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A Review on Production, Marketing and Use of Fuel Briquettes RESOURCE RECOVERY & REUSE SERIES 7 A Review on Production, Marketing and Use of 7 Fuel Briquettes Bernice Asamoah, Josiane Nikiema, Solomie Gebrezgabher, Elsie Odonkor and Mary Njenga About the Resource Recovery and Reuse Series Resource Recovery and Reuse (RRR) is a sub-program of the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) dedicated to applied research on the safe recovery of water, nutrients and energy from domestic and agro-industrial waste streams. This SRP aims to create impact through different lines of action research, including (i) developing and testing scalable RRR business models, (ii) assessing and mitigating risks from RRR for public health and the environment, (iii) supporting public and private entities with innovative approaches for the safe reuse of wastewater and organic waste, and (iv) improving rural-urban linkages and resource allocations while minimizing the negative urban footprint on the peri-urban environment. This sub-program works closely with the World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), United Nations University (UNU), and many national and international partners across the globe. The RRR series of documents present summaries and reviews of the sub-program’s research and resulting application guidelines, targeting development experts and others in the research for development continuum. IN PARTNERSHIP WITH: Science with a human face RESOURCE RECOVERY & REUSE SERIES 7 A Review on Production, Marketing and Use of Fuel Briquettes Bernice Asamoah, Josiane Nikiema, Solomie Gebrezgabher, Elsie Odonkor and Mary Njenga The authors Bernice Asamoah is a consultant at the International Water Asamoah, B.; Nikiema, J.; Gebrezgabher, S.; Odonkor, E.; Management Institute (IWMI), Accra, Ghana, working on Njenga, M. 2016. A review on production, marketing and use the characterization and production of briquettes from of fuel briquettes. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water municipal solid waste. She has a master’s degree in Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program Sanitary Engineering from UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 51p. (Resource Education, the Netherlands, with a focus on disinfection Recovery and Reuse Series 7). doi: 10.5337/2017.200 of wastewater for reuse purposes. Her current research interest lies in treatment options for safe resource recovery ISSN 2478-0510 and reuse from waste. e-ISSN 2478-0529 ISBN 978-92-9090-846-3 Dr. Josiane Nikiema is Sub-Theme Leader - Water Quality and Safe Water Reuse at IWMI and is based in Accra, / fuel consumption / charcoal / briquettes / fuelwood / urban Ghana. She has a PhD in Chemical Engineering from the wastes / solid wastes / waste management / industrial wastes Université de Sherbrooke, Canada. Her fields of expertise / organic wastes / recycling / faecal sludge / sewage sludge include domestic wastewater treatment and reuse, recovery / renewable energy / domestic consumption / households / of nutrients and organic matter from fecal sludge and organic cooking / energy resources / energy generation / feedstocks solid waste, and testing business models for safe resource / communities / biomass / environmental impact / agricultural recovery and reuse. sector / residues / pollution / emission / developing countries / gender / women / men / youth / chemicophysical properties Dr. Solomie Gebrezgabher is an International Researcher / carbon / raw materials / supply chain / enterprises / at the West Africa Office of IWMI in Accra, Ghana, trained marketing / retail marketing / production costs / small scale in Wageningen, the Netherlands. She has an academic systems / public health / economic aspects / East Africa / background in Business Economics focusing on issues Ghana / Kenya / Africa South of Sahara / related to economic and environmental sustainability assessment and business model development in the waste Copyright © 2016, CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land reuse sector in developing countries. and Ecosystems (WLE), International Water Management Institute (IWMI). Elsie Odonkor is a Research Officer at IWMI, Accra, Ghana, working on integrating gender in research and conducting Fair use: gender analysis in projects supported by the CGIAR Unless otherwise noted, you are free to copy, duplicate or Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). reproduce, and distribute, display or transmit any part of this She has a master’s degree in Development Studies from the report or portions thereof without permission, and to make University for Development Studies (UDS), Tamale, Ghana, translations, adaptations or other derivative works under the with a focus on gender, education and development. following conditions: Dr. Mary Njenga is a researcher in bio-energy working ATTRIBUTION: The work must be referenced on the energy-people-environment nexus at the World according to international standards, but not in any Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya. Njenga way that suggests endorsement by WLE, IWMI or the undertook a postdoctorate in bioenergy at ICRAF, and author(s). worked on fuelwood production and use systems, including NON-COMMERCIAL: This work may not be used for recycling and reuse of biomass for energy. She has a PhD commercial purposes. in Management of Agroecosystems and Environment from SHARE ALIKE: If this work is altered, transformed or the University of Nairobi, Kenya, where she studied fuel built upon, the resulting work must be distributed only briquette technologies and their implications on greenhouse under the same or similar Creative Commons license gases and livelihoods in Kenya. to this one. Front cover photograph: Dry fuel production from organic waste in Uganda. Photo: Mary Njenga, ICRAF. Editor: Mahen Chandrasoma Designer: W. D. A. S. Manike ii Acknowledgements Donors The authors would like to thank Jekora Ventures Ltd., This report is based on research funded by the Dutch in particular, Ms. Akyaa A. Nkrumah and Mr. Immanuel government through the Ghana WASH Window program Nartey-Tokoli, for their support towards collection of some and is supported by the Resource Recovery and Reuse data reported in this paper. The authors are also grateful (RRR) Flagship of the CGIAR Research Program on Water, to Katharina Felgenhauer (Social Scientist for Public-Private Land and Ecosystems (WLE). Partnership, IWMI), Miriam Otoo (Sub-Theme Leader - Business Opportunities for Resource Recovery and The findings and conclusions contained within are those Reuse/Researcher - Economics), Olufunke Cofie (Principal of the authors and do not necessarily reflect positions or Researcher/Head, IWMI West Africa Office) and Pay policies of the funders. Drechsel (Theme Leader, Resource Recovery, Water Quality, and Health) for their valuable inputs which helped to improve the content of this report. This research was carried out as part of the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Project Ecosystems (WLE) and supported by CGIAR Fund This research study is a contribution to the Creating and Donors (http://www.cgiar.org/ capturing value (CapVal) project and focuses on one of its whoweare/cgiar-fund/fund- components on energy recovery from municipal solid waste. donors-2). The CapVal project (2014-2019) supports both public and private sector-driven commercialization of reuse and recycling of waste to improve the sustainability of the sanitation value chain in Ghana. As part of the CapVal project, high-potential solutions are proposed to incentivize better local sanitation planning and management. These solutions aim to reduce waste transport costs, support the lifetime of landfills, and reduce health and environmental impacts, while improving the livelihoods of men/women farmers and contributing to food security. Collaborators This research study was a collaboration of the following organizations. International Water Management Institute (IWMI) World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) iii iv CONTENTS List of Tables ....................................................................................................................................................vii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................. viii Acronyms and Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................ viii Summary ...........................................................................................................................................................ix 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Composition of Municipal Solid Waste .......................................................................................................1 1.2 Management of Municipal Solid Waste ......................................................................................................2 1.3 Opportunities .............................................................................................................................................2 1.4 Gendered Roles, and Access to, and Control of, Energy Resources for Cooking .......................................3 2 RAW MATERIALS ..........................................................................................................................................3
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