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This Electronic Thesis Or Dissertation Has Been Downloaded from the King’S Research Portal At This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Surviving the Arab Spring The Gulf Cooperation Council and the Case Study of Kuwait (2011–2012) Behbehani, Bodour Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 23. Sep. 2021 Surviving the Arab Spring: The Gulf Cooperation Council and the Case Study of Kuwait (2011–2012) "… Gulf cooperation is a structure created by the will of Gulf peoples. It is a sincere response to the facts of life in this part of the world … it is our gift to our sons, and sons of Arabism. Our decisions, liabilities, future steps, vision of our hopes, and the test of our will are the trust of our peoples …”1 H.H. Sheikh Jaber al-Ahmad Al-Sabah, November 1984. Submitted by: Bodour Nasser Behbehani/1040960 Doctor of Philosophy in Middle Eastern Studies Institute of Middle Eastern Studies King’s College London 1 Al-Diwan Al-Amiri. (1984). H.H. Sheikh Jaber Al Ahmed Al Sabah, Opening Speech, GCC 5th Summit. Kuwait. I. Abstract This research analyses the reactions of the Gulf monarchies to the mass demonstrations that took place during the Arab Spring, arguing that the Arab Spring motivated Gulf ruling elites to intensify cooperation efforts under their regional alliance, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). It hypothesises that the Gulf monarchies utilised the GCC as a vehicle to preserve their regimes during the Arab Spring as its members engaged in collaborative efforts in three areas to sustain and prolong their rule: enhancing regime legitimacy; heightening internal security; and collaborating in a defence scheme. The strengthening of Gulf unity through the GCC organisation proved to be a primary and ongoing strategy employed by all six Gulf governments during and after the Arab Spring and, despite the fact that a closer union compromised the sovereignty of the individual monarchies, this was accepted by all six member states. As such, the case study of Kuwait and its government response to the unrest during the Arab Spring presents an analysis of how one member state restructured its domestic policies to allow the regional alliance greater influence over its foreign and domestic affairs in order to preserve its regime and, ultimately, survive the Arab Spring. 2 II. Acknowledgements I would like to thank my family and friends for helping me get through this process. A special thanks to my loving parents, Fariha and Nasser, who have been my greatest supporters; my sister, Mona, without whom I would not have survived; my husband, Abdulaziz, who has been my rock; Eva, who has always believed in me; and finally, to my daughter Fay, who has inspired me to reach the finish line. 3 Table of Contents I. Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 2 II. Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. 3 List of Figures and Tables ............................................................................................... 8 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 9 I. Research Summary .............................................................................................................. 20 a. Hypothesis ............................................................................................................................. 20 b. Justification of Case Study .............................................................................................. 28 c. Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 31 d. Chapter Structure .............................................................................................................. 40 II. Literature Review ............................................................................................................... 42 a. Sources of Legitimacy ....................................................................................................... 43 b. The Gulf Cooperation Council ....................................................................................... 55 III. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 68 Chapter One The Gulf Cooperation Council and its Member States: A Regional Framework (1979–2011) ................................................................................ 71 I. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 71 II. The Emergence of the Gulf Regional Structure (1979-1989) .......................... 73 a. The Iranian Revolution (1979-1980) ........................................................................ 74 b. The Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) .................................................................................. 81 c. The GCC: Main Goals, Organisational Structure and Cooperation Efforts . 87 III. The GCC Monarchies in the Post-Cold War Middle East ............................... 101 a. The Gulf War and the GCC response (1991) ........................................................ 103 b. The 9/11 Attacks and the GCC Response (2001) .............................................. 114 4 c. The US Invasion of Iraq and the GCC Response (2003) .................................. 117 IV. The GCC Monarchies and the Arab Spring (2011–2012) .............................. 120 a. Bahrain ................................................................................................................................. 121 b. Oman .................................................................................................................................... 137 c. Saudi Arabia ....................................................................................................................... 149 V. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 155 Chapter 2 The Kuwaiti Political System ................................................................ 158 I. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 158 II. The Origins of the Kuwaiti Political System ......................................................... 159 a. The 1938 Majlis Crisis ................................................................................................... 166 b. The British–Kuwaiti Relationship ............................................................................ 171 c. Oil and the Domestic Politics of the Al-Sabahs ................................................... 174 III. Kuwaiti Citizenship and Social Divisions ............................................................. 178 a. The Nationality Law of 1959 ...................................................................................... 186 IV. The Kuwaiti Constitution, the National Assembly and the Electoral System 195 V. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 209 Chapter 3 Kuwaiti Parliamentary Politics ................................................................ 212 I. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 212 II. Kuwaiti Parliamentary Politics (1962–2002) ..................................................... 213 a. The First Phase of Parliamentary Politics (1962–1976) ................................ 216 b. The Second Phase of Parliamentary Politics: 1980–1990 ............................. 231 c. The Third Phase of Parliamentary Politics (1990–2002) .............................. 241 III. The Advancement of Parliamentary Politics ...................................................... 247 a. Political Groupings in Parliament: ........................................................................... 253 5 IV. Kuwait’s Political Challenges (2003–2010) ........................................................ 257 a.
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