/RPS/NIAH RMP No Church 324486 243489 Church, comprises a long rectangular medieval 835m DU015- building with gables standing to full height, the side 007001- walls to foundation level, of roughly coursed RPS No. limestone with dressed stone quoins on the W gable. 478 2003 RMP RMP No Ritual Site - Holy 324412 243457 Ritual Site - Holy Well. Formerly situated in the sand 880m DU015- Well dunes SW of St. Marnock's Church (DU015-007001-). 007001- Traditionally known as St. Marnock's Well. The RPS No. Pattern day at the well was August 18th (O 478 Danachair 1958, 78). There is no visible surface trace. 2004 RMP RMP No Ogham Stone 324412 243453 Ogham Stone. It is alleged that an ogham stone was 880m DU015- broken up at St. Marnock's Well (DU015-007002-) 007003- beside St. Marnock's Church in 1854 (O Danachair 1958, 78). No visible remains. 2005 RMP RMP No Graveyard. 324494 243480 Graveyard. A roughly square raised area enclosed by 825m DU015- a low wall. Very overgrown. 007004- St Marnock's Church (DU015-007001-) is located centrally within it. Most recent headstone notes a burial in 2004; legible headstones indicate internments from at least the 17th century.

37

Distance HA Legal to cable No. Source status Site NGR_N NGR_E Description route 2006 RMP RMP No Memorial Stone 324496 243496 Memorial Stone. There is a memorial stone near the 815m DU015- N wall of the chancel of the chapel (DU015-007001-) 007005- which reads 'This stone was erected by Oliver Barnewall of Dublin, Marchant. For himself and his wife Mary Galtrim and there children One of who lies soules. Oure Lord God, Have Mercie Amen. Oliver Barnewall Mar died the 3 of September 1690'. 2007 RMP RMP No Ritual Site - Holy 324815 244451 Ritual Site - Holy Well. Labelled 'Tobermaclaney' on 150m DU012- Wel 1st edition OS. Site believed to be under road-siding 039 alogn the beach beside the Martello Tower (DU012- 040----). No surface trace or sign of veneration. Anecdotal accounts that the well was disturbed during the construction of (or other works relating to) the harbour (previously located adjacent to the Martello Tower). 2008 RMP/RPS/NIAH RMP No Martello Tower 324850 244469 Martello Tower (19th century). Situated on the coast 165m DU012- (19th century) road to the SE of Malahide village. It has been 040---- RPS considerably altered with and upper storey attached, No. 476 a bay window inserted into the east side and a wing attached to the north. The machiolation is still present over the W doorway. 2009 RMP/NMI Topo RMP No Prehistoric Site - 324212 244742 Prehistoric Site - Lithic Scatter. Systematic field 660m DU012- Lithic Scatter collecting and excavation on Paddy's Hill in the early 037---- 1980s produced a major assemblage of flint artefacts and a stone axe. A total of 2874 artefacts were classified from the site 1332 from the excavation and 1542 collected between 1964 and 1981. A large variety of artefacts are represented including scrapers, arrowheads, points, blades, flakes and cores. The quality of the raw material employed

38

Distance HA Legal to cable No. Source status Site NGR_N NGR_E Description route indicates that it was probably collected from the rich beach deposits less than 1 km to the east of the site. They ranged in date from the Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age, most frequently occurring finds being Neolithic in date The only structural evidence were two pits, the contents of which produced radiocarbon dates of 4123±70 BP (GrN-12346) from charocal and 4040±70 BP (GrN-12337) from seashells. 2010 RPS/ RPS No. Thatched 324268 243324 Thatched Dwelling: Detached nine-bay single-storey 1050m NIAH 479 Dwelling thatched house, c.1800, formerly two detached four- NIAH bay houses, now linked by a single-storey entrance 11351006 bay. Single-storey timber conservatory to right side, c.1980. (NIAH 11351006) 2011 NIAH Golf Links Hotel 324616 243761 Golf Links Hotel: Detached four-bay two-storey over 530m basement former house, built 1847. Remodelled, c.1895, with projecting two-storey entrance hall and projecting single-bay single-storey bay to left-hand side. uPVC conservatory to right-hand side, c.1990. Now in use as hotel with extensive multiple-bay single- and three-storey extension to rear c.1995. House built for Jameson family and was bought by Irish Tourist Board in 1945 and became hotel. 2012 Area of Area of Area of archaeological potential. All sections of the 0m archaeological archaeological foreshore and sand dunes at the Velvet Strand, potential potential Portmarnock which lie within the proposed route of the proposed cable and do not contain or comprise known cultural heritage features. Owing to the rich archaeological remains (particularly maritime remains) known from the immediate vicinity, there is

39

Distance HA Legal to cable No. Source status Site NGR_N NGR_E Description route a significant potential for previously unknown archaeological or cultural heritage features to be present. 2013 UCH Quay (site of) 324898 244479 Quay (site of): illustrated on 1st edition Ordnance 170m Survey map. This quay does not appear on Rocque's map (1756) or on the 2nd edition of the Ordnance Survey. It was most likely constructed to service the Martello Tower, which overlooks it and went out of use later in the 19th century.

40

Appendix 2 : Gazetteer of offshore sites within the Inner and Outer Study Area

HA Ref Name Place/ Date of Loss Description DD Easting/ Distance Wreck Longitude/ Northing from confirmed DD Cable during route Latitude Route survey 2040 Shipwreck Inv Peaceful Star 14/03/1941 UKHO wreck no 009100532. Chart symbol -5.603892 67m No No W02065 (possibly) 92wk. A 94-ton British steam drifter 53.525599 bombed, sunk by German aircraft.general sea depth o f94m (least depth 92m). Measures L. 17m x B. 4m x H2.5m. 2030 Shipwreck Inv Unknown Wooden wreck exposed on the strand in -6.119946 955m NO No W00856 2002-3. Vessel occasionally becomes 53.425024 325019 exposed on the beach when sand levels are 243273 low. The wreck is orientated E-W 2034 Shipwreck Inv. Unknown Portmarnock strand Wooden wreck -6.120533 324979 680m No No W00860 53.4277833 243585 2037 Shipwreck Inv. Cresswell Kish Lightship, 18 UKHO wreck no 009101421 -5.49861 324979 700m No No W01992 (probably) miles E by N1/2N Steel steamship.29-ton of Greenock, en 53.519475 243585 05/02/1918 route from Glasgow to Gibraltar, cargo of coal. Built in 1917 by Gray W & Co. Ltd in West Hartlepool. Torpedoed and sunk by German submarine U-46. 2042 Shipwreck Inv. Unknown Dublin UKHO wreck no. 009101548. Chart symbol -5.8469444 485m No No W02210 54wk. 53.484166 Wreck surveyed in Oct 1983, lies intact, upright and orientated E-W in general sea depth of 59m (least depth 54m). Wreck measures L. 23m x B. 6m x H. 5m. 2045 Shipwreck Inv. Unknown Dublin, UKHO wreck no. 009100568. Wreckage -5.757222 680m No No W02213 approximately 10 spread over a large area. 53.5091666 miles ENE of Lambay,

41

Appendix 3 : Gazetteer of offshore sites in the general area (Outside Study Area)

HA Ref Name Place/ Date of Loss Description DD Easting/ Distance Wreck Longitude/ Northing from Cable confirmed DD Latitude Route during route survey 2014 Shipwreck Inv. Unknown Velvet Strand, Jamaica Packet: Went ashore, all on board No W00770 Portmarnock perished. Fingal County Council removed 1887/8 large section of a wreck from Velvet Strand in 1987, possibly from this vessel. 2015 Shipwreck Inv. Malfilatre Portmarnock Point/A 99-/116-ton, 40 year old schooner of No W00778 bank inside Ireland's Bridgewater, built in Caen, France. Owned Eye by Sully & Co. Ltd, captain was J Johnson. En 28/12/1899 route from Cardiff to Dublin, four crew, cargo of coal. 2016 Shipwreck Inv. Nicholas BPortmarnock Merchant ship of Down, cargo of wine, wax No W00788 strand, near coffers with jewels, copper pots, spices in Malahide barrels, tin, pitch and steel. Became 08/08/1306 wrecked during a severe storm, some cres and merchants made it ashore alive. 2017 Shipwreck Inv. Perseverance Portmarnock, Velvet 97-ton, 24 year old schooner en route from No W00792 Strand/Spit of Ardrossan, four crew, cargo of coal. Baldoyle Wrecked in ENE force 11 wind. Four crew 09/02/1861 perished, master survived. 2018 Shipwreck Inv. Snowdon Portmarnock Iron barque of Liverpool, en route from No W00801 beach/Belost strand Liverpool to Newfoundland to the Brazils, off Carnick Head, general cargo. Captain was Collins. Became Malahide BayK BY., stranded, expectd to get off. MALAHIDE ED) 21/03/1855 2019 Shipwreck Inv. Weiser Velvet Strand, Wrecked with a cargo of cotton

42

HA Ref Name Place/ Date of Loss Description DD Easting/ Distance Wreck Longitude/ Northing from Cable confirmed DD Latitude Route during route survey No W00811 Portmarnock 1859 2020 Shipwreck Inv. Unknown Portmarnock Wrecked laden with wine No W00818 Dec-1464 2021 Shipwreck Inv. Unknown Portmarnock, Black A mast of a wreck protruded above the high No W00825 rocks at watermark. Tobermaceany, near the shore 1838 2022 Shipwreck Inv. Unknown Velvet Strand, Went ashore, became wrecked, laden with No W00827 Malahide a general cargo. Part of cargo washed 27/11/1838 ashore, including wine, rum, wool, dyed cottons. Crew Perished 2023 Shipwreck Inv. Unknown Portmarnock Strand A wreck marked on a charte (Admiralty -6.301 326130 No W00830 nr Portmarnock Chart 2831) of Howth to Drogheda 53.0886111 241155 Point, E of the rocky outcrop, 53 24 20.479N; 06 06 15.124W Pre-1853 2024 Shipwreck Inv. Unknown Velvet Strand, Sixteen bodies washed ashore from an No W00839 Portmarnock unknown wreck. 13/02/1861 2025 Shipwreck Inv. Unknown Portmarnock Strand One of four wrecks marked on an chart -6.109578 325763 No W00841 nr Portmarnock (Admiralty Chart 1415) of Dublin 53.408866 241500 Point, E of the rocky outcrop Pre-1869 2026 Shipwreck Inv. Unknown Portmarnock Strand One of four wrecks marked on an chart -6.102355 326012

43

HA Ref Name Place/ Date of Loss Description DD Easting/ Distance Wreck Longitude/ Northing from Cable confirmed DD Latitude Route during route survey No W00842 nr Portmarnock (Admiralty Chart 1415) of Dublin 53.486819 250187 Point, E of the rocky outcrop, Pre-1869: 2027 Shipwreck Inv. Unknown Portmarnock Strand, During the Troubles, the Jameson family No W00847 behind the country yacht was burned and sank. Charred timber club remains may be visible at low tide. 1920 2028 Shipwreck Inv. Portmarnock Beach In 1987 the County Council removed large No W00850 (Velvet Strand) sections of at least two of the wrecks. In 1989 the butt of a cannnon was seen protruding from the sands close to one of these wrecks. 2029 Shipwreck Inv. Wooden wreck Portmarnock Beach, Wooden wreck became exposed 'wedged No W00855 100 yards S of the on the rocks' along the water's edge at low NMI File Ref Esplanade. tide. The surviving remains measured 1969:953 approximately 16m in length and 3.5m in max width 2030 Shipwreck Inv. Wooden wreck Portmarnock beach, Exposed on the strand in 2002-3. Vessel -6.12005 325019 No W00856 midway up the beach occasionally becomes exposed on the beach 53.424972 243273 at low tide when sand levels are low. The wreck is orientated E-W 2031 Shipwreck Inv. Wreck Portmarnock beach, vertical timbers side-by-side protrude 35cm -6.1077 325899 No W00857 near Portmarnock out of the seabed. They are attached by a 53.40506 241080 point, approximately metal plate and iron bolts and may from 30m N of the rock part of a rudder of a vessel. outcrop, 2032 Shipwreck Inv. Unknown Portmarnock strand, Timber and metal uprights may form part of -6.10336 326193 No W00858 Wreck near Portmarnock a met-constructed vessel 53.40285 240841

44

HA Ref Name Place/ Date of Loss Description DD Easting/ Distance Wreck Longitude/ Northing from Cable confirmed DD Latitude Route during route survey point, to the E of the rock outcrop 2033 Shipwreck Inv. wooden wreck Portmarnock strand The lower hull of a lies on the beach, -6.1117 325621 No W00859 midway up the foreshore. It measures L 53.408916 241501 7.8m x B5.2m and is orientated NNW-SSE. Twenty oak frames are exposed on the west side of the vessel, with only seven on the east side. 2035 Shipwreck Inv. Wooden wreck Portmarnock strand, Becomes exposed at times. A gently curving No W00862 N end, at the low line of 18 futtocks, measuring 12m in length water mark. are exposed, defining one side of the hull of a vessel. The remainder of the wreck is buried. A small cannon was partially exposed on the wreck in 1989. 2036 Shipwreck Inv. wooden wreck Portmarnock strand, A substantial wreck was seen in shallow No W00863 near Portmarknock water during an aerial survey of the ares. It point and Baldoyle was located in approximately 1.5m of spit. water, close to the low-water mark. 2038 Shipwreck Inv. Inisfallen Lambay, 24 miles 1,405-ton, 22 year old steamship, En route -5.35 No W02030 ESE, from Liverpool to Cork, general cargo. 53.4333 23/05/1918 Torpedoed, sunk by German submarine U- 64. Ten lives lost. Captain and 23 others saved. 2040 Shipwreck Inv. Peaceful Star Rockabill Lighthouse, 14/03/1941:UKHO wreck no 009100532. -5.603888 No W02065 (possibly) 15 miles ESE Chart symbol 92wk. A 94-ton British steam 53.52555 drifter bombed, sunk by German aircraft.general sea depth o f94m (least depth 92m). Measures L. 17m x B. 4m x H2.5m.

45

HA Ref Name Place/ Date of Loss Description DD Easting/ Distance Wreck Longitude/ Northing from Cable confirmed DD Latitude Route during route survey 2041 Shipwreck Inv. St. Michan Lambay Island, 10 30/03/1918: UKNO wreck no. 009100647. -5.7283333 No W02078 (Possibly) miles NE Chart symbol 66wk. A 43-ton British trawler 53.5402777 captured and sunk by gunfie by German 7 submarine U-96. Admiralty notes that wreckage 'appears to be too large for a 43- ton trawler'. 2043 Shipwreck Inv. Unknown Dublin UKHO wreck no. 09100544. Chart symbol -5.5222 No W02211 79wk. Wreck surveyed in 1984. Lies intact, 53.480277 upright, orientated N-S in general sea area depth of 88m (least depth 79m). Measured L. 40m x B. 12 m x H. 10m. 2044 Shipwreck Inv. Unknown Dublin UKHO wreck no. 009101664. Chat symbol -5.680277 No W02212 59wk. Wreck surveyed in 1984. Lies intact, 53.480833 aparently upright, orientated E-W in general sea depth of 65m (least depth 59m). Measured L. 30m x B. 5m x H. 6m. 2046 Shipwreck Inv. Unknown Dublin 22 miles E of UKHO wreck no. 009101251. Chart symbol -5.410833 No W02214 Lambay 84wk. Wreck located, investigated in June 53.472777 1983, lying in general sea depth of 89m (least depth 84m). Wreck lies intact, probably lying on its side, orientated NE- SW, measuring L. 56m x B. 10m x H. 4.5m. 2047 Shipwreck Inv. Unknown Dublin, UKHO wreck no. 009101597. This wreck was -5.62 No W02215 approximately 20 shown in decca on 14/07/83. A dual- 53.5491666 miles E of Skerries channel side-scan survey was carried out in 6 1984, but nothing was found

46

Appendix 4 : Sidescan Sonar Targets

ID Site Description Sidescan Potential Geophys Length m Geophys Width m Geophys Height m Area DD Long DD Lat UTM30NmE UTM30NmN 1 Possible natural feature Low 10.75 1.74 0.8 75 North -5.444653333 53.520475 337917.04 5932955.36 11 Linear debris Medium 17.45 6.61 1.57 175 South -5.847056667 53.48625333 311107.53 5930137.15 15 Possible natural feature Low 9.03 3.07 0.9 75 South -5.413405 53.516365 339988.26 5932424.56 58 Possible natural feature Low 19.48 4.67 0 Ireland -6.119493333 53.43698167 292800.45 5925412.84 59 Possible natural feature Low 14.15 1.12 0.26 Ireland -6.1196 53.43317833 292773.54 5924992.74 60 Possible natural feature Low 4.37 2.39 0 Ireland -6.118613333 53.43211833 292851.93 5924893.18 61 Possible natural feature Low 3.64 2.15 0.48 Ireland 6.082986667 53.43895833 295233.6 5925530.13 62 Possible natural feature Low 3.28 2.72 0 Ireland -6.107345 53.43386 293590.77 5925032.83 63 Possible natural feature Low 6.42 2.81 0.39 Ireland -6.098731667 53.43824833 294115.26 5925546.77 64 Possible natural feature Low 4.66 1.12 0.73 Ireland -6.080998333 53.44334 295385.78 5926011.07 65 Possible natural feature Low 1.98 1.64 0.76 Ireland -6.080925 53.44335167 295391.7 5926012.62 66 Possible natural feature Low 3.12 1.34 0.17 Ireland -6.110468333 53.43624333 293394.89 5925306.64 67 Debris Medium 10.64 6.89 0.68 Ireland -6.057408333 53.445395 296961.87 5926172.43 68 Possible natural feature Low 2.01 2 0.77 Ireland -6.08 53.44290667 295450.12 5925960.06 69 Possible natural feature Low 3.38 2.07 0.35 Ireland -6.007941667 53.45744333 300302.57 5927372.43 70 Debris Medium 6.9 6.75 0.55 Ireland -6.05735 53.44540667 296965.72 5926173.67 71 Debris Medium 7.53 4.56 1.47 Ireland -6.057316667 53.445465 296968.26 5926180.05 72 Possible natural feature Low 1.89 0.41 0.18 Ireland -6.02589 53.45020667 299077.07 5926618.33 73 Possible natural feature Low 5.62 1.11 0.71 Ireland -6.080995 53.44336 295385.83 5926013.39

47

Appendix 5 : Sub Bottom Profiler Targets

Geophysical ID Site Description DD Long DD Lat UTM30NmE UTM30NmN Potential Geological 84 Medium -6.12038 53.43225167 292717.2 5924892 feature/object? - 85 Geological feature Medium 53.44341833 296536.2 5925969.4 6.063621667 - 86 Geological feature Medium 53.45366 299088.9 5926999.09 6.025813333 Geological feature 87 Medium -5.210575 53.49038167 353341.22 5929100.76 Peat? - 88 Geological feature Medium 53.519815 324337.16 5933364.45 5.649683333 - 89 Geological feature Medium 53.50568 317775.15 5932042.73 5.748013333

48

Appendix 6 : Magnetometer Targets

ID Site Description Geophysics Source UTM30NmE UTM30NmN

96 Magnetic fluctuation Magnetometer 336280.13 5933126.56 97 Magnetic fluctuation Magnetometer 334409.84 5933490.36 98 Magnetic fluctuation Magnetometer 332291.83 5933774.99 103 Vague Magnetometer 332336.89 5933880.75 106 First increase followed by decline from magnetic field towards end of recording. Unreliable data! Magnetometer 301587.62 5927287.28 113 Magnetic fluctuation Magnetometer 336092.65 5933328.15 114 Magnetic fluctuation Magnetometer 333436.52 5933819.78 115 Magnetic fluctuation Magnetometer 332394.94 5933949.09 116 Magnetic fluctuation Magnetometer 311710.82 5930597.69 117 Decline from magnetic field towards end of recording. Probably only partial recorded with Maggie Magnetometer 304296.38 5928454.52 122 Magnetic fluctuation Magnetometer 336033.77 5933418.86 123 Magnetic fluctuation Magnetometer 333442.01 5933881.33 124 Magnetic fluctuation Magnetometer 332416.13 5934005.32 125 Magnetic fluctuation Magnetometer 311572.29 5930650.69 126 Sharp decline from magnetic field with extreme at end of recording. In the area of Hibernia Seg-C Magnetometer 301644.77 5927522.99 130 Magnetic fluctuation Magnetometer 319056 5932102 132 Magnetic fluctuation Magnetometer 308158 5929702 136 Magnetic fluctuation Magnetometer 338707 5932858 137 Magnetic fluctuation Magnetometer 338630 5932874 140 Magnetic fluctuation Magnetometer 309956.6 5929901.6

49

Appendix 7: Glossary of terms and definitions used

(i) The phrase ‘Cultural Heritage’ is a generic term used in reference to a multitude of cultural, archaeological and architectural sites and monuments. The term ‘Cultural Heritage’, in compliance with the Heritage Act (1995), is used throughout this report in relation to marine archaeological objects, features and sea-scapes as well as all structures which are considered to be of historical, archaeological, artistic, engineering, scientific, social or technical interest.

(ii) A ‘Wreck’ is described in Section 1 of the 1987 National Monuments Act as ‘a vessel, or part of a vessel, lying wrecked on, in or under the sea bed or on or in land covered by water, and any objects contained in or on the vessel and any objects that were formerly contained in or on a vessel and are lying on, in or under the sea bed or on or in land covered by water’.

(iii) A feature recorded in the ‘Record of Monuments and Places’ (RMP) refers to a recorded archaeological site that is provided for under the National Monuments Act 1930-2004. When reference is made to the distance between an RMP and the proposed development site (see below), this relates to the distance separating the edge of the RMP zone of archaeological potential and the outer boundary of the proposed development site.

(iv) An ‘Area of Archaeological Potential’ refers to an area of seabed that is deemed to constitute one where archaeological sites, features or objects may be present in consequence of the location and association with identified/recorded archaeological sites and/or identifiable characteristics.

(v) The term ‘receiving environment’ refers to the landscape and/or seabed within which the study area is situated. Examination of the site’s receiving environment allows the study area to be analysed in its wider cultural context.

(vii) The term ‘baseline environment’ refers to the existing, identifiable environment against which potential impacts of the proposed scheme may be measured.

50

Appendix 8: Legislative Framework and Guidance

European Legislation for Marine Cultural Heritage International law is represented by customary law and the conventions to which the Republic of Ireland and the UK are party. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS 1982), the European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage (Revised) 1992 (the Valletta Convention) and the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage 2001 (UNESCO 2001) are all relevant in this regard.

UNCLOS 1982 was ratified by the Republic of Ireland in 1996 and by the UK in 1997. Article 303 stipulates that ‘states have the duty to protect objects of an archaeological and historical nature found at sea and shall co-operate for this purpose’. Article 303 also provides for coastal states to exert a degree of control over the archaeological heritage to 24 nautical miles, though neither state has introduced any measures to implement this right.

The Valletta Convention, ratified by the Republic of Ireland in 1997 and by the UK in 2000 and brought into force in 2001, binds the two states to implement protective measures for the archaeological heritage within the jurisdiction of each party, including sea areas. Insofar as the two states exert jurisdiction over their respective areas of the Continental Shelf, then it would appear that the provisions of the Valletta Convention apply to those jurisdictions.

The UNESCO Convention 2001 is a comprehensive attempt to codify the law internationally in respect of the underwater archaeological heritage. Neither of the two states has ratified this convention to date. Although the UK abstained in the vote on the final draft of the Convention, it has stated that it supports most of the articles, particularly the provisions in the Annex governing the conduct of archaeological investigations.

The International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) Charter on the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage 1996 (the Sofia Charter) includes a series of statements regarding best practice, intending ‘to ensure that all investigations are explicit in their aims, methodology and anticipated results so that the intention of each project is transparent to all’. Both states are members of ICOMOS.

EIA Legislation EIA Directive 85/337/EEC as amended by 97/11/EC and 2003/35/EC requires that certain developments be assessed for likely environmental effects before planning permission can be granted. The EIA Amendment Regulations, SI 93 OF 1999 specifies in Section 2(b) of the Second Schedule, ‘Information to be contained in an Environmental Impact Statement’, that among other factors, information is to be provided on:

‘Material assets, including the architectural and archaeological heritage, and the cultural heritage’

Each of these assets is addressed within this assessment report. Whilst this is the case, it is highlighted that the Marine Licence Vetting Committee considered the EWI project to fall below the threshold where a statutory EIA is required. Despite this, EirGrid proceeded with the production of a non-statutory environmental report of which this assessment forms a part.

51

Irish Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Legislation

Archaeological Sites (including marine) Archaeological heritage is protected primarily under the National Monuments Acts (1930- 2004). Under the 1994 Act, provision was made for a Record of Monuments & Places (RMP). The RMP is a revised set of SMR (Sites and Monuments Record) maps, on which newly- discovered sites have been added and locations which proved not to be of antiquity have been de-listed by the National Monuments Service. In effect, the National Monuments Acts 1930-2004 provide a statutory basis for:

ó Protection of sites and monuments (RMPs) ó Sites with Preservation Orders ó Ownership and Guardianship of National Monuments ó Register of Historic Monuments (pre-dating 1700AD) ó Licensing of archaeological excavations ó Licensing of Detection Devices ó Protection of archaeological objects ó Protection of wrecks and underwater heritage (more than 100 years old)

Where it is proposed to carry out works at or in relation to a registered archaeological monument or associated area, two months’ advance writing must be given to the Minister of the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government, with whom the decision shall lie.

The 1987 Act states in section 3 (4) that ‘a person shall not dive on, damage, or generally interfere with, any wreck which is more than one hundred years old or an archaeological object which is lying on, in or under the sea bed or on or in land covered by water except in accordance with a licence issued by the Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Local Government...’. Wrecks over one hundred years old must be reported within four days of their discovery and any archaeological object found lying on, in or under the sea bed or on or in land covered by water must report the find to the Director of the National Museum of Ireland within four days.

The specific policy on the protection of wrecks over one hundred years old, as well as other archaeological objects, states that the Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Local Government will only consider issuing a licence under Section 3 (5) of the 1987 Act for any activities that will cause damage to or the removal of wrecks (whole or part) or underwater archaeological objects if such damage or removal can not reasonably be avoided; is in the interest of archaeological research (with appropriate conservation and storage facilities available long term) and if the removal is for the purpose of conservation.

Underwater Heritage Orders Underwater Heritage Orders are issued under Section 3 (1) of the 1987 Act where the Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Local Government is satisfied with regard to any place that within the territorial waters of the State, whether in, on or under the sea bed or the same in the area designated by the Continental Shelf Act 1968 that ‘(a) it is or may prove to be the site where a wreck or an archaeological object lies or formerly lay, and (b) on account of the historical, archaeological or artistic importance of the wreck or the object, the site ought to be protected’. These areas may then be designated with an Underwater Heritage Order; a restricted area to any size that the Minister deems necessary for the protection of the site. Once an area is deemed restricted, a person may not dive on, damage or generally interfere with any wreck or archaeological object except within the

52

provisions of a licence issued by the Minster. The licence will carry such conditions as the Minister, in consultation with the National Monuments Service, deems necessary for the protection of the wreck or archaeological objects.

Underwater Heritage Orders are granted without prejudice in any other circumstance where it may be appropriate if there are grounds for believing that the protection of a wreck or object would be better secured with the control of activities within a specific designated area around the wreck or object. These areas may only be interfered with under licence as described above. Additionally, licences may not be issued for each case at the discretion of the Minister.

The Merchant Shipping (Salvage and Wreck) Act 1993 The Merchant Shipping (Salvage and Wreck) Act of 1993 contains provisions which can be used for the protection of historic wrecks as follows:

Section 45. (1) A receiver shall, within 72 hours of taking possession of a wreck – (a) cause to be posted, at the appropriate customs office and Garda Síochána station, a notice describing the wreck and any marks which distinguish it, (b) send a similar notice to the Director of the National Museum, and (c) if in the opinion of the receiver the value of the wreck exceeds £20,000, send a similar notice to the secretary of the body known as Lloyd’s of London.

Section 49. (1) Where no owner establishes a claim to any wreck found in or brought into the State and in the possession of a receiver within one year after it came into the receiver’s possession, the receiver shall notify the Director of the National Museum that the wreck is unclaimed and the Director shall, within 30 days, decide whether or not the wreck or any part thereof is of historical, archaeological or artistic importance and shall notify the receiver of the decision.

(2) If the Director decides that the wreck or any part thereof is of historical, archaeological or artistic importance, the receiver shall deliver the wreck or that part to the Director who, as soon as may be after such delivery, shall (a) retain it on behalf of the State, and (b) pay – (i) to the receiver, any expenses incurred by the receiver, and the receiver’s fees, in relation to the wreck or that part, and (ii) to any salvors of the wreck or that part, such amount of salvage as appears to the Director to be reasonable in all the circumstances.

(3) (a) A wreck which the Director decides under subsection (2) is or is in part of historical, archaeological or artistic importance shall not in whole or in part be removed or caused to be removed by any person without the approval of the Director. (b) A person who contravenes paragraph (a) shall be guilty of an offence.

(4) It shall be a defence for a person charged with an offence under this section to show that the act constituting the offence was done by the person – (a) in the course of any action taken by the person for the sole purpose of dealing with an emergency of any description, or (b) out of necessity due to stress of weather or navigational hazards.

(5) If the Director decides that the wreck is not of historical, archaeological or artistic importance the receiver shall sell the wreck and shall pay the proceeds of the sale (after

53

deducting there from the expenses of the sale, and any other expenses, including fees, incurred by the receiver, in relation to the wreck and paying to any salvors of the wreck such amount of salvage as appears to the Minister to be reasonable in all the circumstances) in the Exchequer.

(6) This section shall not apply to a wreck within the meaning of the National Monuments (Amendment) Act, 1987, and to which Section 3 of that Act relates.

Fingal County Council Development Plan 2005-2011 Section 8.1 of this document outlines the policies of the council towards the various types of heritage in the county. This includes specific reference to wrecks and it is acknowledged that a large part of the heritage of the area may lie underwater. Appropriate actions under the National Monuments (Amendment) Act 1987 for the protection of underwater archaeological objects are required by the Council when undertaking development works. Additionally, the Council states in Policy HP3 that preservation in situ is favoured for archaeological remains and their settings. In accordance with this, Objective HO2 states that when an unrecorded archaeological object or site is discovered, any works that threaten the object or site are immediately suspended and that the appropriate Government agency is informed.

Additionally, Objective HO6 relates to underwater material and reads as follows: To ensure that all proposals for linear development over one kilometre in length; or proposals for development involving ground clearance of a half hectare or more; or proposals for development affecting present or former wetlands, unenclosed land, or rivers; are referred to the Prescribed Bodies (as defined in the Planning and Development Act 2000).

54

Appendix 9: Historic Charts Containing Descriptive Accounts

Close’s Irish Sea: St. George’s and North Channels Corrections to 1936 The ground around Lambay is noted as ‘soft sand and mud’. Fishing grounds of cod, herring (July and August), ‘Fine Trawling Ground’, skate and ray are all noted areas through which the cable will pass. These notations indicate that the sea was being used for more than just travel and was an active part of the local economy.

Wicklow to Skerries Islands with Dublin Bay Admiralty Chart 1883 revised to 1913 This chart depicts the area as very similar to the above charts with no variations within the relevant zones. Rush is still depicted as very rocky.

55

Appendix 10: Historic and Archaeological Background

The following gives a background to the history and archaeology of the study area associated with the proposed scheme.

Paleolithic The Paleolithic in Ireland is represented by very few artefacts throughout the country including a hand-axe from Dún Aonghusa in the Aran Islands and a flake from Drogheda (Waddell 2000, 8-9). The flake has similarities to material from the Clactonian and Acheulian industries (ibid.), however these artefacts are likely to have been deposited by glacial processes as human settlement did not begin in Ireland until the Mesolithic period as prior to that it was covered with ice (Moore et al. 2009, 14).

Mesolithic The Mesolithic period in Ireland dates from approximately 8000 BC to 4000 BC; the earliest evidence for human settlement in north county Dublin dates to this period. Mesolithic groups lived a nomadic existence and survived by hunting, fishing and gathering, predominantly exploiting the coastline and river valleys, where a rich and varied resource base facilitated their lifestyle. As a consequence of this nomadic lifestyle, Mesolithic sites tend to be quite ephemeral, most commonly identified through the presence of distinctive stone tool assemblages and are usually characterized as ‘temporary’ sites. Coastal sites commonly present as shell middens and flint scatters.

No actual or potential Mesolithic sites have been identified within the study area, however, shell middens have been commonly identified along the north Dublin coastline. An example of Mesolithic shell midden was excavated to the south of Portmarnock at Sutton, Co. Dublin (Baker 2010, 9).

Neolithic: The Neolithic period in Ireland ranges from approximately 4000 BC to 2500 BC. This period is defined by a transition from a hunting and foraging lifestyle to an economy based on stock raising and cereal cultivation. With the advent of domesticated animals and crops, this period witnessed more permanent settlement, a greater concern with territoriality, construction of large communal ritual monuments and significant forestry clearance.

The Neolithic also brought about a massive fluctuation in sea levels, possibly up to 5 m of modern levels (Murphy and Allen 1997, 6; Jones 2002, 9). Large-scale social changes were reflected in the vast trade and communication networks in use, both within Ireland and in connecting it to the wider world. Regular contact and exchange with other parts of the United Kingdom and Europe are evidenced by the similarities of monumental tombs, economies, houses and artefacts (Moore et al. 2008, 16). Evidence for Neolithic activity within the study area comes from the lithic scatter site at Robswall. Analysis of the large artefact assemblage (just under 3,000 lithics) indicated that the earliest activity dated to the Neolithic. This was supported by radiocarbon dating of associated features, which indicated activity in the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age.

Stone axes played a significant role in the area’s economy with trade between Britain and Ireland and an axe factory located on Lambay Island (DU009-001016; Cooney and Mandal 1998). Axes from Lambay Island, which may have been exported either as completed axes or as raw material have been found on the Irish mainland, indicating a level of seafaring being undertaken for economic purposes.

56

Bronze Age The Bronze Age period in Ireland dates from approximately 2500 BC to 600 BC. During this period, metalworking was introduced into Ireland. The technology appears to have made its way to Irish shores through trading and cultural contacts; evidence of which exists in the archaeological record. In order to carry out this metalworking, copper was extensively mined. This was subsequently smelted and reworked to produce tools and weapons. Many burial rituals may be assigned to this period; these include cist burials, pit and urn burials, barrows and the use of flat cemeteries and cemetery mounds. Additional monuments typical of this period include features such as fulachtaí fiadh, standing stones, stone alignments and stone circles.

During this period, trade continued to play a significant role in the use of the sea and trade in copper ore or fabricated goods indicates that traffic between Ireland and Wales (Ixer and Budd 1998, 16), as well as the export of copper from Ireland and the import of tin from Cornwall (Moore et al. 2008, 19). Additionally, populations may have been physically moving as well as being in close contact with each other (Moore et al. 2008, 18). Influences from abroad on indigenous artefacts and Irish influences abroad are also evident from this period (ibid., 19). Additionally, advances and innovations in tools and craftsmanship contributed to improved boat construction which would have made trade and contact easier to maintain and the use of skin-covered boats begins to come into use (ibid.).

Evidence for Bronze Age activity within the study area is again provided by the lithic scatter site at Robswall and in addition the possible ring-ditch could well date to this period also. Ring-ditches and ring-barrows were funerary monuments during this period.

Iron Age The Iron Age period in Ireland dates from approximately 600 BC to AD 400. The development of an iron technology was a significant factor in the rapid decline of the bronze weaponry industry during this period. How long it took for this transition to occur is unclear; it is possible that the process may have taken centuries. It was during this time that the Celtic culture appeared in Ireland and with this came the characteristic La Tène style which is associated with the Celts of central Europe. Knowledge and understanding of the Iron Age in Ireland has been quite limited due to the paucity of definitively dated Iron Age sites until relatively recently.

During this period, contact via seafaring continued and expanded; evidence from Drumanagh, Co. Dublin (DU008-006001) opposite Lambay Island show evidence of extended and substantial contact with the Roman world (Moore et al. 2008, 23). Burials at this location may be Roman shipwreck victims due to the type of artefacts recovered (Bateson 1973; Raftery 1994; Rynne 1976; all cited in Moore et al. 2008, 23). Roman burials have also been excavated on Lambay Island and a Roman coin has been identified from Ireland Eye (NMI File Ref. SA1928:626). The distribution of swords and other continental and British artefacts throughout Ireland, as well as prestige items such as the skull and jaw of a Barbary Ape at Navan Fort, Co. Armagh, demonstrate the strength and longevity of these links (Cunliffe 2001, 320; Waddell 200, 340).

During the later part of this period, in the 4th and 5th centuries AD, Irish tribes settled and raided on the west coast of Britain (Moore et al. 2008, 24). Contact with British and continental groups also led to the gradual introduction of Christianity into Ireland during this period (ibid.).

57

There are no definite Iron Age sites within the study area, however the possible ring-ditch could well date to this period, as recent investigations have established a degree of continuity in burial traditions between the Bronze Age and Iron Age. Recent excavations have demonstrated that ring-ditch or ring-barrow sites can date to the Iron Age.

Early medieval period The early medieval period in Ireland spans from approximately AD 400 to the 12th century AD. The beginning of the early medieval period, or Early Christian period as it is sometimes referred to, is generally held to correspond with the introduction of Christianity to Ireland. Throughout this period Ireland constituted a predominantly rural society characterised by dispersed settlement.

The political situation of north Dublin, during the early medieval period, can appear quite fluid, though it is generally supposed that there was an underlying stable population base. It was located within the overkingdom of Brega (which extended from the Dee/Glyde confluence in Co. Louth to the north, to the River Liffey in the south, its eastern boundary was more fluid, generally following an axis from Kells, Co Meath to Clonard, Co. Meath), which was mainly controlled by the Síl nÁeda Sláine branch of the Uí Néill for most of the period. North County Dublin, however, was occupied by their subject peoples the Ciannachta, the Saitne and the Gailenga, all claiming a common putative ancestor – Tadc meic Cein. The area loosely defined by the Tolka and Broadmeadow Rivers (within which Portmarnock lies) was occupied by the Gailenge Becca.

Initially the coastal zone from the Dee/Glyde confluence in Co. Louth south to the river Liffey was controlled by the Ciannachta Breg. Charles-Edwards (2000, 551-4) suggested that the original kingdom of the Ciannachta comprised three defined territories – the area between the Dee and the Boyne; the area between the Boyne and the Nanny (centred on Duleek); the area between the Nanny and the Liffey. The decline of the secular Ciannachta power-base in the 8th century was characterised by the loss of over-lordship of the two southern territories to the interests of Síl nÁeda Sláine. With the decline in their secular power-base, the Ciannachta interest and involvement within the ecclesiastical sphere appears to increase; they are associated with the control of the main ecclesiastical offices at sites such as Rush, and Lusk.

The coastline of Brega (particularly the Boyne estuary – Inber Colpdi) provided important ingress into Ireland during the early medieval period. The strong political links between the Ciannachta and the Columban family of churches (and the interest of Columban churches in the general politics of Brega) clearly reflects the main contact route between Iona and its daughter house at Durrow. Adomnán’s Vita Columbae records monks landing on the coast (mainly at Inber Colpdi) and travelling across Mag Breg to reach Durrow. The ecclesiastical foundation at Lambay Island is also linked to the Columban family of monasteries, and could well have evolved as a ‘way station’ on the route to Durrow. In Tirechán’s Collectanea, Patrick is described at landing on the north Dublin coast near Skerries (Bieler 1979), before beginning his missionary activities within Brega, though it has been argued that this incident relates more accurately to the career of Palladius and the Roman mission (Mac Shamhráin 2003/4). Dunshaughlin, Co. Meath associated with Secundinus (a Gaulish name), indicates missionary links to the late Roman world.

Further evidence for contact and trade with continental Europe comes from the presence of imported late Roman and Gaulish ceramics. Imported mediterranean ceramics – A-ware (essentially table-wares) and B-ware (amphorae), generally dating to the late 5th-6th centuries AD – has been found at a number of sites in the region including the cemeteries

58

at Gracedieu, Co. Dublin and Colp, Co. Meath and Drumanagh promentary fort at Loughshinny, Co. Dublin. Contact with Gaul is reflected mainly in the presence of E-ware pottery, which is an increasingly common occurrence from early medieval sites in the region. Examples have been found close to the coast at sites such at Colp West and Ninch, in county Meath and Lusk, Rosepark (near Balrothery) and Flemington (near Balbriggan) in county Dublin. Distribution further inland in counties Dublin and Meath, broadly reflects trade networks centred on navigable river systems such as the Boyne or Liffey. Contact with Gaul is also reflected in the presence of Merovingian glass vessels at a number of sites in the region – Lagore, Co. Meath, Moynagh Lough, Co. Meath and Randalstown, Co. Meath (Bourke 1994) and a Merovingian coin from Trim, Co. Meath (Bourke 1994, 179; Wooding 1996, 92).

Closer to home there is also evidence for contact with the neighbouring island of Britain; broad evidence for contact can be seen in Irish art and artefacts of the period. British origins have been suggested for the founders of a number of ecclesiastical sites located close to the coast, such as Molaga or Mo-Lucé and Mo-Domnóc associated with Lann Bechaire (Bremore, Co. Dublin) and MacCuileann associated with Lusk, Co. Dublin. Possible Anglo-Saxon style burials have been identified within cemeteries at Bettystown and Colp in county Meath and Westereave and Kilshane in county Dublin (O’Brien 1993). In AD 702 the Annals of Ulster record the death Írgalach grandson (sic) of Conaing (who would have been the Síl nÁeda Sláine ruler of the Ciannachta) on Ireland’s Eye, during an attack by British raiders. British raiding and activity along the Irish coast during the late 7th and early 8th centuries is usually linked to displacement resulting from the expansion of Anglo-Saxon control, in particular the expansion of Northumbria west to the Cumbrian coast. The impact of Northumbrian expansion is also in evidence slightly earlier, in the Anglo-Saxon raid on Brega in AD 684.

The late 8th and 9th centuries AD saw the beginning of Norse raiding along the Irish coastline and further inland. Lambay Island may be the site of the first recorded raid (c. AD 795), but as it shares its Irish name (Rechru) with Raithlin Island, there has been some confusion over the identification. The annals record Norse raids on many ecclesiastical sites in north Dublin during this period, both those close to the coast and further inland (where navigable river systems may have facilitated raiding). In the mid-9th century permanent camps (longphorts) were established at Dublin and at Annagassan Co. Louth (at the confluence of the rivers Dee and Glyde), these would have facilitated raiding along this section of coastline and further inland into Dublin, Louth and Meath. A reference in the 9th century Félire Óenguso (Mac Shamhráin 2003/4) to a raid on Glas Mór (possibly near Swords) suggests that it originated from an encampment at Inber Domnann (the Malahide estuary), indicating that more short-term settlements may have occurred at suitable locations along the coast.

By the 10th century the nature of Norse activity had begun to change as the rulers of Dublin began to consolidate their position and establish themselves as a territorial kingdom, developing a hinterland and sphere of influence around the town referred to as Fine Gall or Dyflynnaskerri. Portmarnock lies within this broad area. There is no indications of huge displacement of native communities, through names recorded in later Anglo-Norman documentation do suggest some Scandinavian settlement in the area. By and large the Norse kings of Dublin simply supplanted the original Irish overlords (such as Síl nÁeda Sláine), leaving the subject peoples and dynasties in place.

The main evidence for early medieval activity within the study area comes from the ecclesiastical complex. No early medieval references to the church have been identified,

59

but as it is recorded as an extant foundation in initial Anglo-Norman documentation from the late 12th century, it was most likely founded during the early medieval period. The dedication of the site to an obscure Irish saint (M’ernóc) further supports this. The 19th century record of the identification of an ogham stone at the site suggest that it may well be an early foundation, possibly even 5th century in date. The second holy well could also reflect further early medieval ecclesiastical activity.

Medieval period The medieval period begins with the arrival of the Anglo-Normans in 1169 and formally ends in 1534. Motte and baileys and tower houses are archaeological features typical of this period. Anglo-Norman influences were felt through the whole country, but particularly along the eastern coast. This new connection to England led to increased involvement in European and global matters; the Irish Sea became busier and the ports and harbours along the east coast were developed to assist with this (Moore et al. 2008, 30).

Trade in wool, grain and other agricultural products, as well as slate and coal, linked Ireland into larger trading networks, while fishing in the Irish Sea brought foreign vessels to Ireland (Moore et al. 2008, 30). Manufactured goods were also produced and exported, particularly textile related goods and re-exported wine (ibid., 31). Imports included a vast range of household luxuries such as salt, spices and soap, as well as wine, hops, coal, iron, weapons, fine cloth, tin and nails (ibid.). Wine was by far one of the most important and regular trade items and Irish ships successfully competed with ships from other countries (ibid.). Timber also began to rise in importance as an export item during the medieval period (ibid., 32). Along with trade and administrative links between Ireland and the rest of Europe, the tradition of pilgrimages also increased the number of people embarking on sea voyages, both to and from the country (Moore et al. 2008, 32). T he links to England provided Irish towns with increased importance and charters were given to Dublin and Drogheda, to the south and north of the study area boundaries respectively, which allowed them powers and privileges and extensive trading networks were established throughout Europe with locales as far away as Rejkjavik and Lubeck, Germany (Childs and O’Neill 1987 and de Courcy Ireland 1989, 23 in Moore et al. 2008, 31).

As a result of the increased importance of fishing, ports and harbours began to develop along the coast, including Rush, and Loughshinny and Skerries, to the north of the study area. Rush in particular was important as a fishing port during the 16th century and was well known for the amount of ling landed there (Lewis 1837, Vol II, 541). Herring fishing was of great importance during this period as well and Irish waters were fished by both domestic and foreign boats (Moore et al. 2008, 32). The fleets fishing the area were international, but some control over the fisheries was held by the landowners and the Crown (ibid., 35-36). These smaller fishing boats would have been using the waters at the same time as much larger, technologically advanced boats (ibid., 36). The fisheries also influenced the topography of the shore with towerhouses being built to control and monitor the fishing and trade associated with it (ibid., 37). Smaller boats often fell victim to piracy, in particular from pirates who sheltered at Lambay Island (Campion 1969, 37; Moore et al. 2008, 36-37).

Silting of the main ports began to be a problem for trade and fishing, particularly at Dublin and Drogheda where large ships were no longer able to enter, and solutions were sought (Moore et al. 2008, 32). In Drogheda, merchants obtained permission to buy and offload merchandise from ships anchored offshore and these ships are recorded as anchoring as far south as Lambay Island (Moore et al. 2008, 32; O’Neill 1989, 31 in Moore et al. 2008, 32).

60

As the Liffy had a tendency to silt up, ships with deeper keels than Viking ships had had were not able to go up the river or were unwilling to risk it, so many of them began to use other, safer, ports. A petition was sent to Edward III in 1358 complaining that the city’s merchants had to purchase items from Dalkey and bring them into Dublin paying 3 pence in the pound in custom duty. By 1437, the situation had not improved and citizens complained of how “merchants... to the great and manifest injury of Dublin proceed to Howth, Baldoyle, Malahide, Portrane, Rush and Skerries” (Somerville-Large 1979, 55-6).

Naval warfare also took on a new prominence during the medieval period and many ports and harbours on the east coast of Ireland were involved with the provisioning of warships and sometimes in direct military activity (Moore et al. 2008, 32-34). These ports and harbours also served as areas through which foreign troops could be supplied to help police the conquered areas of Ireland (ibid., 34). Ports and towns under Anglo-Norman control were protected from attack, while at the same time providing a supply of easily deployed soldiers for the king (ibid.).

During the later medieval period St Mary’s Abbey, Dublin controlled most of the land in and around Portmarnock (Ó Conbuí 1961-3). The church of Portmarnock is listed in the possessions of the abbey. It is included in the initial confirmations of the abbey’s holdings dating to the late 12th century, suggesting that it had been granted to the abbey prior to the arrival of the Anglo-Normans, perhaps as part of the initial endowment of the abbey at its foundation. St. Mary’s holdings in and around Portmarnock appear to have expanded during the later medieval period as indicated by surviving land grants (Ó Conbuí 1961-3) and it is described as a ‘grange’ suggesting that it as the ‘home farm’ of the abbey. The extant stone church appears to be a later medieval construction suggesting that it dates to this period in the site’s history. The connection to St. Mary’s Abbey may also be significant in relation to the potential for maritime archaeology. St. Mary’s was a rich and important foundation that enjoyed active trade links; it had the rights to the fisheries of the river Liffey and when the siltation of the Liffey hampered shipping access to its port in the city, the abbey used its holdings in Dalkey as an alternative port site for international shipping. It is not impossible that it could have made similar use of its property in Portmarnock.

Post-medieval to modern period Ireland underwent considerable change during the post-medieval period. The agricultural and industrial revolution played significant roles in shaping the country during this period and as a consequence, Ireland enjoyed a higher degree of economic and social prosperity. Improvements in technology and advances in infrastructural developments such as road and rail provided the stimulus for this growth.

With the Tudor Plantations from 1534-1609 where foreign landlords were brought to Ireland to replace native Irish and Anglo-Irish chieftains and lords, maintenance of military control of the ports along the eastern and northern coasts of Ireland were important. The planted communities required regular contact with England for administrative and logistical reasons and regular sea travel between the two countries helped to enable that. A mail packet service was established in 1572 between Dublin and Liverpool which continued to be used throughout the medieval period (Moore et al. 2008, 40). Coal imports also increased in importance, particularly in areas with large urban populations such as Dublin where many people did not have access to peat for fuel and heat.

The dissolution of the monasteries in the 1540s had a significant impact on the Portmarnock area, as this marked the end of its association with St. Mary’s Abbey. The abbeys lands were all confiscated by the crown. While diverse grants were made of

61

sections of the grange at Portmarnock during the late 16th and early 17th century, by the time of the Down Survey, the two main landowners were the Plunketts of Loughcrew and the Barnewall family. The Barnewall family had extensive landholdings further north along the coast at Balrothery and Bremore (Balbriggan).

Naval power was also important during this time with multiple sea battles being waged. Additionally, the Irish fisheries were an increasingly valuable resource to the English to the point that Henry VIII was advised to build fortifications to control fishing (Moore et al. 2008, 38). Fishing rights for the Irish coast and control of both the coast and the waters was highly prized (ibid.). Patrolling of the waters of the Irish Sea was necessary both as a result of the aftermath of the wars of the 16th century and as a result of privateering associated with the increase in trans-Atlantic trade and colonization (ibid.). East coast ports and harbours proved good locations for stop-overs and holding-posts for goods coming and going from the new ports abroad (ibid.). Exports from Ireland continued to be mainly unprocessed raw materials and a large foreign merchant community had grown up in Dublin associated with trade (ibid., 39).

This trade prosperity continued for some time, but was permanently disrupted beginning with a period of rebellion from 1641-1653, the failure of which lead to famine, extensive depopulation and economic changes (Moore et al. 2008, 40). Economic legislative acts were implemented prohibiting or severely limiting many of the products Ireland’s port economies (as well as their inland economies) required to survive (ibid.). The east coast ports were no longer able to export cattle to England, nor were they able to import goods directly from the colonies (ibid.). The Jacobite Wars from 1689-1691 again turned the Irish Sea into war zone, badly disrupting trade and other activities along the eastern coast (ibid). Very few Irish ports, including Rush, recovered to levels of former prosperity or trade activity, and many become entirely dependent on fishing and smuggling for their survival. An increased focus on several main ports, particularly Dublin and Dun Laoghaire in later years would also decrease the trade role of these smaller ports and harbours.

By the late 1700s, navigational hazards were recognized as a significant problem where strides could be made and a program of lighthouse building began (Moore et al. 2008, 42). In addition to this, in 1776 a series of charts of a survey of Irish coastal waters, ports and harbours was published by Murdock Mackensie (ibid.). These charts remained the most accurate and useful charts until the Admiralty carried out their own surveys in the mid- 19th century (ibid.).

A series of fortifications was built along the Irish coast at the beginning of the 19th century including a strategic placement of Martello Towers to the north and south of Dublin to protect it from possible Napoleonic attacks (Moore et al. 2008, 44). Although the east coast was felt to be better protected than the west due to the constant patrol by British ships, defences along the Dublin coast were considered necessary due to the probability of a French attack on Dublin city via one of these ports (ibid.). The towers are situated to be able to observe maritime traffic (Walsh 1984, 21) as the lack of defensible cliffs was noted as a potential problem (Moore et al. 2008, 44). The Martello Tower at Carrickhill is an example of one of these fortifications. It is also likely that the quay shown on the 1st edition Ordnance Survey adjacent to it was contemporary with it and was constructed to service the tower.

Although the Famine had a significant impact on the local population in part due to the collapse of the fisheries, the Irish Sea remained active with other forms of trade and, significantly, emigration. During the period of the Famine, Irish exports were

62

predominantly sent to England with approximately 85% being shipped there, while the vast majority, approximately 80%, of imports came from England (Moore et al. 2008, 44). Cattle and corn exports were re-established with Britain after the Famine, however Britain remained Ireland’s primary trade partner until the mid-20th century (ibid.). One of the best known mass emigrations of the modern period also occurred from the mid-19th century, with thousands of Irish emigrants leaving en mass for various British colonies around the world. Many of the ships did not make it to their destination, including one of the most famous shipwrecks of this stretch of coastline the Tayleur, which wrecked off Lambay Island carrying approximately 528 people for Melbourne (Moore et al. 2008, 191-4). Of those, between 290-400 people were lost with the ship (ibid.).

Ireland became important to the British as a strategic naval point again during the 19th century and its ports and harbours again became bases for many British vessels (Moore et al. 2008, 45). By the end of the 18th century, there had been a recovery of the fishing industry and the Navy had again stepped in to protect it (ibid.). Samuel Lewis recorded approximately 90 wherries engaged in fishing in the 1830s, many of them belonging in Rush and Skerries, both of which had developed harbours at the time (ibid.). Despite this, the Irish fishing industry continued to decline throughout the 19th century , although small fleets continued to work out of several harbours including Rush, exporting fish on a small scale (ibid.). In the 1920-30s, these small fleets were motorized (ibid.).

After Independence in 1921, the British fleet was withdrawn from Irish ports which led to the need for a domestic naval force and merchant fleet (Moore et al. 2008, 47). Control of the ‘Treaty Ports’ was handed to the Irish government by Britain in 1938, ending British control of Irish waters and leading to the establishment of a Marine Coastwatching Service in 1939 which was then replaced by the Naval Service in 1946 (ibid.).

Other than the Martello Tower, the most prominent post-medieval site within the study area is the Golf Links Hotel formerly St. Marnock’s House. This building does not appear on the 1st edition Ordnance Survey map and was built later in the 19th century by the Jameson family, who also developed a nine-hole golf course within the grounds. This golf course predated the establishment of Portmarnock Golf Club in the 1890s (land was leased from the Jameson family to establish the golf club). The house became a hotel in the 1940s and the current golf links course was designed by Bernhardt Langer. Evidence for more mundane post-medieval settlement is reflected in the thatched dwelling dating to c. 1800 located to the south of the Golf Links Hotel on the Strand Road. While the church appears to have been allowed to decline in the post-medieval period, the graveyard continued in use for burial. The earliest surviving and legible headstones date to the late 17th century, with the most recent less than a decade old; members of the Plunkett and Barnewall families are amongst those commemorated.

During the first half of the 20th century, the Velvet Strand at Portmarnock was an important site in aviation history. On 23 June 1930 Charles Kingsford Smith and his crew took off from Portmarnock to complete the first east to west crossing of the Atlantic Ocean, while two years later Jim Mollison took off from Portmarnock to complete the first solo east to west crossing of the Atlantic.

63

Appendix 11: Ordnance Survey Name Books and Letters for Co. Dublin

The Ordnance Survey Name Books and Letters were produced during the compilation of the First Ordnance Survey maps and provide detail, including information regarding toponomy, on each townland within a respective county. A townland name may preserve information relating to its archaeology, history, folklore, ownership, topography or land use. Most place names were anglicised by the time the Ordnance Survey began in the 1830s. Despite some inaccuracies in translation, the Gaelic, Viking, Anglo-Norman and English origins of place names are generally recognisable. According to the Ordnance Survey Name Books the toponomy of each of the townlands encompassed by the proposed development site is as follows:

Note: Where additional information concerning the cultural heritage of a townland has been provided in the Name Books or Letters, it has been included here also.

Toponomy of Townlands Research into the names (toponomy) of these land units frequently provides information relating to the townland’s archaeology, history, folklore, ownership, topography or landuse. Most placenames were anglicised by the time the OS began in the 1830s. However, despite some inaccuracies in translation, the Gaelic, Viking, Anglo-Norman and English origins of place names are generally recognisable.

Townland Irish Name Derivation Comments Lit. translation of the english, so likely a late name probably deriving from the estate of Beechwood House (shown Beechwood Coill na Feá within townland on OS 1st ed) References to 'the warren' or the 'burrow of An Portmarnock' from at Burrow Coinicéar Means the rabbit warren least the 17th century. References to 'Carraick' in 16th century and Cnoc na Carrickhill from 17th Carrickhill Carraige Means 'hill of the rock' century. References from at least Port 12th century, was a Mearnóg possession of St. Mary's (Old Irish Abbey Dublin for most of Portmarnock M’ernóc) Meaning 'St Mearnog's Port' the medieval period. Abreviated from the earlier 'Robuck's Wall' – referring to References from at least Robswall Ballaí Robac castle within the townland the 16th century Teach San Sainthelens Eiléan Mean 'House of St Helen' Information from the Ordnance Survey Namebooks and Letters for Co. Dublin

64

Appendix 12: Previous Archaeological Investigations

Excavations Bulletin Excavations is an annual bulletin that contains summary accounts of all excavations carried out annually in Ireland. It can be accessed on the web at www.excavations.ie. This electronic database contains summary accounts of all the excavations carried out in Ireland – north and south – from 1970 to 2005. It has been compiled from the published Excavations Bulletins from those years.

The database was consulted to see whether any previous archaeological investigations had been undertaken within the study area in order to highlight areas where archaeological material may remain and/or associated areas of archaeological potential. An examination of previous excavations carried out within and around the area proposed for development provides a useful framework for assessment of the study area in terms of its archaeological significance as well as its archaeological potential.

Excavations Bulletin No: 1999:263 Townland: ROBSWALL, PORTMARNOCK Site Type: Flint scatter RMP No.: SMR 26:119 Licence No.: 99E0550 Archaeological field-walking and test-pit excavation were carried out at the site of a proposed development north-west of Portmarnock, Co. Dublin, on 27 September 1. The site is in Robswall townland, c. 350m west of the coast road and 160m north of Portmarnock village. The proposed development site is within an area of pasture, with a school immediately adjacent to the south-west. The site is between two recorded archaeological sites: a holy well (SMR 12:38) 350m east of the development and a flint scatter (SMR 12:37) c. 140m south-east of the development.

Between 1964 and 1983 a collection of around 2500 prehistoric artefacts was made from this area. It seems likely, however, that this collection contains material from a wider area than it is actually attributed to. In this respect it would include some of the fields on which the proposed development is to be constructed. The quantity of flint recovered from this area led to an excavation of the site in 1983 by David Keeling, 200m north of the proposed development site. A substantial collection of lithic material was recovered from the ploughsoil; however, only scant remains of archaeological features were found cut into subsoil. Two of the features contained charcoal, which gave radiocarbon dates of c. 2000 BC. The excavation concluded that intensive ploughing had removed or truncated most of the subsurface archaeological features and in so doing had transferred most of the archaeological material into the ploughsoil. Recent field-walking by Avril Purcell before the development of a site 400m to the north on the coast road recovered a quantity of worked flint (see Appendix No. 1).

The site consists of two fields, of which the western had been ploughed to facilitate field- walking. An initial site inspection on 23 August 1999 recovered several fragments of natural flint, sherds of late 19th-century pottery, red brick fragments and an iron nail. Before this visit a strip c. 5m wide, running the entire length of the field, had been stripped of topsoil (maximum depth 0.5m). An access road was being constructed west of the ploughed field, requiring the removal of topsoil and the insertion of a drainage pipe. An inspection of these works revealed a limited depth of topsoil in this area and a thin layer of brown clay overlying rocky outcrops.

65

Archaeological field-walking and test-pit excavation on 27 September 1999 revealed a flint scatter in the north-west corner of the field, lying largely beyond the area of development. Six 1m2 test-pits were excavated within the ploughed area, their location based on the density and type of lithic material present on the field surface. The material from the test- pits was passed through a sieve to recover lithic and other material. No soils or features of archaeological significance were identified during test-pit excavation. In general the material recovered reflects variations in the natural geology of the area. The test-pit results suggest limited archaeological potential within the proposed development area.

A low-frequency concentration of flint was noticed within the higher, north-western area of the ploughed field. This area is immediately west of the proposed development. The eastern side of the field had been partially stripped of topsoil that had been banked along the eastern and southern edges of the field. A single end scraper of fairly good quality was recovered from the edge of the remaining section of the ploughed field at a location c. 10m south of the north-lying field boundary. The greatest concentration of flint was found in the north-west area of the ploughed field, corresponding with its highest location. There was a marked fall-off in both the number (frequency) and quality of the flint material to the east, south-east and south of this area. One must conclude that, purely on the basis of the material recovered, there is a low-frequency rate of diagnostic artefact types to that of rubbish and flint spalls, even in the higher, north-west area of the field. The lithic material was evenly distributed throughout the first 0.2m of the topsoil in each of the test-pits, with frequency decreasing with depth. No lithic material nor any indicators of archaeological activity were observed within subsoil at the base of the test-pits. However, this does not preclude the existence of such features, even in truncated form within the field. Malachy Conway for Margaret Gowen & Co. Ltd, 2 Killiney View, Albert Road Lower, Glenageary, Co. Dublin.

Excavations Bulletin No: 1999:264 Townland: ROBSWALL, PORTMARNOCK Site Type: Flint scatter NGR: 32426 24506 Licence No.: 99E0550 ext. Monitoring of topsoil-stripping for this complex of playing pitches was carried out in October- December 1999. This followed an earlier phase of monitoring by Helen Kehoe and field-walking and testing by Malachy Conway (No. 263 above).

Three separate areas/activities were monitored. These included the stripping of topsoil and subsoil for the playing pitches, the excavation of the foundation trenches for the clubhouse building, and an associated service trench.

Within the area stripped for the playing pitches occasional medium-sized and large stones were revealed. Clusters of these were examined to ascertain whether they acted as flint- knapping areas. No indications of such in situ activity were revealed. Several pieces of flint were recovered during stripping, although no features that could be associated with this material were observed. A single stone-packed post-hole was revealed toward the centre of the site. Despite cleaning around this, no associated features were found. In the north- east of the site a small hearth was revealed. This appeared to be the result of a single episode of burning.

66

The excavation of drains for the playing pitches was also monitored. No archaeological finds or features were exposed during their excavation. Excavation of the clubhouse foundations and the associated service trench did not reveal archaeological material.

Some 24 pieces of struck flint were recovered from the area stripped. These appear to have derived from small water-rolled pebbles, collected from the nearby seashore and used for knapping. The collection consists of twelve portions of crudely worked cores and the discarded products of core reduction. Five small flakes were recovered, of which one has slight indications of retouch, although this may equally be damage sustained in the ploughsoil. All of the lithic material found is quite patinated. Ian W. Doyle, Margaret Gowen & Co. Ltd, 2 Killiney View, Albert Road Lower, Glenageary, Co. Dublin.

Excavations Bulletin No: 2000:0335 Townland: PORTMARNOCK Site Type: Mound NGR: 32326 24236 RMP No.: SMR 15:14 Licence No.: 00E0731 Five test-trenches were excavated 20m from the base of the mound in order to establish a buffer zone around this monument. No archaeological finds or features were revealed in Test-trenches 1–4. A small portion of a ditch feature was uncovered 50m south-east of the mound; further investigation will be required in order to establish if this is of archaeological significance. Angela Wallace, Margaret Gowen & Co. Ltd, 2 Killiney View, Albert Road Lower, Glenageary, Co. Dublin.

Excavations Bulletin No: 2004:0633 Townland: PORTMARNOCK Site Type: Fulacht fiadh and medieval field system NGR: 32296 24088 and 32110 24214 RMP No.: Licence No.: 04E1415 An assessment was carried out in advance of a planning application for a major residential development proposed for a large parcel of coastal land between the villages of Portmarnock and Baldoyle. The site lies within the townlands of Maynetown and Portmarnock. A desktop study had highlighted the existence of two sites within the proposed development footprint: a tumulus or mound (SMR 15:14) in Portmarnock townland and an enclosure site (SMR 15:55) in Maynetown. A programme of archaeological investigation, entailing test-excavation by Angela Wallace (Excavations 2000, No. 328, 00E0732), and a geophysical survey was instigated to determine the extent of the archaeology in these areas. Across the land between the two known sites, a further programme of detailed geophysical survey was carried out.

Twenty-three test-trenches were mechanically excavated to a depth ranging from 0.35m to 0.9m across the proposed development area. They were excavated in specific locations to investigate anomalies identified in the geophysical survey. In some cases these anomalies were found to be modern land drains, silty variations in the undisturbed natural clays and ploughing trends. Archaeological activity was identified in Trenches 1-4, Trench 8 and Trenches 21 and 22, identifying two areas of archaeological potential.

67

The first area, a series of medieval field ditches, is located 45m east from the base of the tumulus and measures 140m by 50m (east-west) (Trenches 1-4, 21 and 22). Sherds of Dublin-type cooking, fine and coarsewares and Bristol Redcliffe-type wares, dating to the 12th-14th centuries, were retrieved from these features. The second area of potential, a pit or trough feature, is located 225m south-east from the base of the tumulus (Trench 8). Such features are generally associated with fulachta fiadh. A reference on OPW maps from the 1980s states that there may have been a fulacht fiadh in the field to the east of the Portmarnock mound, which 'appears to have been removed by ploughing' (OPW files). This 'trough' feature confirms that a fulacht fiadh did indeed exist to the east of the mound. Sinead Phelan, Margaret Gowen & Co. Ltd, 27 Merrion Square, Dublin 2.

Excavations Bulletin No: 2006:689 Townland: Portmarnock and Maynetown Site Type: No archaeological significance NGR: 242258 323051 RMP No.: Licence No.: 06E1046 Monitoring took place of trial pits, boreholes and percolation test areas at a proposed development site at Portmarnock, Co. Dublin, on 20 September and the week of 9 October 2006. Six trial pits, six boreholes and three percolation tests were excavated on the development lands and nothing of archaeological significance was recorded. Ellen O’Carroll, Margaret Gowen & Co. Ltd, 27 Merrion Square, Dublin 2.

Excavations Bulletin No: 1980-84:0103 Townland: Robswalls (Paddy's Hill) Site Type: Flint scatter NGR: O240446 RMP No.: Licence No.: A considerable quantity of flint found during field walking, indicated the existence of the site. Phosphate samples were taken to determine the limits of the site and identify possible activity areas or structures.

Thirteen cuttings were opened. The basic shallowness of the soil (15-20cm) militated against the in situ survival of either finds or structures. While large quantities of both worked and unworked flint material occurred throughout the ploughsoil the only features revealed by the excavation were two pits. Pit I was 42cm in diameter and 40cm deep but contained no finds. Pit 2 was 1.30m in diameter and 25cm deep. Its fill contained pieces of charcoal, animal bone fragments. 545 lithics. 5 hammerstones. a polished porcellanite stone axehead and some perriwinkle shells. Samples from this pit yielded the following radiocarbon determinauions: GrN-12346: 4120±70 BP (from charcoal) arid GrN-12337: 4040±70 BP (from seashells).

A total of 2874 artefacts were classified from the site. 1332 from the excavation and 1542 collected between 1964 and 1981. A large variety of artefacts are represented including scrapers, arrowheads, points, blades, flakes and cores. The quality (if the raw material employed indicates that it was probably collected from the rich beach deposits less than 1 kilometre to the east of the site. D. Keeling

68

Excavations Bulletin No: 1999:App1 Townland: FIELDWALKING AT ROBSWALLS, MALAHIDE Site Type: O244454 NGR: RMP No.: Licence No.: Fieldwalking was requested on this site before its redevelopment as premises for a local football club. It is within 200m of a large flint scatter at Paddy’s Hill previously excavated by Keeling and Keeley (D. Keeling and V. Keeley, 1994 ‘Excavation of a flint scatter on Paddy’s Hill, Malahide, County Dublin’, PRIA 94C (1994)).

The development site has been ploughed for some years and was ploughed several weeks before field-walking began. It was then systematically field-walked, and worked flint was retrieved. A total of 55 pieces of worked flint were collected from the ploughsoil. Of these, 27 were modified tools including nineteen scrapers, six modified flakes and two blades. The remaining objects recovered included unmodified flakes and debitage. Many of the objects retrieved were heavily patinated and weathered.

The find spot of each object was plotted on a distribution map to see whether concentrations of objects were apparent. The results showed that the objects were scattered over the entire area. On the lower ground to the north of the development there was a slightly denser spread of objects than on the upper ground to the south. However, this pattern may relate to the direction of ploughing and the fall of ground. Although a considerable volume of objects was recovered, no particular area of intensive activity could be pinpointed on the basis of the field-walking. Further work is to be undertaken in tandem with development. Avril Purcell, Margaret Gowen & Co. Ltd, 2 Killiney View, Albert Road Lower, Glenageary, Co. Dublin.

Excavations Bulletin No: 2000:0326 Townland: ROBSWALLS, MALAHIDE Site Type: Prehistoric flint scatter NGR: O244454 RMP No.: Licence No.: 00E0037 Monitoring of ground reduction was undertaken in advance of the development of a football pitch. A number of pieces of worked flint were recovered during monitoring, but no associated archaeological features were revealed. The area had been deep-ploughed for agricultural reasons for several years, and, should archaeological features have been present, they may have been destroyed by such consistent ploughing. Avril Purcell, Margaret Gowen & Co. Ltd, 2 Killiney View, Albert Road Lower, Glenageary, Co. Dublin.

Excavations Bulletin No: 2002:0658 Townland: Robswalls Site Type: Monitoring/lithic waste NGR: 3241 2451 RMP No.: Licence No.: 02E0031 A number of features of archaeological interest were identified during the monitoring of ground-disturbance works associated with a housing development at Robswalls, Malahide, Co. Dublin. The site lies to the east of Malahide village, on the south-eastern edge of the

69

Malahide Estuary. The area extends south from the Biscayne housing estate upslope toward the grounds of Portmarnock FC and east toward the grounds of Malahide FC. A tower-house, Robswalls Castle (SMR 12:36), lies to the east of the development.

Previous field-walking had revealed a scatter of flint waste materials across the area of the Phase 1 development. Further material was recovered during systematic monitoring of topsoil removal. Two small discrete deposits of archaeological material were noted; these were subsequently excavated as Robswalls, Sites 1 and 2 (see Nos 659 and 660 below, 02E0385 and 02E0386).

A significant quantity of lithic waste was recovered from the area that was stripped of topsoil, particularly where the ground sloped down toward the sea (a minimum of 80m from the eastern and northern limits of the site). The material recovered included both finished and discarded tools and waste materials. A number of raw materials including pebble flint, quartzite, chert, quartz and possibly rock crystal were evident. A preliminary examination of the flint also suggests that it ranges widely in quality.

The location and nature of the assemblage, with a high proportion of pebble cores and chunks, suggest that flint was being recovered from the beach and broken to determine its quality, with the waste material discarded over quite a wide area. John Ó Néill and Peter Kerins, Margaret Gowen & Co. Ltd, 2 Killiney View, Albert Road Lower, Glenageary, Co. Dublin.

Excavations Bulletin No: 2002:0659 Townland: Robswalls, Site 1 Site Type: Shell midden NGR: 324100 245120 RMP No.: Licence No.: 02E0385 Monitoring of topsoil removal at Robswalls in January and February 2002 revealed the heavily ploughed traces of a shell midden. Excavation of the midden suggested minimum original dimensions of 6m by 2m. Ploughing had largely dispersed crushed shell through the topsoil over quite a wide area, with a maximum depth of 90mm of midden material surviving in situ. A small number of sherds of local medieval pottery were recovered from the midden. John Ó Néill, Margaret Gowen & Co. Ltd, 2 Killiney View, Albert Road Lower, Glenageary, Co. Dublin.

Excavations Bulletin No: 2002:0660 Townland: Robswalls, Site 2 Site Type: burnt-mound deposit NGR: 32410 24512 RMP No.: Licence No.: 02E0386 Monitoring of topsoil removal at Robswalls in January and February 2002 revealed a small deposit of burnt stone and charcoal cut by a modern field drain. Excavation suggested that the spread had originally measured at least c. 4m by 3m and was less than 0.1m deep. An early modern land drain had bisected the spread of material, and ploughing had also removed much of the original deposit. Some tiny traces of burnt bone were recovered during the excavation. John Ó Néill, Margaret Gowen & Co. Ltd, 2 Killiney View, Albert Road Lower, Glenageary, Co. Dublin.

70

Excavations Bulletin No: 2006:675 Townland: Robswalls, Malahide Site Type: No archaeological significance NGR: 32445 24515 RMP No.: DU012–037 Licence No.: 06E0453 Monitoring was conducted on 14–25 August 2006. The areas excavated consisted of about 3km of pathways, each 2.5m wide. Several areas of the site were of recently made-up ground. Occasional modern pottery, glass and metal from the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries were revealed in the non-disturbed areas of the site. No archaeological features or artefacts were identified during the course of the monitoring programme. John O’Connor, ADS Ltd, Windsor House, 11 Fairview Strand, Dublin 3.

Excavations Bulletin No: 2007:541 Townland: Robswall Site Type: Testing NGR: 32340 24530 RMP No.: Licence No.: 06E0609 Testing was carried out at Robswall, Malahide, Co. Dublin. The assessment was commissioned as part of the pre-development work for Malahide Reservoir and associated pipelines. As yet the exact form the development will take has not been agreed. The proposed pipeline passes in the vicinity of a possible mound site (DU012–032). Initial testing was carried out in late 2006 and a subsequent phase was carried out in September 2007. Although the proposed development is located in a wider landscape of known monuments, as well as a possible site as described above, and thus is of archaeological potential, the subject site has been disturbed by quarrying works and subsequent backfilling to a significant depth. The mound site was not discovered during the course of testing. Local informants indicated that the area had been dug out some time in the past. It is also possible that the recent Robswall housing development to the north-east may have disturbed the mound site. Declan Moore, Moore Archaeological & Environmental Services Ltd, Corporate House, Ballybrit Business Park, Ballybrit, Galway.

Excavations Bulletin No: 2000:0204 Townland: BALDOYLE AND SUTTON Site Type: Intertidal survey and monitoring of cable-laying NGR: 32465 24025 and 32638 23886 RMP No.: Licence No.: 00E0403, 00E0404 An intertidal archaeological walkover survey and subsequent monitoring, commissioned by McMahon Design and Management Ltd, were undertaken on the landfall sites of a Transatlantic optic fibre cable on the foreshores at Baldoyle and Sutton. At Baldoyle (00E0404) the cable route ran in a north-easterly direction across the foreshore for a distance of 1.5km to the low-water mark, passing just to the south of Portmarnock Point, a sand spit, and out to sea, passing within 1km to the north of Ireland’s Eye. At Sutton (00E0403) the cable route ran south-west across the foreshore for a distance of 500m to the low-water mark. At both landfall sites the cable was buried at a maximum depth of 1.2m, fed into a slit-trench cut by a cable-laying ‘plough’ dragged out from the foreshore by a ship moored out to sea. Prior to the cable-laying, the cable route was walked down to the low tide mark to identify any potential archaeological deposits; in addition a metal-

71

detector was utilised to scan the route for the recovery of artefacts. Pipe-laying was subject to monitoring for the identification of archaeological strata disturbed by the ‘plough’ and for the recovery of artefacts.

No archaeological features or strata were recorded during the walkover survey or during the monitoring of the cable-laying. Artefacts recovered with aid of the metal-detector were all modern, consisting of cans, ring-pulls and car parts. Stephen Reed, Judith Carroll & Co. Ltd, 13 Anglesea Street, Dublin 2.

72

Appendix 13: National Museum of Ireland (NMI) Topographical Files

National Museum of Ireland (NMI) Topographical Files The Topographical Files of the National Museum of Ireland contain a record of stray artefacts found in Ireland. Each artefact has an individual file where it gives locational information, description of the artefact and relevant references.

Carrickhill Townland Registration Number: 1969:38 Monument: None Finds: Stone Desc: Large black stone of triangular shape and cross-section, infrequent and irregular chipping, may be natural. Found on sand dunes

Carrickhill Townland Registration Number: 1969:37 Monument: None Finds: Flake Desc: Eleven waste flint flakes found in bulldozed earth on site of new road.

Portmarnock Townland Registration Number: 1969:953 Monument: None Finds: Wooden Dowel Desc: From boat on Portmarnock Strand

Portmarnock Townland Registration Number: SA1898:123 Monument: None Finds: Bone Desc: -

Portmarnock Townland Registration Number: 1881:366 Monument: None Finds: Iron Object Desc: Small copper alloy token, in good condition. Obverse bears denomination "1D" in centre, with around the perimeter the inscription "SUGAR·LOFE·BRIG·STRE[ET]. On the reverse is a central image of three sugar loafs, surrounded by the inscription "- - DEMYNIERE·DUBLIN". Identified by Michael Kenny as a token of Joseph Demyniere, of Bridge Street, Dublin, dating somewhere between 1653 and 1679.

Irelands Eye Townland Registration Number: 2009:183 Monument: None Finds: Copper Alloy Token Desc: Found on northwest corner of island

Irelands Eye Townland Registration 2004:145

73

Monument: None Finds: Bone Desc: Animal long bone. No evidence of butchering. Irelands Eye Townland Registration SA1928:626 Monument: None Finds: Bronze Coin Desc: Identified as of Constantine I and struck at London c. AD 310. In register: "Discovered 22.4.28 on Ireland's Eye by Dr. Fiedler & Miss Teresa Condon & presented to the Museum by Miss Condon".

Irelands Eye Townland Registration N/A Monument: None Finds: Copper Coin Desc: Copper Roman coin at present in the museum of Clongowes Wood College; 220mm diameter.

74 ± ± Figure 2 Key *# HA Wrecks and Obstructions Figure 1 *# Cultural Heritage Sites

SSS High Cable Route SSS Medium Survey Corridor SSS Low Survey Corridor Buffer Magnetometer *# Obstructions SBP

Geo Network Ltd. Cable Route

0 240 0 28 Figure. 1 Cable Route in Kilometres Kilometres Irish Waters

British Crown and SeaZone Solutions Limited. All Rights Resreved. Product Licence Number 032011.020 4000.000

593 ± *# 2045 2000.000 593 *# 2026

TAYLEUR *# 2042

0000.000 *# 593 8000.000 592

*# 6000.000 2009

592 *# 2013 2008*#*#*# 2001 *#2011 2006 2034 2010*# *# *# 2030 2003*#*# *# 4000.000 2004 2005 0 4 Kilometres 592

292000.000 294000.000 296000.000 298000.000 300000.000 302000.000 304000.000 306000.000 308000.000 310000.000 312000.000 314000.000 316000.000 318000.000 320000.000 ± ± Figure 2 Key *# HA Wrecks and Obstructions Figure 1 *# Cultural Heritage Sites

SSS High Cable Route SSS Medium Survey Corridor SSS Low Survey Corridor Buffer Magnetometer *# Obstructions SBP

Geo Network Ltd. Cable Route

0 240 0 28 Figure. 2 Cable Route in Kilometres Kilometres Irish Waters

British Crown and SeaZone Solutions Limited. All Rights Resreved. Product Licence Number 032011.020 8000.000

593 ± *# 2047 2041

6000.000 *# 593

2040 (! (! (! 4000.000 *# (!(! (! (! 593 (! (! (!! 2037 ((! *# (!(! *#2045 (! 2000.000

593 (! 0000.000 593 *#2044 *#2043 *# 2039 *# 0 4 8000.000 2046 Kilometres

592 *#

318000.000 320000.000 322000.000 324000.000 326000.000 328000.000 330000.000 332000.000 334000.000 336000.000 338000.000 340000.000 342000.000 344000.000 346000.000 2000.000 ATIKA 593

*#2009 ± ± 2026 *# ± 2008 2013 *#*#*#2007

Figure 12 *# 2001 0000.000 *# 593 *# 2011 2034 2006 *# 2005*#*# 2010*# 2002 *# 2030 0 240 *# Kilometres

8000.000 Inset 592 Figure 2

Figure 1

6000.000 Text

592 2009 *# Figure 3 2008 2013 *#*#*#2007

2001 *# 2011 0 12 *# Kilometres *#2034 *#2010*# *# 2030 2005 2006*# Key 4000.000 *# 592 Inset HA Wrecks and Obstructions *# Cultural Heritage Sites

SSS High Cable Route SSS Medium Survey Corridor SSS Low Survey Corridor Buffer 2033 Magnetometer WRECKS *#*# 2025 SBP *# 2000.000 *# 2031 Obstructions 592 2032 *# Geo Network Ltd. Cable Route THERESE EMILE YVON 0 2,000 BYDAND Metres Figure. 3 Targets in Irish Waters 290000.000 292000.000 294000.000 296000.000 298000.000 ± ± Figure 2 Key *# HA Wrecks and Obstructions Figure 1 *# Cultural Heritage Sites

SSS High Cable Route SSS Medium Survey Corridor Figure 4 SSS Low Survey Corridor Buffer Magnetometer *# Obstructions SBP

Geo Network Ltd. Cable Route

0 240 0 28 Figure. 4 Cable Route in Kilometres Kilometres Irish Waters

British Crown and SeaZone Solutions Limited. All Rights Resreved. Product Licence Number 032011.020 2041 6000.000 *# 593 ±

2040 4000.000 *# 593

*#2045 2000.000 593

2042

0000.000 *# 593 0 4 *# 2044 Kilometres

310000.000 312000.000 314000.000 316000.000 318000.000 320000.000 322000.000 324000.000 326000.000 328000.000 ± ± Figure 2 Key *# HA Wrecks and Obstructions Figure 1 *# Cultural Heritage Sites

SSS High Cable Route SSS Medium Survey Corridor SSS Low Survey Corridor Buffer Figure 5 Magnetometer *# Obstructions SBP

Geo Network Ltd. Cable Route

0 240 0 28 Figure. 5 Cable Route in Kilometres Kilometres Irish Waters

*#2047 6000.000

593 ±

2040

4000.000 *# 593 *#2037 2000.000 593 0000.000 593

*# 2043 *# 2039 *# 0 4 8000.000 2046 Kilometres

592 British Crown and SeaZone Solutions Limited. All Rights Resreved. Product Licence Number 032011.020 *#

324000.000 326000.000 328000.000 330000.000 332000.000 334000.000 336000.000 338000.000 340000.000 342000.000 344000.000 346000.000