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A Comparative Study of Appraisal in Love Songs between Anggun C. Sasmi
and Agnes Monica
(Based on Systemic Functional Linguistics Study)
THESIS
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment Of Requirements for the Sarjana Degree in English Department Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University
By:
Yeni Setiyawati
C0308076
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS
SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
SURAKARTA
2012
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PRONOUNCEMENT
Name : Yeni Setiyawati
NIM : C0308076
Stated wholeheartedly that the thesis entitled A Comparative Study of
Appraisal in Love Songs between Anggun C.Sasmi and Agnes Monica (Based on
Systemic Functional Linguistics Study) is originally done by the researcher, not
by others. This is not plagiarism and everything related to the other people’s
works are written in quotations and included within the bibliography.
If it is then proven that the researcher cheats, the researcher is ready to
take the responsibility.
Surakarta, July 2012
The researcher
Yeni Setiyawati
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MOTTO
“Sesungguhnya Allah tidak merubah keadaan suatu kaum sehingga
mereka mengubah keadaan yang ada pada diri mereka sendiri"
(Al-Qur’an)
“Salah satu untuk mendapatkan keberhasilan adalah kerja keras”
(Harry Golden)
“Change your life today, don’t gamble on the future, act now, without
delay”
(William James)
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DEDICATION
I dedicate this thesis to:
My beloved father and mother
My beloved brother
My friends
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillahirrobil’alamin
All praises just to the Almighty, ALLAH SWT for His blessing, love, and
guidance given to the researcher to finish this thesis. The researcher believe that
this thesis will not be finished without supports from many people. Hence, the
researcher would like to express my gratitude to:
1. The Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Drs. Riyadi Santosa, M.Ed.,
Ph.D., for approving this thesis.
2. The Head of Regular Program English Department, Drs. Agus Hari
Wibowo, M.A., Ph.D., for giving me permission to write this thesis.
3. Dr. Tri Wiratno, M.A, my thesis supervisor, for giving his guidance,
support and helping me in completing this thesis.
4. Dra. Susilorini, M.A, as my academic supervisor for her guidance and
advice during my study.
5. All my lecturers in English Department, thank you very much for all
knowledge given to me.
6. My beloved parents, Ibu Dalyanti, and Bapak Suprihadi, thank you for
your love, support and alway pray for me
7. My beloved brother, Antono Adi Saputro, thank you for your helping me
to provide my needs.
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8. My senior, mbak Umi for the discussion, helping and sharing experience
related to this thesis. Thank you so much for the time, hence I can
complete my thesis.
9. My best friends Ornella, Diaz, and Asri, thank you for your support.
Thank you for your advice and time for me to complete this thesis.
10. To my friends, July, Udiana, Rara, and Mimi thank you for the discussion,
advice related to this thesis. I am sorry if I bother you much Guys.
11. All of my classmates in ED’08, thank you for the support and the
happiness of having you guys.
12. For those, who have not listed, it does not mean that I have ignored your
help and support. Thank you so much.
Finally, the researcher realizes that this thesis is not perfect without the
comments, suggestions and critics from the reader. However, I hope that this
thesis will be useful for others.
The researcher
Yeni Setiyawati
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover ...... i
Approval of The Thesis Supervisor ...... ii
Approval of The Board Examiners ...... iii
Pronouncement ...... iv Motto ...... v Dedication ...... vi Acknowledgement ...... vii Table of Contents ...... ix List of Tables ...... xi List of Figures ...... xiii Abstract ...... xiv
I. CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION A. Research Background ...... 1 B. Research Questions ...... 6
C. Research Objectives ...... 6
D. Research Significance/ Benefits ...... 6
E. Scope of Research ...... 7
F. Thesis Organizations ...... 7
II. CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Music and Ideas ...... 9
B. Songs and Lyrics ...... 11
C. Profile of Singers ...... 13
D. Profile of Songs ...... 16
E. Systemic Functional Linguistics ...... 19
F. Text and Context...... 20 G. Appraisal...... commit to user 21
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H. Prosody and Genre ...... 31
I. Ideology ...... 36
III. CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Research Paradigm ...... 38
B. Research Methodology ...... 39
1. Research Location ...... 39 2. Sample and Sampling Technique ...... 40 3. Data and Source of Data ...... 40 4. Data Validity ...... 41 C. Technique of Data Analysis ...... 41 1. Applying Domain Analysis ...... 42 2. Applying Taxonomic Analysis ...... 42 3. Applying Componential Analysis ...... 44 4. Applying Finding Cultural Values ...... 45
IV. CHAPTER IV: FINDING AND DISCUSSION A. Introduction ...... 46
B. Findings ...... 46
C. Discussion ...... 109
V. CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
A. Conclusion ...... 118
B. Recommendation ...... 124
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2. 1. Table of Options of Affect ...... 23 Table 2. 2. Table of Realization of Affect ...... 23 Table 2. 3. Table of Example Judgement Character ...... 24
Table 2. 4. Table of Types Apppreciation in a Specialized Field ...... 25 Table 2. 5. Table Options For Graduation ...... 28 Table 2. 6. Table of Projecting Sources ...... 29
Table 3. 1. Table the Example of Attitudes ...... 43 Table 3. 2. Table the Example of Graduation ...... 43 Table 3. 3. Table the Example of Engagemen ...... 43 Table 3. 4. Table Analysis of Componential in All Texts ...... 44 Table 4. 1. Table Number of Attitudes Text 1 ...... 47 Table 4. 2. Table Analysis of Affect Text 1 ...... 48 Table 4. 3. Table Analysis of Judgement Text 1 ...... 49 Table 4. 4. Table Analysis of Appreciation (Reaction) Text 1 ...... 52 Table 4. 5. Table Analysis of Appreciation (Valuation) Text 1 ...... 54 Table 4. 6. Table Analysis of Graduation Text 1 ...... 55 Table 4. 7. Table Analysis of Engagement Text 1 ...... 58 Table 4. 8. Table Analysis of the Relation between Attitudes, Prosodoy and Genre of Text 1 ...... 60 Table 4. 9. Table Number of Attitudes Text 2 ...... 62 Table 4. 10. Table Analysis of Affect Text 2 ...... 63 Table 4. 11. Table Analysis of Judgement Text 2 ...... 65 Table 4. 12. Table Analysis of Appreciation (Valuation) Text 2 ...... 67 Table 4. 13. Table Analysis of Graduation Text 2 ...... 68 Table 4. 14. Table Analysis of Engagement Text 2 ...... 70 Table 4. 15. Table Analysis of the Relation between Attitudes,
Prosody, and Genre Text 2 ...... 73
Table 4. 16. Table Number of Attitudes Text 3 ...... 75 Table 4. 17. Table Analysis of Affect Text 3 ...... 76 Table 4. 18. Table Analysis of Judgement Text 3 ...... 77
Table 4. 19. Table Analysis of Appreciation (Reaction) Text 3 ...... 80 Table 4. 20. Table Analysis of Appreciation (Valuation) Text 3 ...... 82
Table 4. 21. Table Analysis of Graduation Text 3 ...... 84 Table 4. 22. Table Analysis of Engagement Text 3 ...... 87 Table 4. 23. Table Analysis of the Relation between Attitudes,
Prosody, and Genre Text 3 ...... 90 Table 4. 24. Table Number of Attitudes Text 4 ...... 92 Table 4. 25. Table Analysis of Affect Text 4 ...... 93
Table 4. 26. Table Analysis of Judgement Text 4 ...... 95 Table 4. 27. Table Analysis of Appreciation (Reaction) Text 4 ...... 99
Table 4. 28. Table Analysis of Appreciation (Valuation) Text 4 ...... 100 Table 4. 29. Table Analysis of Graduation Text 4 ...... 101 Table 4. 30. Table Analysis of Engagement Text 4 ...... 104 Table 4. 31. Table Analysis of thecommit Relation to userbetween Attitudes,
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Prosody, and Genre Text 4 ...... 107
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2. 1. Figure of graduation ...... 26
Figure 2. 2. Figure of demand modality ...... 30 Figure 2. 3. Figure of modality for negotiating information ...... 30 Figure 2. 4. Figure of ideology...... 36
Figure 3. 1. Figure of the flow data analysis ...... 42 Figure 3. 2. Figure of finding cultural values ...... 45
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ABSTRACT
Yeni Setiyawati. 2012. A Comparative Study of Appraisal in Love Songs between Anggun C. Sasmi and Agnes Monica (Based on Systemic Functional
Linguistics). English Department, Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Sebelas Maret University.
This research focused on the appraisal system in love songs between Anggun C. Sasmi and Agnes Monica taken from the album entitled “Luminescence” and “WhaddupA”. There were four texts were analyzed. There were two texts for each artist, the data are entitled “Saviour” and “Breathe in Water” performed by Anggun C. Sasmi, and the other data are entitled “What They Called a Soulmate” and “I’ll Light A Candle” performed by Agnes Monica. Appraisal theory is focused on attitudes, graduation, and engagement. This research was conducted to find out the appraisal areas applied in those texts, the influence of the appraisal areas toward the texts, and the reason why the appraisal areas employed in the texts. This research is a descriptive qualitative research. The technique used in this research is total sampling. All data which contain appraising items in those texts become the data in this research. There were two data in this research consisting of primary and secondary data. The primary data is taken from the four analyzed texts and the secondary data is taken from the biographies and news related to the two artists. The results show that the three kinds of attitudes (affect, appreciation, and engagement) are used in the texts. Those attitudes are applied in the positive and negative ways. The engagement is monogloss in the first text Saviour performed by Anggun C. Sasmi and the fourth text What They Called A Soulmate performed by Agnes Monica. Meanwhile, the second text Breathe in Water presented by Anggun C. Sasmi and third text I’ll Light a Candle presented by Agnes Monica
which are heterogloss. The graduation is mostly force: raise. The use of attitudes affects to the texts in terms of prosody, ideology and genre. Narrative genre is
used in all texts represented by Anggun C. Sasmi and Agnes Monica. The appraising items are applied in the texts because the artists want to show their ideologies. The ideology is right protagonist for text entitled Saviour
presented by Anggun C. Sasmi and What They Called A Soulmate presented by Agnes Monica. Meanwhile, the ideology is right antagonist for texts entitled
Breathe in Water performed by Anggun C. Sasmi and I’ll Light A Candle performed by Agnes Monica. All of the texts tend to be positive because the artists want to show their feelings and attitudes toward their soulmate.
It can be seen that the artists have similarities to express their feelings. The way the artists in expressing their ideologies in the songs entitled Breathe in Water and I’ll Light a Candle are similar, right antagonist. It is because the artist
support the issue to wait their soulmate. Meanwhile, in the first text and third text, the ideologies of Anggun and Agnes are right protagonist. It is because they argue in two sided by giving positive and negative attitudes toward their soulmate. The positive attitudes represent that thecommit saviour to userreally important in their lives. On the
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other hand, the negative attitudes represent their dissatisfactions of the leaving of their soulmate.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background
Appraisal theory deals with the emotions which are felt by people in
different ways. Appraisal relates to the speaker’s thinking or feeling toward
something (a person, action, thing, event, situation or idea, etc) whether it is good
or bad (Thompson, 2004). People can feel joy, sorrow, excitement, anger and so
forth. Generally, appraisal relates to the certain events which are brought an
emotion, a response and an impact.
In addition, as stated by Martin and Rose (2003) that appraisal theory
concerns with the evaluation of attitudes employed in the texts, the strength of
feelings are expressed by people, and the ways of values are obtained. The
function of using appraisal theory is to reveal the feeling related to certain events.
Moreover, appraisal theory focuses on interpersonal meaning that
concerns with how social relations are negotiated, how people are interacted to
share their feelings. As the appraisal connects to interpersonal meaning, it is
closely related to tenor. It relates to the participants involved in the happening,
where the participants have their own aspect including social status, character,
role relationship among the participants whether it is temporary or permanent
relationship (Martin & White, 2005). The writers of the text and the participants
involved in the text as the part of the participants itself. It is influenced by many
aspects, such as character, status, or identity relate to who or what kind of person
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The appraisal itself is divided into three areas; attitude, engagement and
graduation. Attitude concerns with feeling include the reaction of emotions.
Generally, attitudes consist of effect of feeling, judgement of character, and
appreciation of thing. Those kinds of attitudes can be used to analyze text.
Engagement concerns with source of attitudes whether come from the text’s
writer or the other sources. Meanwhile, graduation concerns with the grading of
feelings, which can be categorized as stronger or weaker (Martin & Rose, 2003).
As discussed before, appraisal can be analyzed from many kinds of text,
one of them is lyric of songs. Song is a composition of musical about words and
music (http://i.word.com/dictionary/song). Song is composed to express idea and
feeling which can be from the singer or the writer of the song in the particular
situation. It means that song reflects the singer and the writer’s experience. The
difference experience of the singer or the writer of the song can influence to the
lyric of songs. This is the reason why there are so many different songs in
composition words although the theme is the same, namely love.
In addition, the other parts of song are lyric. Lyric is a form of song that
express idea and feeling of the singer, what they feel, such as happiness, sadness,
and so on (http://www.freedictionary.com). In many cases, love song still become
the first choice for most of singers to be performed. Love song relates to the basic
of human feeling, no one in the world never feel love. This thing makes love song
accepted by people in different levels easily.
In conducting the research, the researcher chooses two love songs for each
singer of their own album. The two songs are sung by Anggun entitled “Saviour commit to user
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and Breathe in Water” from the Luminescence Album. The other two songs are
performed by Agnes entitled “What They Called Soulmate and I’ll Light A
Candle” from WhaddupA album. In the past, in order to make an advance in her
career, Anggun changed her citizenship to be French. Meanwhile, Agnes is an
Indonesian artist who started to be a well-liked person in the world. The
differences of Anggun and Agnes are their ways to reach the top career.
The lyric of “Saviour” by Anggun and What They Called Soulmate by
Agnes have the same theme, boh of them are about soulmate. Both songs tell
about the process of waiting for a soulmate to complete in their lives. A soulmate
is considered for accompanying and for sharing the feeling of happiness and
sadness in their lives. Meanwhile, Breathe in Water by Anggun and I’ll Light A
Candle by Agnes also have the same theme, it gives much information about love.
Both songs explain about a love that they really wait for. The songs between
Anggun and Agnes have same theme but it is expressed in differen ways by the
artists because their feelings are different, the way they compose the words to be a
song. It is because, the journey of those two artists is different and it influences
the lyric. Thus, the researcher chooses the artists on the research by giving
attention to the biography in influencing the lyric.
Shortly, this research will analyze the four love songs to compare the
attitudes used in the text and analyze why the singers use certain attitudes to show
their feelings toward the lyric of love songs in different experiences. For example:
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From the following verse of “Saviour” lyric, Anggun C.Sasmi says :
Somewhere between my sleep Somewhere beneath my skin In places I can’t see
Something is known to be a sin
From the cut off of the verse, the words “to be a sin” is considered to
negative attitude because the singer expresses her feeling that what she hopes and
waits did not come true. It is a sin because the singer waits for long time and she
looks for in her favorite place, but there was nothing.
To have comparative study of appraisal, in the following verse of “What
They Called Soulmate” lyric, Agnes Monica says :
Why you said your love to me won’t ever die When you know that it’s only a lie
From the cut off of the words, “it’s only a lie” is thought to be negative
attitude because the singer expresses her feeling of her love and her promise from
her soulmate is just words because it is not proven by the attitudes of her
soulmate. The singer believes to the promise from her soulmate, but when she
waits and hopes for long time, it is just promise.
Based on the examples above, it can be concluded that the choice of words
of the singers are influenced by their attitudes. The attitudes are influenced by
their experiences about love experience. Specifically, it is influenced by their
journeys of falling in love.
As a result, the singer’s biography and the situation will influence the
production of the text. Last, the attitudes which are found in the text will be used
to determine the prosody, genre, and ideology of the singers. commit to user
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The previous study related to lyric of songs in the English Department,
Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, UNS was done by Ratih Wulan Sari (2009)
entitled “A Comparative Study of Ideational meaning between The Love Song
Lyrics written by The Most Popular American Song writers in 1990s and
Indonesian Song writers in 2000s (Based on Systemic Functional Linguistics
Study)”. The research analyzes the songs on ideational meaning to see the process
which is happened in the lyric. It focused more on the process behind the lyric
such as existential, mental, or material process. Moreover, it gave less information
of the writer’s experience related to the lyric.
The related research on appraisal was done by Idha Dwi Prasetyo (2011)
entitled “A comparative Analysis of Appraisal between Editorial and Opinion
Column Exposing Ahmadiyah Issue Published on The Jakarta Globe and The
Jakarta Post Websites (A Study Based on Systemic Functional Linguistics)”. In
the research, the writers did not give detail explanation of the words which are
shown the attitudes. The writer only gave some explanations about what attitudes
in the table without showing the specific words.
Those two researches were giving research gap for the present research.
Thus, the present researcher is interested in comparing the artist’s experience by
conducting a research from some love song lyrics which are sung by two artists in
a thesis entitled “A Comparative Study of Appraisal in Love Songs between
Anggun C.Sasmi and Agnes Monica (Based on Systemic Functional Linguistics
Study)”. In this research the researcher will figure out the attitudes, the effects of
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the attitudes toward the texts, and the reasons why the attitudes are employed in
the texts which will lead to the information of the characters of both of singers.
B. Research Questions
According to the research background above the researcher proposes the
following questions:
1. What are the areas of appraisal employed in the text?
2. How do the areas of appraisal influence the text?
3. Why are the areas of appraisal employed in the text?
C. Research Objectives
Based on the problem statements above, the objectives of this research are:
1. To figure out the areas of appraisal employed in the texts
2. To figure out the effects of the areas of appraisal employed in the texts
3. To explain the reasons of employing the areas of appraisal in the texts
D. Research Benefit
The research on appraisal found in the love songs of two singers, Anggun
C.Sasmi and Agnes Monica has the following benefits :
1. To provide the reasons why the singers use certain attitudes to show their
feelings as a reflection of their lives to conclude the prosody, genre and
ideology of the singers.
2. To provide the detail characteristics of two singers Anggun C.Sasmi and
Agnes Monica who have different career journey.
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E. Scope of Research
The research is limited on appraissal theory by seeing from attitudes,
engagement, and graduation. The research is more focus on the analysis of two
love songs for each singer taken from their album (Luminescence and WhaddupA)
and related to their biographies about how they reach international achievement as
singer. The research focuses on analysing songs from Luminescence Album by
Anggun C.Sasmi, the songs entitled “Saviour and Breathe in Water” and from
WhaddupA Album by Agnes Monica, the songs entitled “What They Called
Soulmate and I’ll Light A Candle”. The appraisal analysis will cover the attitudes
(affect, judgment, and appreciation), graduation, and the engagement to know the
types of attitudes, prosody, genre and ideology of the love songs. To find the
characteristic, the appraisal analysis is being limited to make the research focus
only on the two love songs for each singer.
F. Thesis Organization
In this sub-chapter, thesis organizatiion consists of five chapters. It starts
from Chapter I covers introduction, Chapter II covers literature review, Chapter
III covers research methdology, Chapter IV covers finding and discussion, and
Chapter V covers conclusion.
The first chapter covers Introduction. It consists of Research Background,
Research Question, Research Objectives, Research Limitation, Research
Benefit, Scope of Research, and Thesis Organization.
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The second chapter covers Literature Review. It consists of the Definition
of Music, the Biography of Singer, Systemic Functional Linguistics, Appraisal,
Prosody and Genre, and Ideology.
The third chapter covers Research Methodology. It consists of Research
Paradigm, Research Location, Sample and Sample Technique, Data and Source
of Data, Data Validity and Technique of Data Analysis.
The fourth chapter coveres Finding Discussion. In this chapter, it covers
two parts relate to the answers of the research questions based on appraisal
theory. They are the finding and the discussion.
The last chapter covers Conclusion. It consists of conclusion of the results
and recommendation for the next researcher or reader.
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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Music and Ideas
Basically human being is a perfect human being who is supported by brain
to think and to feel something. Related to the feeling, human being always
searches and listens to music. They consider that music can represent their
feelings, either sad or happy. No one can live without music. Music is closely
related to human being, everywhere and every time people always listen to music.
As stated by Schoenberg (1995), music is not a kind of entertainment but a
presentation of musical ideas from the poet‟s or thinker, ideas are perceive,
reason, and expression of a man which must be same to the laws of human logic .
Moreover, Schoenberg (1995) says that :
in differentiating music from entertainment or play, characterizes art as a kind of knowledge. The musical work is a message of the artist. Just as the work is concrete, presented for immediate experience, not for the
intellect, so the musical idea it realizes is not an abstract concept [Begriff], but a concrete thought [Gedanke].
It means that the listeners listen to music because the artists or the lyrics
represent their feelings condition. In addition, music is called language of the
emotions since the artist needs a public for his work not only from his desire for
self expression but also his need to communicate with his fellows (Machlis,
1995). It means that music reflects the time and the place where it is produced and
this makes a song not to be universal. Every song is a culture space which brings
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significant social information (Griffee, 1992). Generally, music is formed in
DVD or Cassette, containing many songs of the singer.
Furthermore, Machlis (1995) states that music is an art dealing with the
organization of tone patterns. Music is an art dealing with instrumental sounds for
beauty of form for emotional expression and deals with some elements, they are
rhythm, melody and harmony which is also combined with the chord
(http://www.reference.com/browse/music?s=t).
Rhythm is a word come from Greek that means „flow‟. It relates to show
the movement of music in time. Principally, the organization and design control
the duration of tones. It is called heartbeat of music which is the pulse reflecting
life (Machlis, 1995). Rhythm also concerns with the duration and stress towards
the patterns (http://www.reference.com/browse/rhythm?s=t). The rhythmic
organization involves three aspects: meter which organizes sequence of music
into measures, rhythm which organizes the value of time within the measure and
tempo which determines the speed of the measurements and the duration in actual
time (Machlis, 1995).
Furthermore, Machlis (1995) states melody relates to the elements of
music that makes the appeal deeper and more direct, it is also known as the soul
of music. Melody is perceived by the mind as an entity from the succession of
tones. Meanwhile, harmony relates to what perspective of music to painting which
creates meaning and direction as the impression of musical space (Machlis, 1995).
Chord relates to two or more sounds of pitch or three or more groups of musical
tones which work simultaneously (www.reference.com/browse/chord). Those commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id11
elements work together to create idea and to arrange the music. It is supported by
Schoenberg (1995) that the inspiration is not the theme, but the whole work. The
wholeness includes the intrinsic because it is prior to the work itself.
B. Songs and Lyric
According to Griffee (1992) the word songs refers to pieces of music that
have words, especially popular songs such as those one hears on the radio. Songs
are part of music which can be different from one singer to the other. This makes
all people have different types of music. In addition, Griffee (1992) also states
that :
No one knows exactly why songs are powerful, but everyone knows from a personal point of view that they are. They are non-threatening; we usually choose which songs we listen to. Songs speak to us directly about our experiences, they reassure us in our moments of trouble. They are a satisfying art form: the lyrics fit the music and the music fits the lyrics and together they form a complete unit. Another reason might be the ability of songs and music in general to affect our emotions. Many people can be moved to tears or other strong emotions by music, and songs can acquire strong emotional associations with people, events and places.
Moreover, Griffee (1992) states that songs have the same elements as
speech and poetry, but they have unique forms. Both speech and song are vocally
produced, they are meaningful and have melody in the way of linguistics.
Meanwhile, songs and poetry use words to deliver meaning, both of them can be
listened and put in music, for instance songs for concerts, and poetry reading for
poems. Griffee (1992) states that songs have their own identity and the function is
also differen from speech of poetry. Songs at least have three features :
1. Songs deliver lower information than poetry since songs are just heard
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2. Songs are more redundant than poetry; the redundancy includes
borrowing lines from other songs, proverbs, cliche as well as alliteration,
or catch phrase. Those things make songs simpler than poetry.
3. Songs have personal quality which makes the listener feel as if the songs
are created for them personally. Songs create their own world of emotion
and feeling, and the listeners participate in creating the world.
It can be concluded that songs are usually written in simple way to deliver
the message of the artist and it can be listened and understood immediately by the
listeners. The songs consist of two parts to deliver the message itself, they are
lyric and music. Those words are known as lyric which has tone and melody as
music.
Lyric is literary genre which brings representation of the author about
feeling and emotion. It refers to having tone in the form and manner of songs
(http://www.thefreedictionary.com/lyric). Furthermore, lyric is composition in
verse to constitute a song and it is sung in melody (www.reference.com). It
means that lyric is the way of author to communicate his feeling to the fellows.
They express their personal experiences through the words which are arranged to
be a song. The personal experiences or the ideas can be from the singers or the
writers of song.
Lyric is a device to develop the idea which is delivered to the audiences to
make them understand the message inside the lyric. By listening to the words, the
audiences can understand the happening of the singers or the writers of song.
Generally, audiences always listen to a song which also represents their feelings. commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id13
Either the singers or the writer of song have important role to create a good music
as the way to convey the meaning.
C. Profile of the singers
a. Anggun Cipta Sasmi
Anggun is an Indonesian singer. She was born on April 29, 1974 in
Jakarta. She is a child from Darto Seno and Dian Herdina. She was taught by her
father who has fully art blood in their families in hard way. Her father was very
discplined and very hard in teaching her. She started as a singer when she was 7
years old. Firstly, she performed in Ancol, when she was 9 years old, she already
accepted a singing job and tried to create her own songs. At 12 years old, Anggun
is interested in rock music and she was started singing and published her album
entitled Dunia Aku Punya or World is Mine. The album became well-known and a
megastar in East-Asia.
In the previous success, Anggun reached the top of popularity when she
published her album entitled Mimpi and followed by recording her new album
entitled Tua Tua Keladi in 1990. In this album the landmarks of Anggun is a lady
rocker, she chose rock music in her career. Then, she became a popular artist in
1990-1991. From her popularity, Anggun has her own recording studio PT Bali
Cipta Record. In 1992, Anggun decided to marry with a Frenchman, Michel de
Ghea when she met him in tour in Banjarmasin. The marriage got rejection from
her parents due to the distance of their ages.
Then, in 1994 Anggun moved to Europe with her husband. Firstly,
Anggun stayed in Britania London and Anggun started to send demo to studio in commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id14
Britania to introduce herself as a singer in clubs there. Since the high cost of
living in London, Anggun nearly run out of her money. In addition, she felt
dissappointed when her demo did not get positive response. Finally, she felt that
her career would not grow up in Britania, then she decided to move to Netherland.
However in the middle of trip Anggun decided to stay in French where her
husband comes from.
In 1996, she met Erick Benzi, a well-known producer in French, and
Anggun changed her type of music, rock to pop music. In 1997, Anggun and
Erick started to record her album entitled Au nom de la lune. This music became
popular in Belgia, Swiss, and Canada. In the following year, Anggun recorded her
album entitled Snow on the Sahara which was published in 33 countries. This
album became hits in East Asia and top 5 in UK charts. In 1999, Anggun was
formally divorced with Michel de Ghea and she changed her nationality to
French.
The changing of nationality became controversy in Indonesia. In 2003,
Anggun came back to marry with Olivier Maury from Canada, but the marriage
was not long. In 2006 Anggun was divorced again in her second marriage. In
November 8, 2007 Anggun had a daughter named Kirana from her relationship
with Cyril Montana, a French writer. Anggun is a follower of pluralisme. She
considers that all religions are good, the news at that time told her that Anggun
was learning Budha. Anggun is still a famous artist even though she got problems
and controversies. Outside of those things, Anggun made Indonesian people proud
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of her. Eventhough she changed her nationality, Anggun still can speak
Indonesian fluently.
b. Agnes Monica
Agnes Monica Muljoto was born on July 1, 1986 in Jakarta. She is a child
from Jenny Siswono dan Ricky Suprapto. She became an artist, presenter, and
singer at a very young age. When she was 6 years old, she recorded her 3 albums
entitled Si Meong, Yess, and Bala-Bala which made her name popular. In 1990,
Agnes started to be an actress by acting in soap opera entitled Pernikahan Dini.
The following step take by Agnes was recording her adult album entitled And The
Story Goes in 2003.
Agnes chooses hip hop, R and B, and pop music in her career. Then, in
2005 she recorded her album again entitled WhaddupA by inviting some well-
known Indonesian musicians such as Dewiq, Melly Goeslow and Andi Rianto and
also she colaborated with an American Singer, Keith Martin. This album got some
appreciations of three AMI AWARDS as the best soloist singer, the best RnB
production, and the best album cover.
The journey of Agnes career ran smoothly since she is a talented person.
The next year, Agnes always creates something new in her career either acting in
soap operas or singing in many stages. She acted in a movie in Taiwan. It was a
stepping stone for Agnes to reach her dream. As it is known by everyone, Agnes
always says that she would go international.
Then, she proved it in 2005 by acting with one of the members of F4, Jerry
Yan in a movie entitled The Hospital. After the year, Agnes tried hard to make her commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id16
dream comes true by becoming an ambassador of anti-drugs in 2007. Then, in
2008 Agnes proved that she is a star by acting in soup opera entitled Jelita and she
also sang the soundtrack of the soup opera. Agnes also got appreciation of the
most favorite female in MTV Indonesia Awards. In September 2008 Agnes got
appreciation as the best Asian artist and the best performance in Seoul, South
Korea.
The amazing thing during her career happens when she became a presenter
in American Music Awards in 2010. This achievment shows that Agnes is going
to go international and she proves it from time to time. In 2011, Agnes has been
contracted by the popular producer, Greg Ogan and she would also have duet with
American singer, Timbaland. Moreover, Agnes was also nominated in the
category of World Wide Act Asia Pacific Nominees in MTV Europe Awards
2011.
It is little bit difficult to seek for personal information of Agnes rather than
her achievements. The most information which is provided in the website is just
about Agnes‟s career. There is no more personal information about her since
Agnes is closed person. She focuses more on her career rather than creates gossip.
D. Profile of songs
1. Saviour
This song is the third popular songs in Luminescence album after the song
entitled In your mind and Undress me. It is written by Frederic Jaffre, Evelyne
Kral, and Anggun. The element of this song is rock. Saviour becomes soudtrack
of hollywood movie entitled Transporter II. commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id17
There are two versions of this song in French and Indonesian. In French,
this song entitled Cesse la pluie and in Indonesian entitled Mantra. The editor of
the video clip of this song is James Christopher Monger and he mentioned this
song is sensual song from Indonesian goddess. This video clip almost gallanted by
Indonesian people caused at that time porn has been a serious issue discussed in
Indonesia. This makes the video clip launched at Anggun Concert entitled Konser
Untuk Negeri.
2. Breathe in Water
This song is one of many songs in Luminescence album, it is written by
Anggun, Jean Fauque and Jean Piere Taieb, the mos famous composers in French.
Most songs in Luminescence are written by them. This song is not too popular for
listeners since it is not explored more by local radio or television. Breathe in
Water is not less famous than the other songs entitled in your mind, undress me
and saviour.
It is just compilation of this album to the listeners. The song represents the
feeling of the singer about waiting a soulmate. This song is not played much in
local radio or television. That is why it is difficult to find the information of this
song include the chart music itself.
3. What They Called Soulmate
What They Called Soulmate is one of songs in WhaddupA album in
English Version. It is written by Agnes Monica and Andi Rianto. As known by
many people Andi Rianto is a famous composer in Indonesia. This song is less
popular than the other songs entitled Tak Ada Logika and Bukan Milik Ku Lagi. commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id18
This is because the market of Agnes Monica is Indonesian songs. This song is just
alternative songs which can be listened by listeners besides the other songs in her
album.
It represents the feeling from the singer towards her soulmate. The
message of this song is almost similar with the song entitled Saviour performed
by Anggun. The song takes general theme, namely love but specifically it is about
the meaning of soulmate. It is rather difficult to seek the information of this song
about the chart music in local radio or television since it seems that the song is
never played in media
4. I‟ll Light a Candle
I’ll Light a Candle is one song in English Version. It is written by Keith
Martin and Diana S Dayao. Keith Martin is an American Singer who made a
collaboration wih Agnes Monica. I’ll Ligh A Candle is presented by Agnes
Monica wih Keith Martin. He did not only compose the song but also sing the
song duet with Agnes Monica.
The target listener of this album is for Indonesian people. Many people
know that Agnes Monica always launches songs in Indonesian rather than in
English Version. This makes the English Songs not explored much by the local
radio or private television. The way taken by Agnes Monica by putting English
Songs in her album is just the beginning step to go an international career.
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E. Systemic Functional Linguistics
Systemic Functional Linguistics is introduced by MAK Halliday which
focuses on meaning of the language used. Language is the main device to fullfill
human needs. As stated by Halliday (1994), language is explained as a system of
meanings completed by forms to see the meaning in it.
It is supported by Eggins (1994), who states that systemic approach is
increasingly identified as useful descriptive and interpretative framework to view
the language as a strategic, meaning-making resource. Eggins (1994) states that
there are four main theories about language: the functional of language use, how
the functions of language make the meaning, how the meaning is influenced by
social and cultural context which is given by them, and the process of using
language. As the basic of language theories, it leads to focus in a text as the social
interactions product. It is considered that a text is also influenced by social and
cultural context which is negotiated by the writer and the participant themselves.
In addition, the fundamental components in language meaning focus on
the metafunctions area. Metafuntions deal with three main kinds of meaning:
ideational, interpersonal and textual meaning. Ideational meaning represents
experience of participants. Interpersonal meaning describes social relationship,
how the social interaction is run to give or ask information or goods and services.
Textual meaning relates to the two metafunctions (ideational and interpersonal)
(Santosa: 2003).
Halliday explains that ideational meaning represents experiences. It
consists of two: experiential and logical meaning. Experiential employs to the commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id20
experience of the participant. Meanwhile, logical employs to the basis of reason
experiences. Interpersonal meaning relates to social interaction; it expresses
relationship between the writer and reader, and the attitudes toward the subject
matter as the representation of the writer (Santosa: 2003). Then, textual meaning
relates to how a text is organized as a speech or a piece of writing. Halliday added
that a text can bring different meaning because of the units of sentence like
clauses, texts, and sentences (Eggins: 1994).
F. Text and Context
Related to the study of SFL which focuses on language used, this proves
that language is social product of verbal and non verbal process (Santosa: 2003).
It is also supported by Halliday (1994), who states that a text as a thing of product
is represented as a piece of writing. It relates to a product which represents the
process as a writer, not as a reader to see the meaning. It means that it needs to
focus more on the activities to lead the production.
Moreover, Eggins (1994) states that a text is a social product of interaction
which is related to the cultural and social context that are negotiated in the text. It
means that in a text, cultural and social context become a unity, it can not be
separated. Malinowski claims that a language became clear when it is put in its
context. Meanwhile, cultural context relates to how a context gives purpose and
meaning toward the fact.
The contexts of situation are explained in the three variables or called as
register variables: field, tenor and mode. These three variables worked
simultaneously to get contextual and configuration meaning. The configuration commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id21
meaning is limited to the choice of words realized in social process (Santosa:
2003).
Field refers to what happens in the events, what happens to characteristics
of social process, and how the participants use language as medium including
what, where, how and why the events happen. Tenor refers to who acts in the
social events including the characteristic, social status and social characteristic
which are running. Mode refers to how the language is acted by the participant
including the aim of participant uses the language. Mode envelops two aspects:
channel and medium. Channel represents what the kinds of language is used
whether spoken or written. While medium refers to how language is used to
express, it can be one way or two way communications, audio, audio-visual, or
visual (Santosa: 2003).
Text always connects with context situation and culture, Eggins (1994)
states that in order to understand how people use language, it needs to consider
the context of situation and context of culture. Furthermore, Santosa (2003) states
that text is a process how the participants show the social process whether written
or spoken. It can be conluded that the three metafunctions and three aspects of
situation work simultaneously realized in social process based on the culture and
context of situation.
G. Appraisal
Martin and White (2005) state that appraisal resources connect to the
interpersonal in language. It relates to know how the participants communicate
and to know what the feeling and value are shared by seeing from the attitudes of commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id22
the participants. Thus, the interpersonal meaning is closely related to tenor since
that tenor relates to the social status of participants; how they show their feeling.
This is why the appraissal is used to show the attitudes in the way to negotiate the
relationship about how we feel.
Martin and Rose (2003) state that the attitude deals with evaluating things,
people‟s character and people‟s feeling. The evaluation connects to the amplifying
of sound that it can be weak or strong. Furthermore, the source of attitudes can be
from the writer‟s own or from the other resources. In addition, the appraisal
emphasizes on the three interacting areas. They are attitude, engagement, and
graduation (Martin & White: 2005). This system is formulated to know the sense
of the appraisal towards the text. Furthermore, the appraisal system will be
explained below :
1. Attitude
Attitude consists of three domains, they are affect (relates to people‟s
feeling), judgement (relates to people‟s characters), and appreciation (relates to
evaluating things) (Martin & Rose: 2003).
a. Affect
Martin and White (2005) state that affect connects to the emotional
reactions, it can be positive or negative such as happy, anger, gloomy and so forth.
It means that someone‟s feeling deals with negative and positve feeling.
Sometimes people can feel happy but in other time they can feel sad.
Martin and Rose (2003) explain that affect can be expressed directly or
indirectly. To make easier understanding, it can be seen from the table below : commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id23
Table 2.1 Options for affect
positive We were ecstatic We even celebrated
negative I was torn to pieces I can’t explain the pain and bitterness in me
direct emotional state Ecstaticc Wild consuming fear physical expression Withdrawn Shake uncontrollably implicit extraordinary Wander from window to window behaviour Rolls this way, that side of the bed metaphor Ice cold in a sweltering night Eyes .... dull like the dead (Taken from Martin & Rose, 2003: 28)
In addition, Martin and Rose (2003: 58-59) state that appraisal is a huge
resource to construct feeling communities and it is realized through grammar. In
the term of Halliday (1994) the realization of the grammatical activity consists of
quality, process, and comments. These three areas will be drawn from table below
:
Table 2.2
Realization of affect Affect as „quality‟
describing participants a sad father Ephitet attributed to participants the father was sad Attribute
manner of processes the father went sadly Circumstance Affect as „process‟ affective mental the work exhausted the girl Process (effective)
affective behaving The lady grimaced Process (middle) Affect as „comment‟
desiderative comment happily, he had a nice trip Modal Adjunct (Taken from Martin & Rose, 2003: 58)
b. Judgement
The way of evaluating people‟s character is same with affect. It can express
positive or negative and also cancommit be judg toe duser explicitly or implicitly. In the other perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id24
hand, unlike affect, judgement is divided into personal judgements and moral
judgement. Personal judgment relates to give admiration or criticism as the way to
evalute people‟s character. Meanwhile, moral judgement relates to give praise or
condemnation as the way to evaluate people‟s character. Moral judgement can be
used to judge character for more than one person directly or indirectly (Martin &
Rose: 2003). It will be explained in the table below :
Table 2.3 Examples of Judgment of Character Direct implied personal admire bubbly, vivacious, energetic, He was working in a intelligent, popular top security structure criticize What’s wrong with him? I can’t explain the pain ... I can’t handle the man and bitterness in me anymore! when I saw moral praise their leaders have the guts to I envy and respect the stand by their vultures ... people of the struggle ... condemn Our leaders are too holy and ...’those at the top’ innocent. And faceless were again targeting the next ‘permanent removal from society’... (Taken from Martin & Rose, 2003: 30)
c. Appreciation
Appreciation relates to how people evaluate their surrounding to get the
value of thing itself. For instance, we can evaluate about TV shows, films, books,
homes, public buildings, parks of play, parades, and performances, etc.
Similar to affect and judgment, appreciation can be positive or negative as the
way to evaluate things. Martin and Rose (2003) state that the system of
appreciation is divided into three variables : reaction, compositions, and valuation.
Reaction deals with attention (reaction:impact) and impact of emotional which is
commit to user realized as question of our captures (reaction:quality) in the text . Composition perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id25
deals with the proportionality (composition:balance) and detail
(composition:complexity) of our perceptions of the text. Meanwhile, valuation
deals with the most important part of our assessment towards social value of the
text/process (Martin & Rose: 2003). The types of appreciation will be shown in
the table below :
Table 2.4 Appereciation in a specialized field linguistics positive negative reaction: timely, long awaited, untimely, unexpected, impact engaging, landmark ... overdue, surprising, dated... [notability] fascinating, exciting, dull, tedious, boring, reaction: interesting, stimulating, pedantic, didactic, uninspired quality impressive, admirable ...... [likeability] composition consistent, balanced, fragmented, loose ended, [balance] through, considered, disorganized, contradictory, unified, logical, well sloppy ... argued, well presenied ... composition simple, lucid, elegant, rich, simplistic, extravagant, [complexity] detailed, exhaustive, clear, complicated, Byzantine, precise ... labyrinthine, overly elaborate, narrow, vague, unclear, indulgent,
esoteric, eclectic ... valuation [field useful, penetrating, shallow, ad hoc, reductive, genesis] illuminating, challenging, unconvincing, unsupported,
significant, deep, profound, fanciful, tendentious, bizarre, satisfying, fruitful ... counterintuitive, perplexing,
arcane ... (Taken from Martin & Rose, 2003: 64)
2. Graduation
Martin and Rose (2003) explain that graduation relates to how people express
or feel about someone or something strongly or weakly. It means that the
expression or feeling deal with amplification. It can be seen from the choice of
commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id26
word which is used by speaker to show her or his feeling. The example can be
seen from the diagram below :
Extremely intelligent high grading
Sharply intelligent Quite intelligent
Fairly intelligent Somewhat intelligent low grading Figure 2.1 Figure of graduation
(Taken from Martin & Rose, 2003: 38)
From the diagram above, it can be seen from the choice of word how the
intonation to say about something is different. When a speaker says the word
“extremely”, it means that he feels really happy because the amplification of
extremely/very/really has intensified meaning (volume up). It will be different
when someone says the word “fairly or somewhat intelligent”, because the turning
of those words are down and it represents that the feeling is just usual or in the
standard level.
Martin and Rose (2003) explain that graduation consists two parts, they are
force and focus.
a. Graduation : force
Graduation force relates to the turning of words are up or down of how
people express the attitudes (Martin & Rose: 2003). Furthermore, there are four
types of gradution force :
1. Intensifiers
Intensifiers relate to how strongly people compare one thing to something
else. It can be seen from the example below :
commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id27
Yesterday I faced bad condition of losing my money and today the condition
became worst because I also fire from my job.
The bold words show that bad can be compared to worst because those
words are turning up (gradable). It reflects the experience of speaker which is fine
and it increased to the worst situation.
2. Attitudinal lexis
Attitudinal lexis is attitude which is realized in lexis. It deals with the degree
of intensity from words, for instance adore-love-like. Those words are attitudinal
lexis because the lexical items refer to the degrees of likeness.
3. Metaphors
Metaphors deal with using unordinary language or metaphor utterances to
express feeling. The example below is taken from Martin and Rose (2003) as can
be seen in Helena‟s story.
Ice cold in a sweltering night
Dull like the dead
Blood-curdling shrieks
The bold words are metaphors utterances which are used in Helena‟s story
relate to how cold her second love was, how dull his eyes were, and how
frightening his screams were.
4. Swearing
As same as metaphors, the other way to express the attitude is using
swearing. Similar to example of metaphors above, Helena‟s story also used
swearing to express her frustration with white South African leaders: commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id28
Our leaders are too holy and innocent. And faceless. I can understand if
Mr (F.W.) de Klerk says he didn‟t know, but dammit, ……. (Adopted
from Martin & Rose, 2003: 41)
The word “dammit” refers to swearing words because it brings rude meaning
of the writer express her feeling.
b. Graduation : focus
Martin and Rose (2003) state that graduation focus deals with the sharpening
and softening of experiential categories. Sharpening relates to express something
in up scale while softening relates to express something in down scale. The
examples below are taken from Martin and Rose (2003: 42) :
After about three years with the special forces
After exactly three years with the special forces
The word “about” is considered to down scale or softened focus while the
word “exactly” is considered to up scale or sharpened focus.
Martin and Rose (2003) sum up the graduation force and focus as the table
below :
Table 2.5 Options for Graduation
force intensifiers he still plays great attitudinal lexis the second part is fantastic …
metaphors ice cold in a sweltering night swearing dammit, there must be a clique focus Sharpen a true guitar legend
Soften a part-time blues fan (Taken from Martin & Rose, 2003: 43)
commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id29
3. Engagement
Engagement is the last part of appraisal in showing the attitudes. According
to Martin and Rose (2003), engagement refers to who and where of attitudes
which is taken from. It is divided into two parts : heterogloss and monogloss.
Heterogloss refers to the source of the attitude that can be from one writer or more
than one writer. Meanwhile, monogloss refers to the writer‟s own opinion, it
comes from one author. In this part, there are three ways to express the additional
voices in a text.
a. Projecting sources
Projections are quote result from someone‟s opinion or thinking. The tables
below are examples of projecting sources.
Table 2.6 Projecting sources projecting clauses Then he says : He and three of our friends have ben promoted I know where everything began, the background. names for „speech I end with a few lines that my wasted culture said to me
acts‟ they broadcast substantial extracts: projecting within Many of those who have come forward had previously clauses been regarded as repectable
such offices as it may deem necessary scare quotes „those at the top‟, the „cliques‟ and „our men‟
(Taken from Martin & Rose, 2003: 48)
b. Modality
Besides projection, there is another way to introduce additional voice in a text
via modality. In the term of Modality, Halliday (1994) states that modality as a
resource of devices to decide whether yes and no or positive and negative poles in
the semantic areas. It consists of two types of modality, first is for negotiating
commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id30
services and last is for negotiating information. For negotiating services can be
described in examples as follows :
do it positive
you must do it you should do it
you could do it don‟t do it negative Figure 2.2 Figure of demand modality
(Taken from Martin & Rose (2003: 48)
Based on examples above the words “do it” has high obligatory because it forces
someone and he does not have the other choice. Meanwhile, for negotiating
information can be described in the examples as follows:
it is positive it must be it should be it might be it isn‟t negative Figure 2.3 Figure of modality for negotiating information
(Taken from Martin & Rose (2003: 48)
Based on examples above the word “must” has high amplification rather than
“might”. By describing those two examples of modality, we can say how probable
a statement is. For each poles represents choice of positive or negative polarity, so
this makes that resource of additional voices include the polarity itself.
c. Concession
The last type of showing the additional voices is concession. Concession is
conjunction to encounter the writer‟s expectation. Conjunction is logical
connections between figures, by adding, comparing, sequencing them, or
explaining causes, conditions or purposes (Martin & Rose, 2003: 52: 110). commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id31
To make a brief explanation, it will provide examples taken from Helena‟s
story in the book of Working with Discourse as follows :
Not quite my first love, but an exceptional person.
He tried to hide his wild consuming fear, but I saw it.
Eyes bewildered, but dull like the dead.
I can understand if … de Klerk says he didn‟t know, but dammit, there
must be a clique.
According to examples above, but is mostly used because it brings another
possibilities, it can be however and although, or the other variations on the theme
including even if, at least, indeed and of course, in any case, etc. The word but
itself is considered as a signal concession. It represents that concession refers to
the conjunction of possibilities or it shows opinion from someone or more than
one person, for instances: at least, only, even and so forth. .
H. Prosody and Genre
Martin and Rose (2003) states that prosody refers to combination of attitude
to the others to make tone or mood in a text or a pattern of choices as called
„prosodic‟. The patterns of prosodic can be decreased or increased in the manner
of a musical prosody. Those prosodic patterns construct the stance or voice of the
appraiser to show the valued as shared by kind of community. Frequency, the
stances are from more objective to more subjective scale. It can be concluded that
prosody refers to the combination of attitude to create the patterns of choices in
giving opinion from the writer in subjective and objective ways.
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Genre analyzes the stages, step by step to achieve the goals as the way to
describe the impact of the cultural context in a text (Eggins: 1992). It is also
supported by Martin in the book of In the introduction to systemic functional
linguistics (Suzan Eggins). Firstly, he states that “A genre is a staged, goal-
oriented, purposeful activity in which speakers engage as members of our culture
(1984: 25).” Secondly he states : “Genres are how things get done, when language
is used to accomplish them (1985b: 248).”
According to Santosa (2003), genre also expresses cultural event in social
process (meta-field), purposes of social process (meta-tenor) and also the step of
social process which is called GSP or Generic Structure Potential by Martin, it is
united in the social process simultaneously. GSP is obligatory element that can be
used to determine the genre whether the genre can be same or various to the text
structure depends on the context of situation. Genre and GSP always appears in
the social events of social culture. Martin (1992) (in Santosa 2010) divided types
of genres into two : factual genre and story genre.
1. Factual Genre deeply related to social process which happens in the
society, it can be from daily activity, academic or journalistic. There are eight
types of factual genres : recount, description, report, procedure, explanation,
exposition, discussion, and exploration. The explanation for each factual genrs are
below:
a. Recount
Recount Genre is used to tell the past event which is unique (Santosa:
2010). He also adds that recount do not use to generalize but the activities have commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id33
structure based on the time event (Santosa: 2003). It is focused on specific
participants and temporal sequence, by using past tense and material process
(http://www.scribd.com/doc/17595039/Text-Genre).
b. Description
Description is describing something whether it is live or not live, uniquely,
this description is not used to generalize same types of things (Santosa: 2010).
Moreover, the participants in the description genre are usually individual
(Santosa: 2003). The writer can start to describe of something from she/he wants.
For instance: describing a bank office. It can be started from front by saying the
circumstances or back side by saying the view in its surrounding.
c. Report
Report Genre is used to describe things whether it is dead or live by
spreading all over. Different with description genre, the charateristic of report
genre is the group of participants (Santosa: 2003). It uses present tense and
relational process without temporal sequence in it.
d. Procedure
Procedure Genre is used to explain the chronological of events to get the
aim which focuses more to the activities of participants (Santosa: 2003). In
addition, Santosa (2010) states that chronologicle is an obligatory element that
should be put in the procedure to get the aim itself. For instance, how to make
dress, it means that step by step must be done correctly to get the perfect dress. It
usually uses present tense, temporal conjunction and material process
(http://www.scribd.com/doc/17595039/Text-Genre). commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id34
e. Explanation
Explanation genre is used to explain a process of phenomena or event
which has chronologic events of the structure firmly (Santosa: 2010). It is usually
concerned with the question of how and why, for example why global warming is
happened.
f. Exposition
Exposition genre is used to solve problem by delivering opinion but it does
not have the chronological event structurally to make the explanation clearly
(Santosa: 2010). Exposition is divided into two parts : analytical and hortatory
exposition. Analytical exposition is to persuade the listeners or readers that
something is the case. Meanwhile, hortatory exposition is to persuade the readers
and listeners that something should or should not be in the case
(http://www.scribd.com/doc/17595039/Text-Genre).
g. Discussion
Discussion genre is mainly in debate towards an issue but it is
unstructurally, it can use different point of views (Santosa: 2010). It is usually that
the elements of discussion consists of issue, argument includes argument for and
against toward the issue, and closed by conclusion or recommendation.
h. Exploration
Exploration genre refers to get something in theoritical way, it must be
structurally to the chronological activities to get result effectively and efficiently
(Santosa: 2003).
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2. Story Genre
Story genre relates to the story of social process which is aimed to
entertain. It is closely related to social activities where the activities depend on the
participant views the social phenomena itself (Santosa: 2010). There are four
kinds of story genre : recount, anecdot, exemplum, and narrative.
a. Recount
Different with recount genre in factural genre, recount genre in here refers
to record of event or phenomena. The event in recount genre is common rather
than the other types of story genres (Santosa: 2010).
b. Anecdote
Anecdote genre refers to story about real person or incident involves actual
persons whether they are famous or not, usually in an identifiable place. The aim
of this genre is not to entertain or make laugh but to reveal the truth.
(http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anecdote)
c. Exemplum
Exemplum genre refers to see uncommon event as incidentically or to
sustain an argument.
d. Narrative
Narrative genre deals to problematic events which leads to crisis or turning
point to get resolution. Usually, it aims to entertain or to amuse and to deal with
vicarious or actual experience in different ways
(http://www.scribd.com/doc/17595039/Text-Genre).
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I. Ideology
Ideology considers as the result of interaction between cultural norms,
experiences also belief which has by someone in the way of seeing social
phenomena in society. Furthermore, ideology is a part of context of cultural
which contribute to decide the genre and register (Santosa: 2003), In addition
Eggin (1994) state that
whatever genre we are involved in, and whatever the register of the situation, our use of language will also be influenced by our ideological positions: the values we hold (consciously or unconsciusly), the biases and perspectives we adopt.
Moreover, Martin (1992) proposes a model to show the agreement or
disagreement dealing with ideology, they are consists of two lines; antagonist and
protagonist, left and right. Antagonist refers to interlocuter who are interested in
creating the issuess while protagonist refers to interlocuter who attempting to
dissolve the issuess. Then, left refers to those who have semiotic power to gain
through the ensuing debates, in other hand, right refers to support the issues. The
perscpective of ideology can be summarized as follows :
Right Antagonist right (creating issue)
Issue Protagonist right (resolving issue)
Left Antagonist left (power to gain)
Protagonist left (power to lose)
Figure 2.4 Figurecommit of ideology to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id37
(Adopted from Martin, 1992: 584)
Based on the figure above, it can be sum up that the aims of analyzing
appraisal is to get the kind of ideology of the writer. The way to find out the
ideology is by identifying the argument, whether the arguments support or refuse
the issue. Thus, the ideology of writer can be identified as protagonist left or right
or antagonist left or right.
commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
BAB III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Research Paradigm
This research belongs to a qualitative research which employs descriptive
methods since the researcher figures out the reasons why some attitudes are used
in the text. According to Kirk and Miller (in Moelong, 1989) define a qualitative
research is a particular tradition in socials which fundamentally depends on the
observation to man and relates to people inside the language and the term.
In addition, a qualitative research does not represent numeration or
calculation but it relates to the data produced in the forms of words (Moelong,
1898). Furthermore, Bogdan and Taylor (in Moelong, 2002) define a qualitative
research as research procedure to produce descriptive data in the form of written
or oral words based on human behavior that can be observed. Based on the
explanation above, this research also employed descriptive method. The reason
why used this method is to describe the phenomena that occured in the society, for
instance the appraisal theory to see the attitudes of the singers in the love songs by
Anggun C.Sasmi and Agnes Monica. There are some steps needed in descriptive
method: collecting the data, analyzing the data, and then drawing the conclusion
based on the data (Hadi, 1990).
This research also applies a case study which attempt to describe appraisal
analysis of the love songs between Anggun C. Sasmi and Agnes Monica to see
how the singers show the attitudes and the influences of the attitudes in the lyrics
which are published on their album of Luminescence and WhaddupA. commit to user
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Appraisal theory is used in this research. This teory is in the frame of
Systemic Funtional Linguistics (SFL) (Halliday, 1994) because it focuses on
spoken or written language relates to the purposes and the using of language itself
in the contexts. This research uses SFL perspective because it covers the natural
data, data collection, analysis and interpretation to see the meaning which made in
the discourse through the linguistic resources.
B. Research Methodology
The research methods relate to determine the research location, sampling
technique, data and source of data, and data validity.
1. Research Location
The research location of this research is in the form of text on songs by
two famous artists in album, entitled WhaddupA performed by Agnes Monica and
Luminescence performed by Anggun C. Sasmi. There are wo songs which would
be taken from each album of each singer. The songs entitled saviour, breathe in
water, what they called soulmate and I’ll light a candle. Those songs are taken as
the data because they have the same theme, namely love.
Spradley (1980) states that the primary elements of this research location
consists of place/setting, participants, and events. The setting of this research was
album taken from WhaddupA which published in 2005 by Agnes Monica. The
other songs taken from album of Luminescense by anggun C. Sasmi which was
also published in 2005. The researcher took four comparative songs from those
albums. The songs cover artists, place end time of scene on the album. Menwhile,
the artists cover all participants which took part in the songs. Finally, the events commit to user
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cover the happenings that took place in the bioghraphy of the singers related to the
songs.
2. Sample and Sample Technique
Sample is a representation of data being observed (Hadi, 1983). The
researcher uses total sampling technique in this research. It means that the
researcher takes all samples in the source of data. This is because all of the data
contained in the texts were analyzed in this research in order to figure out the
prosody, genre and the ideology of the singers.
3. Data and Source of Data
The data may appear in the form of discourse, sentence, clause, phrase or
word which can be obtained from magazine, newspaper, books, etc (Subroto,
1992). Meanwhile, source of data is the subject from which the data are captured
(Arikunto, 2002). The source of data in this research is the four songs taken from
two albums. The two songs taken from Luminesecence album entitled Saviour
and Breathe in Water performed by Anggun C.Sasmi.. The other two songs were
taken from WhaddupA album entitled What They Called Soulmate and I’ll Light
a Candle performed by Agnes Monica
In this research, there are two kinds of data: they are primary and
secondary data (Blaxter et. Al, 2006). The primary data of this research consists of
linguistics phenomena and the detail include the types of attitudes: affect,
judgement, and appreciation which taken from the songs. The secondary data
consists of the biography of the singers relate to the songs.
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4. Data Validity
To check the trustworthiness of the data, there are four types of data
validity; source of data, investigator or research, method triangulation, and
theoretical triangulation technique (Lincoln & Guba, 1985; Patton, 1980). The
source of data triangulation of the research was applied from the same publishing
time of both albums WhaddupA and Luminescence by taking from the four songs
which have same theme, namely love. The two songs taken from Luminescence
album entitled Saviour and Breathe in Water performed by Anggun C. Sasmi. The
other two songs were taken from WhaddupA entitled What They Called Soulmate
and I’ll Light a Candle performed by Agnes Monica
5. Technique of Data analysis
The content analysis applying appraisal theory will be used as the
technique of data analysis in this research. According to Spradley (1980) there are
four steps of content analysis: domain, taxonomic, componential analysis, and
finding cultural values. Domain analysis is the analysis to identify the attitudes
toward the songs. Taxonomy analysis is to classify the data based on the types of
appraisal. There are several kinds of attitudes of appraisal; affect (feeling),
judgement (character), and appreciation. Componential analysis is intended to see
the relation between classification and phenomenon. Finding cultural values
analysis is used to figure out the reason why the attitudes employ in the texts.
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The illustration of the analysis in the following figure:
Domain Taxonomy Componential
Finding cultural value
Figure 3.1 The flow of data analysis
(Adopted from Santosa, 2010)
The example of the analysis steps are follows:
1. Domain
Domain analysis is used to separate data whether it belongs to the data
or not.
“Something is known to be a sin”
The clause above refers to appraising item since the cut word of “to be a
sin”. Thus, it will be the data in this research.
“in places, I can’t see”
In the second clause, it can be found the modality “can” but it does not
belong to the data since there is no attitude which found in it.
2. Taxonomy
The taxonomy analysis is applied to classify the data according its
categories. For example :
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Table 3.1 an analysis of attitudes:
clause form appraising items attitudes affect judg appre
4 carrier Something is negative attribute known to be a sin
7 carrier Something that negative attribute needs a lie
Table 3.2 an analysis of graduation:
clause form appraising items graduation force focus 4 attitudinal Something is known raise lexis to be a sin
7 attitudinal Something that raise lexis needs a lie
Table 3.3 an analysis of engagement:
Clause form appraising items engagement monogloss heterogloss 4 attitudinal - Something is lexis known to be a sin
7 attitudinal Something that -
lexis needs a lie
Based on the tables above it shows the way of classification for each data.
The Table 3.2 shows the classification of data whether it belongs to affect,
judgment, and appreciation. The Table 3.3 shows the gradable of data whether it
is force or focus graduation. The last is Table 3.4 which shows the sources of the
attitudes in the texts whether it belongs to one voice or more than one voice. For commit to user
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example, both of data belong to appreciation, it is because the artist evaluates her
love towards her soulmate. It also happens in graduation (force; raise) and
engagement (monogloss) when the artist uses the same kind of graduation and
engagement.
3. Componential
Table 3.5 An Analysis of componential analysis in all texts
Attitude Text 1 Text 2 Text 3 Text 4 Affect Positive 2 2 - 7 Negative - 2 1 Judgement Positive 5 13 15 19 Negative 3 3 2 3 Appreciation Positive 2 - 5 2 Negative 6 1 5 1 Graduation Force 16 19 24 24 Focus 2 2 4 8 Engagement Monogloss 10 5 13 18 Heterogloss 8 16 15 16
Componential analysis is an analysis which is done by seeing relation
between categories. Componential analysis is used to find out the graduation,
force and focus, the genre and the prosody of the texts. The data are lyric which
has many repetitions, it wil be anlayze one data for the repetition of the lyrics. The
term of text 1 represents “Saviour”, text 2 represents “Breathe in water”, text 3
represents “What They Called Soulmate”, and text 4 represents “I’ll Light a
Candle". From the data above, the researcher will describe the attitudes impact
involved in the texts which lead to get the similarities and the differences between
the texts. Based on the example above the sentence is included to sharp scale. The
genre belongs to description since the singer just wants to express her feeling. commit to user
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4. Finding Cultural Values
Finding cultural values is used to figure out the reason of appraisal
analysis on context by combining the primary and the secondary data. Below is
the figure of finding cultural value
Text
genre attitude
stance
Figure 3.2 figure of finding cultural value
The example of componential and finding cultural values based on the sentence
above. For instance:
In this part, the research only took some examples of data as seen the
previous table. Based on the table above, it can be seen that the singer wants to
express her feeling towards her soulmate. It shows by the appreciation of negative
with strong graduation. It shows how deep her feeling towards her soulmate. The
genre of the text is considered as description, because it represents one sided
argument of the singer since she just wants to describe her condition of her love.
Then, the prosody is more subjective due to the used of many attitudes in text.
5. Drawing the conclusion based on analyzing the attitudes, prosody,
genre, and ideology on the texts by using appraisal theory.
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CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
A. Introduction
This chapter consists of two parts: finding and discussion. In finding will
be conducted of technique in Chapter III based on content analysis of domain,
taxonomic, componential analysis, and finding cultural values. The finding will be
applied the technique of domain, taxonomic, and componential analysis.
Meanwhile, for the discussion will be applied the componential values and finding
cultural values to figure out the relationship between the context and the
components.
Furthermore, this part is aimed to answer the research question which is
stated in the Chapter I. The questions include the types of appraisal areas used in
four texts by two famous artist (Anggun C. Sasmi and Agnes Monica), the
influence of the appraisal areas toward the texts, and the reason why the appraisal
areas employed in the texts. To analyze the data, the researcher uses Martin and
Rose (2003), and also combines with theory of Martin and White (2005).
B. Findings
This sub-chapter will describe the types of attitudes, graduation and
engagement from all texts.
1. First Text
1.1 Analysis of Attitude
In the first text entitled Savior performed by Anggun Cipta Sasmi there commit to user are three kinds of attitudes; affect, judgement and appreciation. The domain and
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taxonomic analysis are applied in order to find the type of attitudes and the
classifications. The following table shows the finding of the first text :
Table 4.1 Number of attitudes Text 1 Attitude Frequency of Percentage
occurence Affect Positive 2 11,1% Negative - - Judgement Positive 5 27,8% Negative 3 16,7% Appreciation Positive 2 11,1% Negative 6 33,3%
Table 4.1 above shows the number of attitudes that found in the first text.
The singer employs affect to show her feeling towards her behavior. It can be seen
from the numbers which consists only two affects. In the other hand, she wants to
show her attitudes about the leaving of her soulmate. This is why the singer uses
many judgements and appreciations. The judgements are used to evaluate the
participants in the text, the singer herself while the appreciations are used to
evaluate the happening as the effect of her suffering. Based on the table, the
amounts of positive affect is 11,1%, judgement is 44,5%, consisting of 27,8%
positive and 16,7% negative, meanwhile the amounts of appreciation is 44,4%,
consisting of 11,1% positive and 33,3% negative. It can be sum up that the singer
expresses her behavior to show her suffering due to the leaving of her saviour.
The singer uses many positive judgement and negative appreciation. It aims to
show that physically she needs her saviour to rescue her from suffer, but mentally
she curse out the leaving. The detail explanation of judgement and appreciation commit to user will be discussed in follows :
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1.1.1 Affect
As explained before that affect deals to someone feeling about something
whether it is good or bad. It can be expressed in the positive, negative, direct and
indirect ways. The following table provides the finding data of affect in the first
text and follows by its explanation.
Table 4.2 Analysis of Affect in Text 1
No of Form Appraising item Type of affect clause 10 mental process Rescue me [from this fire in my metaphor; soul] process 14 mental process Rescue me [from the sight of metaphor; regret] process
Based on the table above, it can be seen that the actress uses two affects
to show her feeling in implicit ways. She express her feeling in the metaphor form
because of her suffer of the leaving her saviour. It shows that she really needs her
saviour to be her side to save her from the bad things for instance sadness and
regret. In clause 10 she says “Rescue me [from this fire in my soul]”, it
represents how important her saviour in her life. She needs him to save her from
the anger in her heart. The clause also brings the sad feeling with the losing hope
to run her life. Furthermore, in clause 14 she says “Rescue me [from the sight of
regret]”, it means that she also needs him to rescue her from the regret in her life.
All clauses represent how much important he is in her life.
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1.1.2 Judgement
As explained before in Chapter II, judgement is evaluation on behavior of
people. The way to judge behavior can be positively and negatively, implicitly
and explicitly. In the other hand, the evaluation can be done personaly or morally.
The following table will show the whole data of judegment in the first text and
followed its description :
Table 4.3 Analysis of Judgement Text 1
No of Form Appraising item Type of clause judgement 9a behavioral Rescue me positive personal process admire direct 9b mental behavior before I lose control negative personal process criticize direct 11 behavioral There's only you who can stop positive personal process me from falling admire direct 12a mental I need a saviour positive personal behavioral admire direct process
13 mental before I lose my head negative personal
behavioral criticize direct process
16b carrier attribute you're my saviour positive personal admire direct
19 mental Something I have ignored negative personal
behavioral criticize direct process
28b mental need my saviour positive personal behavioral admire direct
process
Based on the table above, it can be seen that the singer uses judgement as
the way to evaluate the leaving ofcommit her savior. to user She judges how important her savior
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in her life. Generally, she uses more admires form to get back her savior. This
proves that she is left by her savior and it makes her life uncomplete. It relates to
her personal life, so that she uses many judgements in the way of admire form
rather than criticize form.
In the other hand, she uses many judgements in positive ways in order to
her behavior towards her savior. The use of positive judgements show that she
needs him to make her life more complete. Based on the table, it can be seen that
the behavior process is applied mostly in the judgements. It aims to prove that she
really suffers from the leaving of his savior. Moreover, she could not live without
her soulmate in her side.
From the behavioral form in clause 9a she says that “Rescue me” related
to the previous statement that she leaves him so long. She could not life without
her saviour. Then, she makes sure that she really needs her savior as in clause 9b
that she says “Before I lose control” which has mental behavioral process. It
means that when her savior in her side, she could do it everything properly but
when her savior left her, she could not do it anymore. The one who can control
and safe her life is only her savior.
In the other side, she still uses mental behavior process, for instance on the
clause 12a and clause 28b. In clause 12a she says that “I need saviour”, it is clear
that what happens in her life she really needs her saviour to be in her side forever.
She restates again to make sure that she really needs her savior like what she
states “need my savior”. Besides, she also uses carrier attribute in clause 16b that
“you’re my savior” to show that from her previous statements that she needs her commit to user
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savior and hope that he come back. The clause 16b shows that no one could
replace the position of his saviour.
In her text, the singer just gives two negative judgements to her behavior
toward her savior. The first negative judgements already explained above. In
clause 19 she says negatively “something that I have ignored”, it refers to the
mistake that she done towards her savior. She does not permit him to come back
in her life. This clause shows the contradiciton that she did not forgive him, but in
the other hand she could not do everything without her saviour in her side.
1.1.3 Appreciation
The other attitudes which is employed in the first text is appreciation.
Appreciation deals with the evaluating things. In this text, she uses two kinds of
appreciation : reaction impact and quality, and valuation in the way positively and
negatively.
It is dominated in negative appreciation rather than positive. It connects
with her expression towards her savior about dissatisfaction. The table below
provides the appreciation from reaction until valuation.
1.1.3.1 Appreciation Reaction
The table 4.3 shows the use of appreciation from the artist. She uses
appreciation of reaction to give attention toward the issue. It is done by giving
emotional impact which is called reaction ; impact and giving reaction by degree
which is called reaction ; quality.
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Table 4.4 Analysis of Appreciation (Reaction) Text 1
No of Form Appraising item Type of appreciation clause
4 carrier attribute Something is known to negative; reaction quality
be a sin 8 carrier attribute Trying to turn into a sin negative; quality
15 epithet thing 'Cause only your love positive; quality can stop me from wanting 20 carrier attribute Wanting to be a sin negative; reaction impact 24 carrier attribute Can't let it be a sin positive; reaction impact
Based on the table above, it can be seen that there are five data. It consists
of three negative appreciations and also two positive appreciations. It is
dominated by negative appreciation. It shows that she criticizes her behavior
towards her savior. It represents her sadness causes by the disappearance of her
saviour. In another way, she also uses positive appreciation. It reflects how much
she hates her savior, while she also still needs him to be her soulmate forever in
her life.
The negative quality of appreciation can be found in clause 4 and 8. Those
clauses are formed in carrier attribute. It is for pressuring to her savior that what
he did really big mistake. In clause 4 she says that “something is known to be
sin”, it represents that the leaving of her savior is big mistake. She restates again
in clause 8 she says “trying to turn into a sin”. She repeats sin twice in same
ways in negative appreciation. Based on this case, it is clear that she still loves
with him, even though he leaves her. commit to user
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Differently in clause 15 she uses positive quality with process of ephitet
thing. It means that beside her hate, she still needs and likes him. She states in
clause 15 that “Cause only your love can stop me from wanting”, it reflects
what makes her hold out to want him although there is no information about him.
She addes by applying positive and negative reaction impact of
appreciation in the form of carrier attribute in clause 20 and clause 24. Both
clauses consist of one positive and negative reaction. It means that she depresses
from waiting and leaving for him. In clause 20 she says “wanting to be a sin”, it
is negative appreciation due to his leaving but differently in clause 24, she also
says “can’t let it be a sin”. The negative appreciation represents the bad feeling
or the hate toward him. Meanwhile, the positive aims to balance the attitudes of
the negative way. It reflects her attitude evaluation that both of them are wrong
whether in loving or in leaving. The way she expresses her feeling in clause 20,
shows that she does not care about what people say about her love. She is sure
that her love is true even though the savior has gone.
1.1.3.2 Appreciation of Valuation
In this text, the artist also uses appreciation of valuation towards to her
savior. Valuation refers to the social significance of our assement on the text. She
expresses her feeling in a negative way. It represents her dissatisfaction of him
due to his leaving. She wants to evaluate all activities which are done by her
towards her soul mate. It relates to his loving or his leaving. The following tables
provide data of the artist‟s appreciation of valuation. commit to user
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Table 4.5
Analysis of Appreciation (Valuation) Text 1
No of Form Appraising item Type of appreciation clause
7 carrier attribute Something that needs a negative; valuation
lie 21 carrier attribute It's been around for so negative; valuation long 23 carrier attribute I know that it's so wrong negative; valuation
Based on the table above, it consists of negative valuation of appreciation
and both of them are carrier attribute process. There is no positive appreciation
due to the artist‟s attitude. The singer says in clause 7 that “Something that
needs a lie” it represents the behavior of the singer towards her surrounding. She
needs a lie to her family and her environment about the leaving of her savior. It is
done because she would not make neither her family nor her environment know
and sad of it.
It connects to clause 21 that she says “It’s been around for so long”, it
means that not only she lies with her family but also she waits her savior for long
time and there is no information about him. In the other side she lies where her
savior is and she wishes that he will be back soon. In clause 23 she says “I know
that it’s so wrong”, this clause reflects to her lies and waiting of him. She already
knew that what she does is wrong but she does not have another choice to tell the
truth to her family or her environment. She keeps forward to wait for her savior
until he comes back. She ignores what people say about her. He only hings she
knew are loving and waiting for him to make her life more complete. commit to user
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1.1.4 Analysis of Graduation
In the previous Chapter II, it is already explained that graduation deals
with the amplifications which is used in the text. It means that it connects to raise
or low of the volume that used by the singer or the writer. In this text, the artist
express her attitudes by using both types of graduation; force and focus
graduation. The attitudes of the artist related to the amplification; force which is
raise and lower, while for focus is sharpen. It reflects that the artist expresses her
attitudes sharp and strong. Meanwhile, for lower amplification proves that she is
still need him whether she hates him. The table below provides the analysis of
graduation.
Table 4.6 Analysis of Graduation Text 1
No. of Form Appraising item Graduation Clause Force Focus 4 attitudinal Something is known to be a raise lexis sin
4 attitudinal Something is known to be a raise lexis sin
7 attitudinal Something that needs a lie raise
lexis 7 attitudinal Something that needs a lie raise
lexis 8 attitudinal Trying to turn into a sin raise
lexis
9a attitudinal Rescue me raise lexis
9b metaphor before I lose control raise
10 metaphor Rescue me [from this fire in raise my soul]
11 intensifier There's only you who can raise stop me from falling 12a attitudinal I need acommit saviour to user raise
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lexis
13 metaphor before I lose my head raise 14 attitudinal Rescue me [from the sight raise
lexis of regret]
15 intensifier 'Cause only your love can raise stop me from wanting
16b attitudinal you're my saviour lower lexis
19 attitudinal Something I have ignored raise lexis 20 attitudinal Wanting to be a sin raise lexis 21 It's been around for so long sharpening 23 I know that it's so wrong sharpening 24 attitudinal Can't let it be a sin raise lexis 28b attitudinal need my saviour raise lexis
Based on the table above, it can be seen that almost graduation is
dominated by raise amplification and it is dominated of attitudinal lexis form.
Meanwhile, the number of lower and sharpening amplification are few. It
represents her feeling towards him. It aims to balance her feeling whether it is bad
or good. For instance, when she says in strong amplification in clause 4 in the
form of attitudinal lexis that “Something is known to be a sin”, it means that it
gives more exact and deep meaning towards her attitude. She uses the expression
because she has been left by him for long time. It makes her angry and confuse to
do something right or wrong in her life. Futhermore, she also uses the word
“something” in clause 7 “something that needs a lie”. It means that she wants to
make sure that her feeling is worst than before. commit to user
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The artist uses force graduation which is dominated by raise and it brings
high amplification towards her attitudes. This amplification formed in three types;
attitudinal lexis, intensifier and metaphor. Attitudinal lexis form can be seen from
clauses 4, 7, 8, 9a, 12a, 14, 16b, 19, 20, 24, 28b. It aims to explain what happened
with her after she left by her saviour. As explained above in clause 4 and clause 7
that she used attitudinal lexis form towards her behavior.
In the other hand, the intensifier form can be seen in clause 11 and clause
15. Although it is only two forms of intensifier, it indicates that she wishes her
savior to come back soon to make her life better. As she says in clause 11 and
clause 15 by using the word “only” brings hope and certainty that only him who
can make her life more complete and better. Meanwhile, for the last form that
used by the artist is metaphor. It is consist of three metaphors form in the text in
clauses 9b, 10 and 13. One example in clause 10 that she says “Rescue me [from
this fire in my soul]”. It means that she wants to him come back to hold on her
uncontroll feeling. The using of metaphor aims to give more attention that her
feeling is uncontrollable and only him who can do it.
The other form of graduation is focus; sharpening. It only can be seen from
clause 21 and clause 23. For example in clause 21, she says that “it’s been
around for so long”, it explains that she waits for him for so long and there is no
certainty when he would come back.
1.1.5 Analysis of Engagement
The last feature in analysis of attitudes is engagement. It deals with
attitudes sources which can be from one writer or more than one writer. The table commit to user
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below shows that the artist uses monogloss as the way to deliver her opinion
rather than heterogloss from many sources. The following table provides the
engagement data in the first text.
Table 4.7
Analysis of Engagement Text 1
No. of Form Appraising item Engagement Clause Mono Hetero 4 modality Something is known to be a sin 7 modality Something that needs a lie 8 Trying to turn into a sin 9a Rescue me 9b before I lose control 10 Rescue me [from this fire in my soul] 11 modality There's only you who can stop me from falling 12a I need a saviour 13 before I lose my head
14 Rescue me [from the sight
of regret] 15 modality 'Cause only your love can
stop me from wanting
16b modality you're my saviour 19 Something I have ignored
20 Wanting to be a sin
21 modality It's been around for so long
23 modality I know that it's so wrong 24 modality Can't let it be a sin
28b need my saviour
As stated before, the engagement is dominated by monogloss which came
from the artist herself rather thancommit in heterogloss. to user It can be seen in many clauses,
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for instance in clause 12a, she says that “I need savior”. It means that the one
who needs savior is only the artist because of the using “I” in the text. Many texts
above express her opinion of her feeling towards him. To support clause 12a, the
artist also use pronoun in the clause 9a, she says that “Rescue me”. It means that
everything which is expressed by her is come out from her own heart. Thus, there
is no other factors which influences to her attitudes.
Meanwhile, there are many voices which came from the other sources. It
can be seen from clauses 4, 7, 11, 15, 16b, 21, 23, and 24. All of clauses use
modality form that it brings the possibility to her attitudes that needs to be done.
For instance in clause 24 “Can’t let it be a sin”. The using modality of “can”
brings possibility to everything that she done. It can not be wrong behavior to wait
and to love him.
As the results, it shows that when the artist evaluates of leaving her savior,
she uses monogloss (one voice) in the text rather than heterogloss (more than one
voices). It brings meaning that she becomes more subjective in evaluating her
attitudes rather than objective.
1.1.6 Analysis of the relation between attitudes, prosody and genre
The following table shows all analysis results of attitudes, prosody, and the
genre of the Anggun‟s song. The whole result of attitudes appear different from
the stages of the structure of the text.
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Table 4.8
Analysis of the relation between attitudes, prosody and genre of Text 1
The Generic Structure Clause Kinds of attitudes Orientation Somewhere between my sleep negative
Somewhere beneath my skin
In places I can't see Something is known to be a sin Evaluation Hiding inside my eyes positive Burning from deep within Something that needs a lie Trying to turn into a sin Rescue me before I lose control Rescue me from this fire in my soul There's only you who can stop me from falling I need a saviour, need my saviour Rescue me before I lose my head Rescue me from the sight of regret 'Cause only your love can stop me from wanting I need a saviour, you're my saviour
Rescue me before I lose control
Rescue me from this fire in my soul There's only you who can stop me
from falling I need a saviour, need my saviour
Rescue me before I lose my head
Rescue me from the sight of regret complication Knocking behind my door negative
Asking to be let in Something I have ignored
Wanting to be a sin
It's been around for so long And waiting to begin
I know that it's so wrong Can't let it be a sin
resolution 'Cause only your love can stop me positive commit to user
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from wanting
reorientation I need a saviour, you're my positive saviour
Based on table above, it can be seen that the artist starts with negative way
towards the issue. In the other side, she also expresess by giving evaluation in
positively which balanced with the complication in negatively. This complication
shows her attitudes evaluation of the leaving her savior. In the end of stages, she
expresses her attitudes in positive way.
It can be concluded that in the beginning of issue she started with
negative-positive-negative and ended with positive ways. It proves that she felt
dissatisfaction towards her savior, but she also missed and needed him. It shows
that she expresses her bad feeling first to make straight point to her savior to come
back soon in the end of the text. It is related in the last clause that she says “I
need my savior, you’re my savior”, it means that she still needs him to come
back in her life.
The aims of using negative prosody and discussion genre, it can be sum up
that the ideology of the artist is right protagonist. She criticizes her attitudes, but
in one moment she still wishes her saviour to come bak in her life. The ideology
of the artist indicates that she evaluates the attitudes by giving strong and sharp,
positive and negative evaluation in the argument which is dominated from her
side and just few sides from its surrounding. For the argument that come out, it
shows that the artist is giving her argument in subjective way as the expression of
her feeling. commit to user
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1.2 Second Text
1.2.1 Analysis of attitudes
The second text is still taken from Anggun‟s song entitled Breathe in
Water. There are three kinds of attitudes in this text; affect, judgement, and
appreciation. The table below shows the findings of the second text.
Table 4.9 Number of attitudes in Text 2 Attitude Frequency of Percentage occurence Affect Positive 2 9,5% Negative 2 9,5% Judgement Positive 13 62% Negative 3 14,2% Appreciation Positive - - Negative 1 4,8%
Similar with the first text, Anggun also applies three kinds of attitudes;
affect, judgement, and appreciation. Meanwhile, she only uses 1 negative
appreciation, it is different from the first text which uses both positive and
negative appreciation. The negative appreciation reaches 4,8% in this text. It can
be seen from the table above that it is still dominated with positive judgement
which reaches 62%, it is followed by negative judgement in amount 14,2%. In the
other side, she uses attitudes of affect in the same amount 9,5%. Based on the data
above, it shows the good attitudes of the artist towards her love problem or to her
savior. All the arguments came from her own feeling due to the problem that she
faced, about feeling towards her soulmate.
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1.2.2 Affect
Affect deals with feeling of people about something. It connects either
good or bad feeling, for instance someone can feel sad or happy. The way to
express this attitude can be positive or negative, direct or indirect way. The table
below provides the data of affect in the second text. It will be followed by its
explanation for each clause.
Table 4.10 Analysis of Affect Text 2
No of Form Appraising item Type of effect clause 6 mental When I'm away from you negative;process behavioral process 15 mental process Somehow I feel so lost [with metaphor;quality a homeless heart] 27 mental process This is all that I feel positive;process 28 mental process And what I feel is real positive;quality
According to the table above, it can be seen that the artist uses positive and
negative appreciation of affect. In addition, she also applies metaphor form to
show her deep feeling. It relates to her feeling when she left by her soulmate. In
one way she feels sad but she also brings positive feeling to motivate herself
towards her soulmate. The negative affect of appreciation can be seen from clause
6 in the form of mental behavioral process and clause 15 in the form of mental
process. In clause 6, she says “When I’m away from you”, it deals with her bad
feeling when she left by her savior. It is bit weird that she always accompanied by
him, but she needs time to adapt with the condition where she left by him and do commit to user everything without him.
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It supports with clause 15 of her bad feeling. The previous clause which is
in the form of mental behavioral process and followed by mental process is used
to express her feeling in the deep way. She suffers of her feeling mentally and
physically. In clause 15 she says “Somehow I feel so lost [with a homeless
heart]”, it represents her bad feeling. The using of the words “so lost” which is
followed by “homeless heart” proves that her deep feeling is hurt. It is difficult
for her to do everything alone without any guardian to keep and save her life.
Meanwhile, she expresses her feeling in positive way. It aims to balance
her bad feeling to good feeling. In addition, it can motivate her to struggle of her
life. It can be seen from clauses 27 and 28 in the form of mental process. Both
clauses show her satisfaction with her attitudes. She does not regret her own
feeling. In clause 27 she says “This is all that I feel”, which is followed by clause
28 that she says “And what I feel is real”, it reflects what she really feel,
including the feeling of being left by her saviour. She just wants to fight of her
feeling whether it is good or bad.
1.2.3 Judgement
Judgement relates to character of people. The way to express judgement
can be positive or negative, implicit or explicit. It also can be done in personal or
moral way. The table 4.10 provides the finding data in the second text and follows
by its explanation.
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Table 4.11 Analysis of Judgement Text 2
No of Form Appraising item Type of clause judgement
2a verbal process I can't tell the time negative personal
criticize direct 2b mental behavioral I forget their names negative personal
process criticize direct 5 mental process With daze in my head I can't negative personal abide criticize direct 7 mental behavioral To show how much you positive personal process mean to me admire direct 8 behavioral I'd give up my gravity positive personal process admire direct 10 mental behavioral To find where you would be positive personal process admire direct 11a mental behavioral I'd breathe in water positive personal process admire direct 13b verbal process If you asked me to positive personal admire direct 14 mental behavioral Breathe in water positive personal process admire direct 17 mental process When I am missing you positive personal admire direct
18 mental behavioral But I chase the dark clouds positive personal
process from my eyes admire direct 20 mental process When I think about you positive personal
admire direct
22 mental behavioral I've erased my memory positive personal process admire direct
25 mental behavioral This is what I can do positive personal process admire direct
29 verbal behavioral This is what I have prayed positive personal
process admire direct
32 mental behavioral I can breathe in water positive personal process admire direct
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Based on the table above, the artist applies more positive personal
judgement because she can fight the bad feeling and followed with good attitudes.
The way she expressed her attitudes is in the form of personal judge, either by
admiring or criticizing, and direct or implied.
The negative judgement can be seen from clauses 2a, 2b and 5. All of
clauses show her bad feeling toward the issue. In clause 2a she says “I can’t tell
time”, it relates to the way that she already forgot how long she waits and loves
him. To support her argument in clause 2a, she also states in clause 2b that “I
forgot their names”, it represent her behavior towards him. She just knows that
he would come back and would be her guardian forever in her life. She is already
waiting and loveing him for a long time. This supports in clause 5 that she says
“with daze in my head I can't abide”, it reflects that she suffers for long time.
Even the worst, there is no certainty when he comes back.
In contrast, she uses more positive way to express her feeling. It is
dominated with this attitude. It aims to balance her bad feeling instead of good
feeling, it is proven by three negative attitudes applied in the text. In clause 7, she
says “To show how much you mean to me”, it indicates that she ignores all of
bad feeling. She just wants to more focus that he is really important to her. It is
supported in clause 10 when she says “To find where you would be”, it reflects
how much important he is to her and she would do everything for him.
Similarly, in clause 10, the other clauses also expressed her behavior to get
him back. For instance in clause 17 she says “when I missing you”, it is commit to user representation of her feeling towards him. In the next clause 18 she also says “but
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I chase dark clouds from my eyes”, this statement is reflection of attitude when
she missed him. She would do anything whatever her feeling. She wishes that he
would come back in her side and would be guardian for her. This is why she says
in clause 29 “This is what I have prayed”. In the other way, she also says in
clause 32 “I can breathe in water”, it means that she would keep hold on to wait
him until he comes back in her side.
1.2.4 Appreciation
Appreciation relates to evaluate something. There are three kinds of
appreciation; reaction impact and quality, compositional balance and complexity,
and valuation. In this text the artist (Anggun) uses one appreciation of valuation
relates to her attitudes. It aims to give strength of her feeling related with her
suffering. The table below provides appreciation datum and follows its
explanation.
Table 4.12
Analysis of Appreciation of Valuation Text 2
No of Form Appraising item Type of clause appreciation
1 carrier attribute Somehow the days and the negative;valuation nights are all the same
From the table above, the artist uses negative valuation towards everything
which is happened in her life. In clause 1 she says “Somehow the days and the
nights are all the same”, those words give strength of attention of her attitudes.
She says that “are all the same”, it represents her heart which is waiting for him
for so long. She just thinks that there is nothing different day by day or second by commit to user
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second. This is because she waits for long period but there is no information or
explanation about him. This statement emphasizes the listeners of her sadness
about her savior.
1.2.5 Graduation
Graduation relates to amplification of attitudes which is used in the text.
The amplification can be expressed strongly or weakly of someone expression. In
this text, the artist uses force and focus of graduation. She uses both types of force
graduation: raise and lower, but she only uses one types of focus graduation:
softening. The way she amplies her attitudes by soft and strong way. The
following table shows the finding data of graduation.
Table 4.13 Analysis of Graduation Text 2
No. of Form Appraising item Graduation Clause Force Focus 1 metaphor Somehow the days and the raise nights are all the same
2a attitudinal I can't tell the time lower
lexis
2b attitudinal I forget their names raise lexis
5 attitudinal With daze in my head I raise lexis can't abide
6 attitudinal When I'm away from you raise
lexis 7 attitudinal To show how much you raise
lexis mean to me 8 metaphor I'd give up my gravity raise
10 attitudinal To find where you would raise
lexis be 11a metaphor I'd breathe in water raise 13b attitudinal If you commitasked me to touser raise
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lexis
14 metaphor Breathe in water raise 15 metaphor Somehow I feel so lost raise
with a homeless heart
17 attitudinal When I am missing you raise lexis
18 metaphor But I chase the dark raise clouds from my eyes 20 attitudinal When I think about you raise lexis 22 metaphor I've erased my memory raise 25 This is what I can do softening 27 This is all that I feel softening 28 attitudinal And what I feel is real raise lexis 29 attitudinal This is what I have raise lexis prayed 32 metaphor I can breathe in water raise
Based on the table above, it can be seen that the artist only uses one lower
of amplification towards her behavior. It can be seen in clause 2a when she says
“I can’t tell the time”, by using the modality of “can” gives low amplification to
her attitudes. She just tells the listeners about her feeling but it is not in a strong
way. She just says that she forgets how long she waits. In another way she does
not want anyone knows of her waiting to him. This is way she only uses the
modality “can not” which has lower amplification.
As explained before, the artist only uses one lower of amplification, so the
amplification is dominated with strong amplification. It is also dominated with the
form of attitudinal lexis in the text. Meanwhile, the artist only uses few forms of
metaphors in the text. The attitudinal lexis form can be seen from numbers of
clauses above, for instance clausescommit 6, 7, and to user10. The aims of using this form are to
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explain all of her attitudes towards the leaving of her boyfriend. In the clause 6
when she says “when I’m away from you”, it means that she evaluates her
attitudes when she is in long distance with her boyfriend and she does not know
where he is. It is also happened in clause 7, she says “to show how much you
mean to me”, and this clause also contains her attitudes towards him.
Meanwhile, she also uses softening amplification in the text. It only
consists two forms of the amplification. The aim of putting this amplification is to
give smoother evaluation and motivation about her attitudes. It can be seen in
clause 25 and clause 27. In clause 25 she says “This is what I can do”, it reflects
her attitudes which are done by her towards him. By giving this amplification, she
hopes that her attitudes are right and she motivates herself to keep struggling.
1.2.6 Engagement
The last feature that used in the appraisal analysis is engagement.
Engagement deals with the sources of attitudes. In the text, the artist uses two
kinds of sources of attitudes: monogloss and heterogloss. In the other hand, the
way of her expression is dominated by heterogloss (it comes from more than one
voice) rather than monogloss (only one voice). The following table shows the
finding of engagement in the second text.
Table 4.14 Analysis of Engagement Text 2
No. of Form Appraising item Engagement
Clause Mono Hetero
1 concession Somehow the days and the nights are all the same
2a modality I can't tell the time 2b I forgetcommit their names to user
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5 modality With daze in my head I
can't abide 6 concession When I'm away from you
7 To show how much you mean to me
8 modality I'd give up my gravity
10 modality To find where you would be 11a modality I'd breathe in water 13b concession If you asked me to 14 Breathe in water 15 concession Somehow I feel so lost with a homeless heart 17 concession When I am missing you 18 concession But I chase the dark clouds from my eyes 20 concession When I think about you 22 I've erased my memory 25 modality This is what I can do 27 modality This is all that I feel 28 modality And what I feel is real 29 This is what I have prayed 32 modality I can breathe in water
From the table above, it can be seen that the form of heterogloss consists
of modality and concession. It proves that she gives evidence and real activities
towards the attitudes of her feeling. The example of modality is in clause 11, she
says “I’d breathe in the water”, it means that she would do everything which is
related to her savior, even when she must wait and keep hold on for him in the
unpredictable period.
She also expresses her feeling by concession which is used in the text. It
can be seen from clause 1 by using the conjunction “somehow” in the sentences commit to user
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“Somehow the days and the nights are all the same”. The using of the clause is
aimed to give additional explanation about what she done to the listeners. It can
be the activities not also done by her but also done by another people. The clause
represents of her ignorance about the changing time she passed. She just knows
that one thing which can do by her is waiting. The other concession which is used
in the text is “But”, it can be seen from clause 18, she says “But I chase the dark
clouds from my eyes”. It is almost same with the previous clause that she just
wants to make sure that she would do everything for him. She is pretty sure that
this activity would be done by all of girls in the world which has same condition
of being left by their soulmate. All of forms that used in the text can be done by
many people. Thus, she uses many concessions in this text.
In the other hand, the artist only uses five attitudes which come from
herself. The example of this form can be seen in clause 7, she says “To show how
much you mean to me”, in this clause brings her feeling that the savior really
much important to her. It comes from herself due to the feelings that she only felt.
Based on the analysis above, it proves that the artist uses heterogloss (modality
and concession) rather than monogloss (one voice). It indicates that she tends to
be more objective rather than subjective as the way to evaluate of the leaving her
savior.
1.2.7 Analysis of the relation between attitudes, prosody and genre
The whole results of the analysis will provide in the following table. The
whole results cover the attitudes, prosody and the generic structure of Anggun‟s
text. The following table shows the prosody and genre of the attitudes in text 2. commit to user
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Table 4.15 Analysis of the relation between attitudes, prosody, and genre Text 2
The Generic Structuree Clause Kinds of attitudes
Orientation Somehow the days and the negative nights are all the same
I can't tell the time I forget their names
When I am without you Evaluation And I'm spinning around like a positive satellite With daze in my head I can't abide When I'm away from you To show how much you mean to me I'd give up my gravity I'd walk the surface of the sea To find where you would be complication Chorus: positive I'd breathe in water - And drown myself in you I'd breathe in water - Dive
myself in you
I'd breathe in water - If you
asked me to Breathe in water
Somehow I feel so lost with a homeless heart
I've nowhere to run, I've
nowhere to hide When I am missing you
resolution But I chase the dark clouds positive from my eyes
Send them away like
butterflies When I think about you
To show how much you mean to me I've erasedcommit my memory to user
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To walk the surface of the sea
To be where you would be reorientation This is what I can do positive
What a woman can do This is all that I feel
And what I feel is real
This is what I have prayed For this love in my way I breathe in water I can breathe in water
It can be seen from the table above that the artist starts with negative
attitudes towards the issue. It is followed with positive opinions from her. She
also closes the text by giving positive opinions about the issue. It shows that the
artist gives negative arguments as the expression of her sadness about the leaving
of her saviour. In the other hand, she provides the evaluation of the leaving with
positive evaluations. It is important for her that she should struggle to keep
holding on him and hopes he would come back soon.
The aims of using positive evaluation and complication, it can be sum
up that the ideology of the artist (Anggun) is right antagonist since she gives
positive arguments in strong and softening ways. In this case, it seems that she
gives positive attitudes towards the issue. However, she still face the negative
problem about the issue. It can be seen in the clause “Somehow I feel so lost with
a homeless heart” and “I've nowhere to run, I've nowhere to hide”. Those
clauses prove that she still fights the bad feeling. However, she does not have the
right place for replacing her feeling. Based on this, the artist tries to more
objective rather than subjective because what she feels or does, it will be done by commit to user someone who has same feeling.
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1.3 Third Text
1.3.1 Analysis of attitudes
The third text which is used in this research is taken from Agnes
Monica‟s song entitled What they called a soulmate. It is similar with Anggun‟s
song entitled Breathe in the water, she uses three kinds of attitudes: affect,
judgement and appreciation in the way of evaluating issue. The following tables
provide the finding of the third text.
Table 4.16 Number attitudes Text 3 Attitude Frequency of Percentage occurence Affect Positive - - Negative 1 3,6% Judgement Positive 15 53,5% Negative 2 7,1% Appreciation Positive 5 17,9% Negative 5 17,9%
In this text, the artist (Agnes) uses same amount to express the
appreciation both positive and negative. The amount of the appreciation is 17,9%
for positive and negative. Meanwhile, she only uses one negative affect which
reaches 3,6%. Besides, it is still dominated with the positive judgement which
reaches 50%, for the negative judgement reaches only 7,2% towards the issue.
From the domination positive judgement shows that she express her happiness of
satisfaction about the soulmate. The complete explanation for each types will
explain in the following sub-chapter.
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1.3.2 Affect
As explained before in Chapter II, affect deals to someone feeling
whether it is sad or happy. It can be expressed negative and positive, or direct and
indirect. The table below provides the data of affect which is used in the text and
follows by its explanation.
Table 4.17 Analysis of affect Text 3
No of Form Appraising item Type of effect clause 24b carrier attribute no more feeling negative; quality
From the table above, the artist only uses one negative affect in clause
24b. In this clause, she says “no more feeling”, it represents all of her sadness
towards the soulmate. This statements deals with her waiting for him in long time.
She waits and keeps holding on him for his love. Even, she does not care what
people say. After her waiting for long time, finally she collapsed by saying that
there is no more feeling. The love is only wasted for him. It is because she spend
much time to love and to think about him. Meanwhile, there is no information
about him, where he is. She express her feeling as the representation of her anger
and hateness toward her soulmate.
1.3.3 Judgement
Judgement deals with people‟s character. It can be expressed negative
or positively, implicit or explicitly. It also can be expressed personally or morally.
The table below provides the data of the third text.
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Table 4.18 Analysis of Judgement Text 3
No of Form Appraising item Type of clause judgement
1 behavioral i see you standing here positive personal
process admire direct 4 behavioral Feel this love that I bare positive personal
process admire direct 6a mental when you know positive personal behavioral admire direct process 7 mental process why you made me trust positive personal admire direct 9b behavioral I‟m still standing on positive personal process admire direct 11a verbal process no one can tell me negative personal criticize direct
11b behavioral that's what i can't do negative personal process criticize direct 13 mental to loose the thirst drink the positive personal behavioral water from you admire direct process 14 mental process don't wanna deny our faith positive personal
admire direct
15 verbal process we are what they call positive personal soulmate admire direct
17 verbal process they tell me the love we had positive personal admire direct
19 mental process but to feel once your love positive personal
admire direct 21 behavioral if i could do anything to positive personal
process show that i need you admire direct
21 mental if i could do anything to show positive personal behavioral that i need you admire direct
process
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22b verbal i could never end baby positive personal
behavioral admire direct process
23 behavioral i wanna show the whole positive personal process world of how you once loved admire direct me 24a mental i don't wanna cry positive personal behavioral admire direct process
From the table above, it can be seen that the artist uses many positive
judgements toward the issue of meaning a soulmate. She starts with positive
attitudes and only puts two negative attitudes between the positive attitudes
themselves. It relates to her own feeling, in which she uses more personal than
moral towards the issue.
The positive attitudes can be seen from many clauses in the text. Some
examples of them are in clauses 1, 4, 5, 6a, 7, 9b and so forth. In clause 1 in form
of behavioral process, she says “I see you standing here”, it reflects her attitudes
when she memorizes that she can see him standing beside her. This is the
beginning to start the issue by giving the positive attitudes of seeing him. The next
thing which is done by the artist is clause 4 when she says “Feel this love that I
bare”, it is representation of her attitudes when she saw him. She only shows her
love instead of the bad feeling of waiting him. This is why she uses clause 1 and
clause 4 in the form of behavioral process, it shows her attitudes toward her
saviour. commit to user
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In the other hand, the example of mental process form can be found in
clause 14 and clause 7, when she memorizes and waits her, one important thing
that she never forget about promise from her soulmate. It shows in clause 14 when
she says, “don't wanna deny our faith”, she would not neglect the faith and the
promise. Therefore, she still keeps waiting for him based on the faith and the
promise they had. The other clause which supports the arguments can be found in
clause 7, she says “why you made me trust”, both clauses supports the promise
that they made and she still keeps her wishes. The positive attitudes which are
used in the text proves everything that she done to find the meaning of soulmate
and to keep her hope that he would back to her side.
Meanwhile, she only puts two negative attitudes in the middle of her
struggling to wait him. It can be found in clause 11a and clause 11b. In clause 11a
in the form of verbal process, she says “no one can tell me”, it represents her
feeling that she is tired of waiting for him. Moreover, no one can help and tell her
what should she do while waiting for him. She only knows that by loving him
forever is something true in her life. This is why she keeps holding on him. In
clause 11b in the form of behavioral process, she says “that's what i can't do”, she
can wait for long period but one thing that she never do it, she would betray their
love.
She would keep and wait for him whatever the reason. Thus, the use of
verbal process in clause 11a and follows form of behavioral process in clause 11b
prove that she considerates everything related to her saviour. As supports in
clause 15 which is also in form of verbal process, she says “we are what they commit to user
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called soulmate”, this clause proves that she keeps their love. Their perfect love
becomes an example for the other couples.
1.3.4 Appreciation
The next attitude which is used by the artist (Agnes Monica) in the text
is appreciation. Appreciation deals with evaluation of things. In this text, the artist
uses two kinds of reaction impact and quality, and valuation appreciation. For all
appreciations express in positive and negative by the artist. The following table
provides the data of appreciation from each type, it is starting with appreciation
reaction and ending with valuation appreciation.
1.3.4.1 Appreciation Reaction
In this text, the artist uses reaction appreciation in positive and negative
ways toward the issue. The kinds of reaction appreciation can be done in two
ways: reaction: impact which gave emotional impact towards the issue,
meanwhile, reaction: quality which gave reaction in the degree form. The data
will provide in the table below.
Table 4.19
Analysis of Appreciation (Reaction) Text 3
No of Form Appraising item Type of
clause appreciation 5 mental behavioral why you said [your love to positive; impact
process me won't ever die]
8 carrier attribute that it love, not a lust negative; impact 9a carrier attribute days were gone metaphor; quality
20 extra causer making my life more positive impact complete
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As can be seen from the table, the artist uses three reaction impacts and
one reaction quality. The reaction impact consists of one negative and two
positive ways. She uses those reactions to evaluate all of her attitudes toward the
issue. The metaphor form of quality can be found in clause 9a in the form of
carrier attribute when she states “days were gone”, it reflects the long time when
she waits for him. She only knows that she waits day by day and there is no exact
time when he would back. In the other hand, the negative impact can be found in
clause 8 in the form of carrier attribute when she says “that it love, not a lust”,
she states that she wants to evaluate her attitude about the promise which they
made. The promise keep the love never end whatever the condition, but the effect
of waiting him makes her to evaluate more about her attitudes.
As said in the clause 8 that she says contrary between love and lust. She
waits him for long period, and she thinks that the love which felt by her is not love
but it is only lust. Lust is representation of negative feeling when someone feels
that it can be appear and disappear easily. Meanwhile, in clause 5 in the form of
mental behavioral process, she says “why you said [your love to me won't ever
die]”, it represents that she still keeps the promise that their love never die and
never end with sadness. She hopes that the love still came back to make her life
more complete and to pursuit happiness.
It supports in clause 20 in the form of extra causer, she says
differently“making my life more complete”. The extra causer aims to give
additional information as the impact of their loving. From the evaluating that the commit to user love is only lust, she still remembers about their love in the past. In the past, when
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they can love each other, she feels happy and makes her life more complete. They
can share the happiness and sadness each other, but now she faces different
condition when the love is gone.
1.3.4.2 Appreciation Valuation
In this text, the artist uses appreciation of valuation towards the issue.
Valuation deals to the judgment of something which is used by someone. She
expresses in positive and negative ways and it aims to give her evaluation towards
her attitudes. The following table below shows the data of valuation appreciation.
Table 4.20 Analysis of Appreciation (Valuation) Text 3
No of Form Appraising item Type of clause appreciation 6b carrier attribute that it‟s only a lie negative valuation 10 carrier attribute to love you is something that positive valuation true 16 extra causer the promise we made positive valuation 18 carrier attribute shouldn't happen by any positive valuation
reason
22a carrier attribute there's so many reasons positive valuation 24c carrier attribute this love...... wasted by you negative valuation
Based on the table above, it can be seen that positive valuation in the
form of carrier attribute is dominated in the appreciation of the text. There is only
one negative valuation in the text. It represents of her attitudes that she would still
hold on him. The positive appreciation of carrier attribute form can be found in
clauses 10, 18, and 22a. In clause 10 she says “to love you is something that
true”, it reflects the whole activities which are done by her to wait him forever. commit to user She believes that her love and sacrifice are true whwther the condition is good or
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bad. In addition, the positive appreciation of extra causer form can be found in the
clause 16 she says “the promise we made”, she believes that the promise which
they made is only one reason to keep holding on. She does not care about the
situation and the condition in her surroundings.
It is also support in clause 18 she says “shouldn’t happen by any
reason”, it deals with their loves that it would never end with sadness with any
kind of reasons. Furthermore, she restates in clause 22a, she says “there’s so
many reasons”, it is positive due to the reasons represent to her that she could not
end this love to him whatever the reasons. The love would be everlasting forever.
She puts two negative appreciations which are also in carrier attribute
form in the text. It can be found in clause 6b and clause 24c. It reflects to evaluate
all attitudes toward the issue of his leaving. In clause 6b when she says, “that it’s
only lie”, it means that she evaluates her attitudes as the way to waiting him. The
promise and the love are considered as a lie for her because she waits in long time
and never get the exact information about him. In the end, she states in clause 24c,
“this love …. Wasted by you”, it proves that she spends much time to love and
wait her soul mate. She does not think anything else, she only thinks and keeps
her love.
1.3.5 Graduation
Graduation deals to strong or weak of someone expression. It can be
expressed raise or lower volume. The artist (Agnes Monica) uses two kinds of
graduation: force and focus toward the issue. The gradable which is used by her is
force: raise and focus: softening and sharpening. It brings the attitudes volume of commit to user
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the artist which is strong and sharp in the way of evaluating the issue. The
following table shows the data of graduation in the text.
Table 4.21 Analysis of Graduation Text 3
No. of Form Appraising item Graduation
Clause Force Focus 1 attitudinal i see you standing here raise lexis 4 attitudinal Feel this love that i bare raise lexis 5 attitudinal why you said [your love to raise lexis me won't ever die] 6a attitudinal when you know raise lexis 6b attitudinal that it‟s only a lie raise lexis 7 attitudinal why you made me trust raise lexis 8 attitudinal that it love, not a lust raise lexis 9a metaphor days were gone raise 9b attitudinal I‟m still standing on raise
lexis
10 attitudinal to love you is something raise lexis that true
11a no one can tell me Sharpening
11b attitudinal that's what i can't do raise lexis
13 metaphor to loose the thirst drink raise
the water from you 14 attitudinal don't wanna deny our raise
lexis faith 15 attitudinal we are what they call raise
lexis soulmate
16 attitudinal the promise we made raise lexis
17 attitudinal they tell me the love we raise commit to user lexis had
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18 attitudinal shouldn't happen by any raise
lexis reason 19 but to feel once your love Sharpening
20 attitudinal making my life more raise lexis complete
21 attitudinal if i could do anything to raise
lexis show that i need you 21 attitudinal if i could do anything to raise lexis show that i need you 22a there's so many reasons Softening 22b attitudinal i could never end baby raise lexis 23 metaphor i wanna show the whole raise world of how you once loved me 24a attitudinal i don't wanna cry raise lexis 24b no more feeling Sharpening 24c attitudinal this love...... wasted by raise lexis you
As can be seen from the table, she uses force graduation: raise and
focus graduation: softening and sharpening. It is dominated with raise graduation
rather than sharpening or softening. It aims to give high attention to her attitudes
towards the issue. For instance when she says in the clause 6, she says “that it‟s
only a lie”, the statement is in the form of attitudinal lexis. The cut word of
“only” makes straight point about the promise that it is not true. It is just a lie to
make her happy like what she gets from the long process of waiting.
She wants to express all of her bad feeling towards the leaving by
giving raise graduation in all of her arguments. She uses two forms of graduation:
attitudinal lexis and metaphors. She does not use intensifier because she did not commit to user talk the possibility when he would came back. The other clauses which are formed
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in attitudinal lexis can be found in many clauses such as: 1, 4, 5, 6a, 6b, 14, 22b
and so forth. In clause 22b she says, “i could never end baby”, it reflects her
feeling that she would not end the love whatever the condition. She closes in the
clause 24a in the form of attitudinal lexis, she says “I don’t wanna cry”, it
supports and reflects all of her activities to waiting him. Moreover, she would
never regret for everything she done.
The other form in the graduation is metaphor and it can be found in
clauses 9a, 13, and 23. The using of metaphor aims to give the deep meaning for
her activities related to the issue. For instance in clause 9a, she says “days were
gone”, it shows that she spend much time to wait him. The word of “gone” gives
the deep impact and represents for long time. Furthermore, she says in clause 13
“to loose the thirst drink the water from you”, it means that by loving him, it will
give her happiness and will make her life more complete. The last clause which is
in metaphor form can be found in clause 23, she says “i wanna show the whole
world of how you once loved me”, it represents her attitudes that she wants to
show everything in the world, to show that he really much important to her.
1.3.6 The Analysis of Engagement
This is the final aspect that used in analysis is engagement. It deals to
the source of attitudes. There are two kinds of engagement: monogloss and
heterogloss. Monogloss deals to the sources of attitudes that comes from one
voice. Meanwhile, heterogloss deals to the sources of attitudes that come from
more than one voices. The table below shows the finding data of engagement.
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Table 4.22 Analysis of Engagement Text 3
No. of Form Appraising item Engagement Clause Mono Hetero
1 i see you standing here
4 Feel this love that i bare 5 modality why you said [your love to
me won't ever die] 6a when you know 6b modality that it’s only a lie 7 why you made me trust 8 that it love, not a lust 9a days were gone 9b I‟m still standing on 10 modality to love you is something that true 11a modality no one can tell me 11b modality that's what i can't do 13 to loose the thirst drink the water from you 14 modality don't wanna deny our faith 15 projection we are what they call soulmate
16 the promise we made 17 projection they tell me the love we had
18 modality shouldn't happen by any
reason 19 concession but to feel once your love
20 making my life more
complete 21 concession if i could do anything to
show that i need you 21 modality if i could do anything to
show that i need you
22a modality there's so many reasons 22b modality i could never end baby
23 i wanna show the whole world of how you once loved me commit to user
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24a modality i don't wanna cry
24b no more feeling 24c this love...... wasted by you
From the table above, it is dominated with monogloss form. She also
applies heterogloss in the all of three forms: modality, projection, and concession.
The form of monogloss can be found in clauses 1, 4, 6a, 7, 8, 9a, 9b, 13, 16, 20,
23, 24b and 24c. For instance in clause 9a, she says “days were gone”, it means
the long time of waiting him. On contrary, she says in clause 9b, “I’m still
standing on”, the clause gives contradiction of what she feels. She waits for long
time which is shown in clause 9a, but she wants to show that she keeps holding on
to him which is shown in clause 9b. It proves that she never care about what
happen in her surrounding and she just wants to wait for him.
Clauses which are used modality form can be found in clauses 5, 10,
11a, 11b, 14, 18, 21, 22a, 22b, and 24b. For instance in clause 21, she says “if i
could do anything to show that i need you”, she uses the modality of could and
conditional sentences to connects the wish if she could do something. The
modality “could” relate to the past tense. It means that she regret that she did not
do something as he likes. She still talks the possibility because she still wishes
that her soulmate would come back.
Moreover, she still use the modality of “could” in clause 22b, she says
“i could never end baby”, this statements proves that she would never give up
whatever the condition whether in the past or present. She makes sure by using commit to user
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the word “never” in the sentences. Thus, she combines the sentences with the
modality of “could” and adverb of “never”, it shows how strong the artist keeps
the faith and the love. She would not give up for her love and she would keep
fight to make him back.
Another form is projection, it can be found in clauses 15 and 17. In
clause 15, she says “we are what they call soulmate “, it means that many people
think that they are perfect couple. She uses the projection forms to make her
soulmate sure that they are perfect couple. The aim of projection is to prove that it
is not only her who thought that they are perfect couple, but also the outside
people who thought same thing. In clause 17 supports the previous clause, she
says “they tell me the love we had”, it shows that many people tell her that the
condition of leaving by him should not happen. It relates to the love they had.
They are pretty sure that the biggest love of them which can make them happy.
From the voice of many people, it makes her sure that they have a true love.
The last form of heterogloss is concession. It can be found in clauses 19
and 21. In clause 19, she says “but to feel once your love”, the using of “but”
brings the contradiction of what she feels. In the other side, she only can feel the
love of him for once but she must feel the sadness of leaving by him. The last
clause which is formed in clause 21, she says “if i could do anything to show that
i need you”, she uses the word “if” in the clause to show that she still wishes that
there is a second chance to her to repair all of mistakes which are done by her.
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1.3.7 The Analysis of relation between attitudes, prosody and genre.
The table below provides the whole of analysis of attitudes, prosody,
and the structure in the text. The whole analysis of attitudes start from the stages
of the generic structure in the text 3 can be seen in the table below:
Table 4.23 Analysis of the relation between attitudes, prosody and genre in Text 3 The Generic Structure Clause Kinds of attitudes Orientation i see you standing here Negative Watching you breathing my air Holding hands with someone else Feel this love that i bare
Evaluation why you said your love to me Negative won't ever die when you know that it's only a lie why you made me trust that it love, not a lust days were gone,i'm still standing on complication to love you is something that Positive
true
no one can tell me that's what i
can't do to want you forever just you
to loose the thirst drink the water from you
don't wanna deny our faith
we are what they call soulmate the promise we made
they tell me the love we had shouldn't happen by any
reason but to feel once your love
making my life more complete
resolution if i could do anything to show Positive commit to user that i need you
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there's so many reasons i could
never end baby i wanna show the whole world
of how you once loved me reorientation i don't wanna cry no more Positive
feeling this love...... wasted by
you
From the table above, it can be seen that the artist uses positive and
negative attitudes toward the issue. She continues the evaluation by giving
arguments in the negative ways. Those arguments prove that she wants to keep
fighting to get him back. She never regrets or sad about what happens to her, but
she focuses to fight the sadness to wait him with everything she can do.
Based on the table above, it can be concluded that the ideology of the
artist (Agnes Monica) is right protagonist. It is because she supports and
challenges the issue by giving the positive and the negative ways. She criticizes
the leaving of her saviour, but in other way she still hopes her saviour to come
back home soon. It seems that she supports the issue by doing some positive
attitudes. In the other hand, she also challenges the issue by providing the
negative attitudes.
It can be seen from the clause “why you said your love to me won't
ever die, when you know that it's only a lie”, it means that she is disappointed
about the promise. She only can keep the promise and can wait him without
another solution to end her bad feeling. By providing the arguments in strong and
sharp, and negative valuation, it proves her ideology that she disappointed with
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her feeling and she wants to move on her life. It shows that she tends to be more
objective since the domination of arguments that came from more than one voice.
1.4 Fourth Text
1.4.1 Analysis of Atitude
This research is taken from the text entitled I’ll Light A Candle
performed by Agnes Monica. It is similar to the three texts in the previous sub-
chapter, in this text the artist uses three kinds of appraisal: affect, judgement, and
appreciation. The domain and taxonomic analysis will be applied in order to find
the types of attitudes and the classification. The following table below provides
the number of attitudes in the text 4.
Table 4.24 Number of Attitudes Text 4 Attitude Frequency of Percentage occurence Affect Positive 7 21,9% Negative - - Judgement Positive 19 59,4%
Negative 3 9,4%
Appreciation Positive 2 6,2%
Negative 1 3,1%
The table above shows the finding data of attitudes that found in the
text 4. Based on the data above, the artist (Agnes Monica) uses three kinds of
attitudes toward the issue. She only uses positive affect to show her feeling about
the issue. The amount of positive affect reaches 21,9%. Meanwhile, she employs
judgement and appreciation in positive and negative ways. The positive
judgement is dominated in the data rather than the others attitudes, it reaches commit to user 59,4%. The negative judgement reaches 9,4%.
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The using of judgement is to evaluate her attitudes of herself toward
the issue. In the appreciation data, the positive appreciation reaches 6,2% same
with the negative judgement, and for negative appreciation only reaches 3,1%.
From the domination of positive judgement, it can be concluded that the artist
shows her spirit fighting to run her life or to support the issue. The detail of three
kinds of attitudes will be discussed below.
1.4.2 Affect
Affect deals with someone feeling whether it is happy or sad. It can be
expressed positive or negative, direct or indirect. The following table provides the
finding data of affect in the fourth text.
Table 4.25 Analysis of Affect Text 4
No of Form Appraising item Type of effect clause 3 mental process Are fell when missing you positive;process 8 mental The thought of you keeps me positive;quality
behavioral warm process
9 mental process I’m longing for your touch positive;process
10 mental process And your kisses I really miss positive;quality 25 mental I can feel your touch in my metaphor; process
behavioral dreams process
28 mental process Makes me feel warm inside positive;quality
37 mental process Don‟t you worry girl positive;quality
From the table can be seen that all of affect is positive. The artist uses
positive affect relates to express her feeling in the past when she still accompanied
by her soulmate. There are two positive processes, four positive quality, and one commit to user
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metaphor process of affect found in the text. The positive process of affect can be
seen in clause 3 and clause 9 in the form of mental process. Furthermore, she
applies metaphor form to show her deep longing of her saviour. It aims to show
what happens inside her heart.
In clause 3, she says “are fell when missing you”, it means a process
because of her heart is hurt when she miss with her soulmate. It also happens in
clause 9, when she says “I’m longing for your touch”, this clause brings the
feeling of the artist that she does not only miss with him but also miss his touch
how he treats her. Similarly, in clause 25, she says “I can feel your touch in my
dreams”, it represents of her feeling as the impact of thinking him so much. The
clause shows how she really miss to her saviour who can not meet in the real life.
The other kind of affect is positive quality, it can be found in clauses
8, 10, 28 and 37. She uses this affect to show how deep her feeling towards her
soulmate. It can be seen from clause 8 which has form of mental behavioral
process, she says “the thought of you keeps me warm”. The form purposes to
show the cause and effect for mentally and physically. The clause means the
effect of thinking to him always give her a warm and safe feeling.
She also makes stress of her feeling that she really misses him. It
proves in clause 10 in the form mental process, she says “and your kisses that I
really miss”. This clause shows that she misses everything which relates to her
soulmate include the touch, kiss, and feeling. In addition, thet clause which shows
her feeling can be seen in clause 28 in the form of mental process, she says
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“makes me feel warm inside”. It shows that the effect of her attitudes gives the
warm feeling. This makes her really misses and remembers him.
1.4.3 Judgement
Judgement relates to evaluate of people‟s character. The way to judge
the character can be positive or negative, and can be implicit or explicit. It can
also do in personally or morally. The following table shows the judgement data
and the description of fourth text.
Table 4.26 Analysis of Judgement Text 4 No of Form Appraising item Type of clause judgement 1 behavioral I spend my time today negative personal process critize direct 2 mental process Just thinking of you positive personal admire direct 5 mental I can't wait for the moment negative personal behavioral critize direct process 6 behavioral When you finally back in my positive personal
process arms admire direct
11 mental process I hope you come home soon positive personal admire direct
12 behavioral but until then this is what I’ll do positive personal
process admire direct 13 mental I‟ll light a candle positive personal
behavioral admire direct process
14 behavioral To see when you get home positive personal
process admire direct 15 mental process Just to let you know positive personal
admire direct 16 mental That I‟m waiting so long for you negative personal
behavioral to hold me critize direct process commit to user
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17 behavioral Until the night you will stay positive personal
peocess admire direct 18 behavioral (Stay with me forever) positive personal
process admire direct 19 mental I‟ll light a candle in the window positive personal
behavioral admire direct
process 21 mental process Just the thought of you positive personal admire direct 22 behavioral Gets me through my days positive personal process admire direct 24 behavioral And never be seen go away positive personal process admire direct 26 behavioral I dont want to open my eyes positive personal process admire direct 27 mental Just to know that you're waiting positive personal behavioral for me admire direct process 38 behavioral You wont be alone too long positive personal process admire direct 40 behavioral And I see your face positive personal process admire direct 42 mental We will making love forever positive personal behavioral admire direct
process
43 behavioral Dont ever leave positive personal
process admire direct
According to the table above, it can be seen that the artist uses
judgement to evaluate her attitudes towards her soulmate. She uses many positive
ways to express her feeling rather than negative ways. Thus, she uses more admire
rather than criticize. The aims of using this judgement are to evaluate her attitudes
to her soulmate in the past. The attitudes show how her struggles without her
soulmate in her life. This is why the artist uses positive judgement because it commit to user
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relates to her behaviour towards her soulmate. Therefore, it is more personal than
moral.
The negative judgement in the form of mental behavioral process can
be found in clause 5 and clause 16. The aim of using this negative form is to show
that she suffers mentally of leaving by him. She does not know what she should
do to forget him. She says in clause 5 “I can’t wait for the moment”, it means a
deep hope for her to the coming of her soulmate. That is why she said that she
could not wait the moment of her soulmate back.
The positive judgement which contains mental behavioral process can
be seen in clauses 13, 19, 27 and 42. In clause 13, she says “I’ll light a candle”,
it proves that she will do everything until he come back to home. In clause 27 she
says “Just to know that you're waiting for me”, it reflects from her attitudes
towards him. This is her wish towards her saviour because she hopes that her
saviour also waits for her. The hope makes her to survive. In the mental
behavioral process in clause 42, she says “We will making love forever”. It
represents that she hopes her love will be happy ending by seeing him come back
and never go anymore.
The positive judgement in the form of mental process can be found in
clauses 2, 11, 15, and 21. She uses this form to show her feeling towards her
soulmate inside her hear. In clause 2 she says “just thinking of you” it means
that in her life she only thinks about her soulmate. It represents what happens in
the present when she left by him. The one thing that she can do is to think of him.
The other clause which has same form can be seen in clause 11, she says “I hope commit to user
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you come home soon”. The word “hope” reflects from she thinks him forever in
her live, she still hopes that he would come back home soon. The mental process
form shows that she still has same feeling. There is no difference between feeling
in the past and in the present.
The last form in the judgement is behavioral process, it is found in
clauses 1, 6, 12, 14, 17, 22, 24, 26, 38, 40 and 43. Those clauses aim to show her
attitudes while waiting for him. In clause 6 she says “When you finally back in
my arms”, this reflects from her hopes that he is finally back to her side. The other
clause which shows her attitudes towards him is in clause 12 she says “but until
then this is what I’ll do”, it reflects to one thing that she only can do to wait and
hope him to come back home soon. All of clauses in the behavioral form aim to
tell that he come back. It relates about what she will do until the day come.
1.4.4 Appreciation
Appreciation deals to evaluate thing towards certain issue. It can be
expressed negative or positive. There are three kinds of appreciation: reaction,
valuation, and composition. In this text the artist uses two kinds of appreciation:
reaction and valuation. The following table provides the data of appreciation in
the fourth text.
1.4.4.1 Appreciation Reaction
In this text the artist uses reaction of appreciation to show her
attention towards the issue. The reation of appreciation can be expressed: reaction
impact (by giving emotional impact of the artist), and reaction quality (by giving
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reaction in the degree). The table below provides the finding data of appreciation
reaction in the text 4.
Table 4.27 Appreciation (Reaction) in Text 4
No of Form Appraising item Type of appreciation
clause 30 qualifier That keep us apart negative;reaction,quality
As can be seen in the table, the artist only uses one reaction of
appreciation in the form qualifier. The clause is negative meaning towards the
issue. She uses this clause to evaluate her attitudes about her soulmate. As she
says in the clause “That keeps us apart”, it relates to the separation of her and
him. She believes that their love is everlasting. The only thing which made them
separate is only time. The time makes them far each other. The form qualifier
gives the information about what happens and impacts relate to the leaving of
him.
1.4.4.2 Appreciation Valuation
The other form which is used by the artist is valuation of appreciation.
Valuation connects to the social significance of our assessment towards something
on the text/process. It can be expressed in positive or negative ways, but in this
case the artist only uses positive valuation to support her attitudes of facing from
the leaving her soulmate.
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Table 4.28 Appreciation (Valuation) in the Text 4
No of Form Appraising item Type of appreciation clause
29 carrier attribute It's only time positive ; valuation
34 existential There's nothing positive;valuation process
From the table above, it can be seen that the artist uses valuation of
appreciation to evaluate her attitudes. She uses two forms for each of
appreciation: carrier attribute and existential process. The form of carrier attribute
can be seen in clause 29, she says “It’s only time”, it represents that the
evaluation from the separation is time which cause them separate each other. The
other clause is in form of existential process in clause 34, she says “There’s
nothing”, this clause relates to the happening that there are not reasons which can
make them separete. She believes that he would come back to her side, to talk
about everything together.
In specific, she only uses valuation of appreciation in positive way.
She does not use negative valuation towards the issue, because she just wants to
show her positive assessment related to her attitudes. She hopes that the positive
assessment can give motivation for her.
1.4.5 Graduation
Graduation deals with amplification of the attitudes which is used in
the text. Amplification relates to the attitudes which can be strong or weak. In this
text, the artist uses two kinds of graduation to express her attitudes towards the
issue. The graduation which is usedcommit in the to text user are force and focus. By using those
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kinds of graduation, it shows that the volume of evaluating the issue is strong and
sharp. The table below provides the analysis data of graduation.
Table 4.29 Analysis of Graduation Text 4
No. of Form Appraising item Graduation
Clause Force Focus 1 metaphor I spend my time today raise 2 attitudinal Just thinking of you raise lexis 3 metaphor Are fell when missing you raise 5 attitudinal I can't wait for the moment lower lexis 6 When you finally back in my sharpening arms 8 metaphor The thought of you keeps me raise warm 9 attitudinal I’m longing for your touch raise lexis 10 intensifier And your kisses I really miss raise 11 attitudinal I hope you come home soon lower lexis 12 but until then this is what I’ll softening
do
13 attitudinal I‟ll light a candle lower
lexis 14 attitudinal To see when you get home raise
lexis 15 Just to let you know sharpening
16 intensifier That I‟m waiting so long for raise
you to hold me 17 attitudinal Until the night you will stay lower
lexis 18 (Stay with me forever) sharpening
19 attitudinal I‟ll light a candle in the raise
lexis window 21 Just the thought of you sharpening
22 metaphor Gets me through my days raise commit to user
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24 metaphor And never be seen go away raise
25 attitudinal I can feel your touch in my raise lexis dreams
26 attitudinal I dont want to open my eyes lower lexis
27 Just to know that you're sharpening
waiting for me 28 attitudinal Makes me feel warm inside raise lexis 29 It's only time sharpening 30 attitudinal That keep us apart raise lexis 34 There's nothing sharpening 37 attitudinal Don't you worry girl lower lexis 38 intensifier You wont be alone too long raise 40 attitudinal And I see your face raise lexis 42 attitudinal We will making love forever lower lexis 43 attitudinal Dont ever leave raise lexis
Based on the table above, it can be seen that the graduation of force is
dominated in the fourth text. Meanwhile, there are eight data which uses
graduation of focus: softening and sharpening. For example, focus: sharpening
happens when she states her hopes to her soulmate to come back soon in clause 6,
“When you finally back in my arms”, this clause represents her wishes that he
would came back in her side. She uses the word finally in the clause to make
straight point that she still waits of his coming until the last time. Meanwhile, she
only uses softening graduation in clause 12, she says “but until then this is what
I’ll do”, it represents her behavior that she done to wait her soulmate. The commit to user
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softening aims to give positive value towards her surrounding that what she done
is true.
As stated before that the artist uses many graduation of force: raise.
The purpose of using this graduation is to show her feeling highly. There are three
kinds of graduation that used in the text: attitudinal lexis, intensifier and
metaphor. Moreover, the artist uses many forms of attitudinal lexis in the text.
Some of them can be seen in clauses 1, 2, 5, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16 and so forth. For
example in clause 9, she states “I’m longing for your touch”, it represents her
attitudes that she really misses him to make her life more comfort. Furthermore,
she proves her feeling of missing him in clause 11, when she says “I hope you
come home soon”, both clauses reflect her feeling of missing her soulmate. She
hopes that he would come back soon in her side to make her life more complete.
The using of attitudinal lexis form is to show value in her attitudes towards her
soulmate.
In addition, the other forms that found in the graduation of force:
intensifier. It can be seen in clauses 10, 16, and 38. The aims of using the
intensifier form is to straight the point that only him who make her happy.
Moreover, there is no possibility for someone else to be her soulmate. For
instance she says in clause 10, “And your kisses I really miss”, it reflects her
feeling that she really misses everything which relates to him. All of things can
make her happier and comfort than before.
The last form of graduation that she uses in the text is metaphor. She
uses metaphor to give deep meaning to her saying related to her soulmate. It can commit to user
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be found in clauses 1, 8, 22 and 24. In clause 8, she says “The thought of you
keeps me warm”, it means that by thinking of him, she can feel the warmth of
her soulmate. This feeling makes her happier and more complete to her life. She
does not worry anymore when her soulmate is in her side. It also happens in
clause 22, when she says “Gets me through my days”, from the thinking of him,
she could run her life as well as other people. The thinking of her soulmate gives
her much spirit to continue her life.
1.4.6 Engagement
The final feature that used in the fourth text is engagement. It relates
to the source of attitudes. There are two kinds of engagement: monogloss (come
from one voice), heterogloss (come from more than voice). The following table
provides the data of engagement that used in the text.
Table 4.30 Analysis of Engagement in the Text 4
No. of Form Appraising item Engagement
Clause
Mono Hetero
1 I spend my time today 2 Just thinking of you
3 Are fell when missing you
5 modality I can't wait for the moment 6 concession When you finally back in
my arms 8 The thought of you keeps me
warm
9 I’m longing for your touch 10 And your kisses I really miss
11 I hope you come home soon
12 concession but until then this is what I’ll do commit to user
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13 modality I’ll light a candle
14 To see when you get home 15 Just to let you know
16 That I‟m waiting so long for
u to hold me 17 modality Until the night you will stay
18 (Stay with me forever) 19 modality I’ll light a candle in the window 21 Just the thought of you 22 Gets me through my days 24 And never be seen go away 25 modality I can feel your touch in my dreams 26 modality I dont want to open my eyes 27 Just to know that you're waiting for me 28 Makes me feel warm inside 29 modality It's only time 30 That keep us apart 34 modality There's nothing 37 modality Don't you worry girl 38 modality You wont be alone too long 40 And I see your face
42 modality We will making love forever
43 modality Dont ever leave
It can be seen from the table above that it is dominated by monogloss
(one voice). There are few of heterogloss that used in the text. Some clauses that
use monogloss of engagement are 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, 11 and so on. For example in
clause 1 she says “I spend my time today”, it reflects her behavior that she
spends much time to think and to remember him. In the other clause that proves
her own feeling can be seen in clause 11, when she says “I hope you come home
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soon”, it represents her own wishes that she has deep hope to her soulmate to
come back in her life.
In the other hand, the artist only uses two kinds of heterogloss:
modality and concession. The form of modality can be found in clauses 5, 13, 17,
19, 25, 26, 29, 34, 38, 42, and 43. For example, in clause 19, she says “I’ll light a
candle in the window”, it means that the artist will use all of her attitudes to wait
her soulmate come back. The modality shows the possibility for her to waiting her
soulmate until the day come (the coming back of her soulmate). It shows the
possibility for everything which is done by her. In clause 29, she says “it’s only
time”, she gives sharp point that the factor which makes them separate is only
time. There is no the other thing that cause them apart for each other. The
modality used to show the reader that the factor or impact can be occured by
many people. Therefore, she uses heterogloss of engagement.
The last form of heterogloss is concession. It is also to give wider
point of view about what happening to her and him. Everything which occurs in
their life can be took placed to everyone in the world. The clause that uses
concession form can be seen in clauses 6 and 12. In clause 6, she says “When you
finally back in my arms”, it represents her hope of coming from her soulmate. It
supports in clause 12, when she says „but until then this is what I’ll do”, it is
clear that she keeps her hope, while she is doing everything to the coming of her
soulmate.
From the analysis and the domination of kinds of engagement, it
proves that the artist (Agnes Monica) tends to be monogloss (one voice) rather commit to user
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than heterogloss (more than one voice). Therefore, she is more subjective rather
than objective in evaluating her feeling towards her soulmate.
1.4.7 Analysis of the relation between attitudes, prosody and genre
The following table provides the whole result of analyzing the fourth
text, it covers the attitudes, prosody and genre. The whole analysis of attitudes
from the stages and the generic structure of the text can be seen in the table below.
Table 4.31 Analysis of the relation between attitudes, prosody and genre in the Text 4
The Generic Structure Clause Kinds of attitudes Orientation I spend my time today negative Just thinking of you My heart and my mind Are fell when missing you
Evaluation I can't wait for the moment positive When you finally back in my
arms So for now while you're not
around
The thought of you keeps me warm
I'm longing for your touch And your kisses I really miss
I hope you come home soon That until then this is what I do
complication I'll light a candle positive
To see when you get home Just to let you know
That I'm waiting so long for you to hold me
Until the night you will stay (Stay with commitme forever) to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id108
I‟ll light a candle in the window
Hurry come my way Just the thought of you
Gets me through my days U constantly in my mind
And never be seen go away
I can feel your touch in my dreams I dont want to open my eyes Just to know that you're waiting for me Makes me feel warm inside resolution It's only time positive That keep us apart But in a moment We'll be face to face And heart to heart There's nothing Than even to know That you're coming home reorientation Don't you worry girl positive You wont be alone too long When the morning comes And I see your face
Lying next to me
We will making love forever Dont ever leave
Based on the table above, it can be seen that the artist (Agnes Monica)
begins the negative attitudes towards the issue. In the other hand, she continues to
give positive attitudes in the following stages until the end of stages. It shows that
the negative attitudes used by the artist is to express the dissatisfaction of her
soulmate. Meanwhile, the positive attitudes proves that she would fight and wait
whatever the condition is. Therefore, she applies narrative genre in evaluating the
issue by giving reorientation whatcommit the solution to user should be taken by him.
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id109
By applying the negative and positive attitudes in the narrative genre it can
be sum up that the ideology of the artist is right antagonist. Her ideology indicates
that she supports the issue by giving sharp and strong, positive and negative
arguments towards the issue. It seems that she uses many positive attitudes
towards the issue. However, she still faces negative problems which can be seen
in the sentences “That I'm waiting so long for u to hold me”. It means that she
spends much time only to wait him. Thus, she tends to be more subjective rather
than objective, because it relates to her own feeling.
C. Discussion
This part is conducted to answer the three research questions by using
theory of appraissal. The questions consist of the type of appraisal areas which
employed in the text, the influence ot the appraisal areas toward the texts, and the
reasons why the singers used the appraisal areas in the texts.
1. The Types of Appraisal Areas which are Used in Four Texts
As elaborated before, the artist mainly uses three kinds of attitudes in
appraissal theory: affect, judgement, and appreciation (Martin & Rose:2003,
Martin & White: 2007). All texts employ three attitudes in the text towards the
issue. The way they express the affect by using metaphors. It aims to give deep
meaning to what they feel about their soulmate. In addition, all texts employ the
judgments and appreciations, this is because they want to evaluate their attitudes
about the issue. The judgements for all of the texts can be seen in Table 4.3 p. 52,
Table 4.11 p. 71, Table 4.18 p. 87, and Table 4.26 p.109. Furthermore, the commit to user
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appreciations for all the texts can be seen in the Table 4.4 p.55, Table 4.5 p.58,
Table 4.12 p.74, Table 4.19 p.91, Table 4.19 p. 95, Table 4.20 p.93, Table 4.27
p.114 and Table 4.28 p. 115.
Furthermore, all texts use graduation force: raise and lower, focus:
sharpening and softening in order to show their attitudes which are sharp and
strong in evaluating the issue (see table 4.6 p. 59; Table 4.13 p. 75; Table 4.21 p.
95 and Table 4.29 p. 116). The text entitled Saviour performed by Anggun C.
Sasmi and What They Called A Soulmate performed by Agnes Monica employ
monogloss rather than heterogloss. This is because they want to express their
attitudes and feeling from their heart. It is bit different because of the other texts
employ heterogloss rather than monogloss. Meanwhile, the other texts entitled
Breathe in Water performed by Anggun C. Sasmi and I’ll Light a Candle
performed by Agnes Monica employ heterogloss rather than monogloss. It is
because they show not only her feeling but also someone feeling. The artists also
want to see something in the objectivity rather than subjectivity. Meanwhile, the
monogloss which is used in first and fourth texts represent their own feeling
towards their soulmate. They want to see something subjectively.
2. The Influence of Appraisal AReas Toward All Texts
The attitudes which are used in the texts influence the register, genre and
ideology. The use of affect, judgment, and appreciation in the level of register
proves that the language, in the clause in four texts is dominated by mental
behavioral, behavioral, and carrier attribute process. This is why they use those
process to express their attitudes toward the issue. For instance: commit to user
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a. Mental behavioral process
- I need a saviour (First Text)
- I'd breathe in water (Second Text)
- to loose the thirst drink the water from you (Third Text)
- Just to know that u're waiting for me (Fourth Text)
b. Behavioral Process
- There's only you who can stop me from falling (First Text)
- I'd give up my gravity (Second Text)
- if i could do anything to show that i need you (Third Text)
- Dont ever leave (Fourth Text)
c. Carrier Attribute
- Something is known to be a sin (First Text)
- Somehow the days and the nights are all the same (Second
Text)
- days were gone (Third Text)
- It's only time (Fourth Text)
In addition, the use of graduation: force in the four texts is dominated by
attitudinal lexis, and few numbers of intensifiers and metaphors. There are only
two texts which are used intensifier in showing their attitudes (First Text and
Fourth Text). The dominant of attitudinal lexis in the four text is to give deep
information towards the issue. For examples:
a. Attitudinal Lexis commit to user - Something that needs a lie (First Text)
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id112
- I forget their names (Second Text)
- that it love, not a lust (Third Text)
- I’m longing for your touch (Fourth Text)
b. Intensifier
- 'Cause only your love can stop me from wanting (First Text)
- And your kisses I really miss (Fourth Text)
c. Metaphor
- before I lose my head (First Text)
- But I chase the dark clouds from my eyes (Second Text)
- to loose the thirst drink the water from you (Third Text)
- Are fell when missing u (Fourth Text)
Furthermore, the use of monogloss is dominanated in text 1 and text 4
rather than heterogloss in text 2 and text 3. But in fact, the form of heterogloss
are mostly by modality, few numbers of concession, and few numbers of
projection that used in second text and third text. The Monogloss can be seen as
follows:
A. Monogloss
- I need a saviour (First Text)
- Something I have ignored (First Text)
- I forget their names (Second Text)
- I've erased my memory (Second Text)
- i see you standing here (Third Text) commit to user - I‟m still standing on (Third Text)
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id113
- I hope you come home soon (Fourth Text)
- Just to let u know (Fourth Text)
Based on the examples above which are found in all texts, the attitudes
show how the artists express their feeling about their soulmate. It relates to their
own feeling, especially for the first text and the fourth text. Thus they use one
voice (monogloss) which comes from their own heart.
B. Heterogloss
a. Modality
- 'Cause only your love can stop me from wanting (First Text)
- I can breathe in water (Second Text)
- shouldn't happen by any reason (Third Text)
- Until the night u will stay (Fourth Text)
b. Concession
- But I chase the dark clouds from my eyes (Second Text)
- if i could do anything to show that i need you (Third Text)
- but until then this is what I‟ll do (Fourth Text)
c. Projection
- we are what they call soulmate (Third Text)
As can be seen above, the number heterogloss in the text is less than
monogloss. For instance, concession form which is not used in the first text. It can
be seen from the table of engagement on page 63, 78, 99 and 120. Based on the
table, there is differenciation amount of engagement finding in all texts. It
indicates that the artists use monogloss in evaluating their attitudes toward the commit to user
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issue, because there is only few numbers of types heterogloss that used in the text,
especially the first text and the fourth text. By using more monogloss shows that
the artists are more subjective rather than objective. In the other way, the second
text and third text employ mostly heterogloss in the form of modality and
concession. It is clear that the artists tends to be objective rather than subjective.
To support those arguments in the case of prosody and relation to genre,
Text 1 applies negative attitudes in orientation and complication, but positive
attitudes in evaluation, resolution and reorientation. Meanwhile, at text 2 and text
4, the artists apply negative attitudes in the orientation and follow the positive
attitudes in the complication, evaluation, and reorientation. In the text 3, it is
found that the artist uses positive attitudes in the complication, resolution and
reorientation and negative attitudes in the orientation and the evaluation.
Based on the those stages, it can be seen the ideology of the artists. In the
first text and the third text, the ideology of the artists are right protagonist. For the
text 2 and text 4, the ideology are right antagonist. The use of mental behavioral
process, behavioral process and carrier attribute indicate the attitudes of the artist;
affect, judgment and appreciation. Meanwhile, the use of intensifier, attitudinal
lexis, and metaphor indicate the strength of the attitudes in the text. The last part
is projection, modality and concession in the engagement are contributed in the
heterogloss from all of texts.
Finally, the use positive and negative attitudes in text 1 and text 3 realize
the narrative genre with right protagonist of ideology of the artists. It is because
they supports and challenges the leaving of their soulmate. Meanwhile, the use commit to user
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positive attitudes in text 2 and text 4 realize the narrative genre with right
antagonist of ideology of the artists. This is because they want to keep holding on
to their soulmate.
3. The Reason Why The Appraisal Areas are Employed in the Texts
All texts which are performed by Anggun C. Sasmi and Agnes Monica
employ three kinds of attitudes toward the issue. They want to show their feelings
and to evaluate their attitudes about the leaving of their saviour. Furthermore,
those texts are dominated by positive judgement rather than the other attitudes.
All texts related to the private live of the artist. This is why Anggun says
she needs savior, it connects to her past when she must divorce with her first
husband, Michel de Ghea (http://gadogadomusik.com/biografi-anggun-c-
sasmi.html). She must fight to get her soulmate whether it is accepted or not by
her parents. The first text tells much about the process of looking for saviour.
After divorced with Michel de Ghea, Anggun married with Olivier Maury who is
known as Political Degree. However, her second marriage cannot hold for long
time, she divorced for the second time in 2006. Her finding process of soulmate
ended with Cyril Montana which gets a daughter from their relationship
(http://www.gadogadomusik.com/biografi-anggun-c-sasmi.html). This is why, she
stands as right protagonist because she must fight whatever the condition of her
feeling.
Moreover, the second text entitled Breathe in Water tells about her
strength to hold on in the relationship. For instance, when she says “I‟d breathe in
water”, it indicates that she would keep holding on to her decision of her commit to user
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soulmate. She does not care what people say about her relationship. It can be seen
from the rejection of her family for her first marrying with Michel de Ghea due to
the distance age (theinsteiner.blogspot.com/2009/04/penyanyi-indonesia-dan-asia-
paling.html). It also tells about the controversy of changing her nationality and her
missing towards her family (http://www.gadogadomusik.com/biografi-anggun-c-
sasmi.html). It tells about how her struggle to face the insult from Indonesian
people who consider that she is not nationalist anymore. She believes that she
only changes her passport and does not influence to her nationality. Thus, she
stands to be left antagonist as the way to support her attitudes.
In addition, in the text 3 and text 4 performed by Agnes Monica entitled
What They called Soulmate and I’ll Light a Candle also apply three kinds of
attitudes. Those attitudes are aimed to show her feeling and attitudes towards the
issue. However, she prefers to use more judgments as the way to show the
attitudes. By expressing in the sharp and strong attitudes, it shows that she
supports her subjectivity as relation to her own feeling.
The similarity is the ideology of the artists toward their soulmate. It can be
seen in the first text and the third text that the ideology of the artists are right
protagonist. Meanwhile, the ideology of the artists are right antagonist in the
second text and fourth text. The first text and third text tell about the meaning of
soulmate. In other way, the second text and the fourth text tell about the waiting
of their soulmate. However, Agnes is belonged to close person because it is so
difficult to find news related to her love. She prefers to focus in her career rather
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than her private issue. It can be seen from many achievements as a singer or an
actress (www.cintaq.com/2012/03/profil-biodata-agnes-monica-dan-foto.html).
In text 3 which is related to What They Called Soulmate, Agnes does not
show up her relationship. Moreover, she is not sure about the meaning of
soulmate. She was ofen gossiped about her intimate relationship with some male
Indonesian celebrities such as Bams Samson, Afgan and Rezky Aditya
(www.selebriti.kapanlagi.com/indonesia/a/agnes_monica/). However, it is only
gossip and it is not proved in the reality. In addition, she is difficult to find
soulmate which fits to her personality.
Meanwhile, text 4 tells about the further step which will be taken by Agnes
if she already found her soulmate. She also wants to fight to reach the best
condition of her career. Specially, this text is collaboration between her and Keith
Martin, the singer of United States. The song represents as the reaction of Agnes
to face her relationship. It can be seen from character of Agnes that she belonged
to hard worker. Thus, she will be loyal to her next soulmate. Even though, it takes
long time to find him.
Based on the reason, it can be seen from the characters of Anggun and
Agnes in expressing their feelings. Anggun expresses her feeling by using the
sharp and strong word. For example, as comparison, Anggun says “saviour” and
Agnes says “soulmate”. This is done by Anggun because of the impact of her
cooperation with many people who have good background in the music.
Meanwhile, Agnes is still studying to reach the process how to package the
deepest meaning as her expression. commit to user
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION and RECOMMENDATION
This chapter consists of two subchapters: conclusion and recommendation
from the whole data analysis in Chapter IV. This chapter covers summary of
appraisal areas which are employed in the texts, the influence of the appraisal
areas, and the reason why the appraisal areas are employed in the text. Based on
the analysis in the texts 1, 2, 3, and 4 by Anggun C. Sasmi and Agnes Monica in
Chapter IV, the conclusion can be drawn as follows:
A. Conclusion
Based on Chapter IV of finding and discussion, the conclusion can be
drawn from this research as follows:
1. Types of appraisal areas employed in the texts
The first and second texts are presented by Anggun C.Sasmi entitled
Saviour and Breathe in Water. The first text employs 11,1% positive affect,
27,8% positive judgement, 12,7% negative judgement, 11,1 % positive
appreciation, and 33,3% negative appreciation. It shows that the first text is
dominated by positive judgement. Meanwhile, the second text employs 9,5%
positive affect, 9,5% negative affect, 62% positive judgement, 14,2% negative
judgement, and 4,8% negative appreciation. Similarly with the first text, it is also
dominated with positive judgement. In the other hand, the third and fourth texts
are presented by Agnes Monica entitled What They Called Soulmate and I’ll Light
a Candle. commit to user
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The third text employs 3,6% negative affect, 53,5% positive judgement,
7,1% negative judgement, and 17,9% for positive and negative appreciation.
Thus, it is dominated with positive judgement. The fourth text employs 19,4%
positive affect, 61,2% positive judgement, 9,7% negative judgement, 6,5%
positive appreciation, and 3,2% negative appreciation. It proves that it is also
dominated with positive judgement.
Furthermore, all texts use force and focus graduation by giving strong and
sharp attitudes. The using of those graduation in the first, third and fourth texts are
to support their subjectivity in the evaluating the issue. Different from first text,
the second text is used to show her objectivity rather than subjectivity. Based on
the percentage, it can be seen that there is different point of view between the first
text and the other texts. The first text and the third text support and challenge the
issue by giving the positive judgement and negative appreciation. Meanwhile, the
other texts apply more positive judgement, this is why the artists tend to support
the issue. The artists keep fighting and holding on to their soulmate. They do not
care about whatever people say.
2. The influences of the appraisal areas toward the texts
Based on the finding and discussion in the Chapter IV, it can be seen of the
application of appraisal areas from all texts which influence to the register,
prosody, genre and the ideology of the texts.
a. Register
The use of affect, judgement and appreciation in each text indicate that the
language in the clause level is dominated by behavioral, mental behavioral, and commit to user
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mental process. Those are appropriate forms for the attitudes because there are
behavioral verbs. It connects to the attitudes which are used by the artist towards
the issue. In the level of nominal group, ephitet thing and qualifer are having same
frequency that used in the texts rather than the other forms. It is because those
forms are appropriate in the form of judgement and appreciation. Meanwhile, in
the level of graduation, the forms of intensifier, attitudinal lexis, and metaphor
which are used in the texts indicate the volume of attitudes is strong and sharp.
b. Prosody
In the level of engagement, text 1 and text 4 are dominated by monogloss,
while text 2 and text 3 are dominated by heterogloss. The aim of using monogloss
is to show subjectivity of the artists. In other way, the aim of using heterogloss is
to show objectivity of the artists. It is proven by the number of modality in the
text 2 and text 3.
c. Genre
In the case of prosody and relation to genre, all of texts performed by
Anggun C.Sasmi and Agnes Monica use narrative genre of the result of the
attitudes. It is because they want to express their feeling towards their soulmate by
applying negative and positive attitudes in the texts.
d. Ideology
The relation of prosody and genre will lead the ideology for each text. In
the other hand the same way in using narrative genre lead the difference of
ideology from the artists. The first text performed by Anggun C.Sasmi by
applying negative in the orientation and complication and positive in the commit to user
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evaluation, resolution and reorientation. It shows that ideology of the artist is right
protagonist. In addition, the ideology in the third text is also right protagonist. The
artists gives negative attitudes in the orientation and evaluation, and positive
attitudes in the complication, resolution and reorientation. On the contraty, the
second text and fourth text are employed in negative attitudes in the orientation,
while the positive attitudes in the evaluation, complication, resolution and
reorientation. It indicates that the ideology of the artists are right antagonist.
3. The Reason Why The Appraisal Areas are Used in The Text
Based on the finding and discussion in the Chapter IV, it can be found the
reason why the artists apply the appraisal areas in their texts.
a. All texts employ three kinds of attitudes; affect, judgement and
appreciation to show their feelings and to evaluate the issues. Those texts are
dominated by positive judgement. It represents to the behavior of the artists
toward their soulmate.
b. All texts employ graduation of force: raise and focus: sharpening and
softening in their attitudes. It is because they want to show their subjectivity and
objectivity in strong and sharp attitudes. In first text performed by Anggun
C.Sasmi, she supports both sided by applying negative and positive attitudes in
narrative genre to support her soulmate. This is because her past life that she was
married for more than once. In her first marriage, she could hold out her marriage
for 7 years. Meanwhile in her second marriages, she only could hold out for 3
years. In the last of her relationship, she got a baby from Cyril Montana, a French
Writer. Thus, she always says in the text that she needs a saviour, “you’re my commit to user
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saviour”. The marriages represent how Anggun needs saviour for her life.
(http://www.gadogadomusik.com/biografi-anggun-c-sasmi.html).
For second text, she uses positive attitudes to evaluate the issue. This is
why her position is right antagonist. This is because she is a singer who wants to
make her carrer success internationally. It is proven when Anggun decides to
move to French with her husband, Michel de Ghea. This marriage is rejected by
Anggun’s parents because of the age distance between them.
In the other hand, she also got refusal from Indonesian people because of
the changes of her nationality. This way is taken by Anggun because there is long
and difficulties bureaucracy as a singer who have long and full schedules in
overseas. (http://www.gadogadomusik.com/biografi-anggun-c-sasmi.html). Thus,
she says in the text that “if you asked me, I’d breathe in water”. It represents her
comitment to do what she considers as true. Furthermore, it is proven by Anggun
that by the changing of her nationality, she still keeps her long black hair and talks
with Indonesian language fluently.
In the third text is performed by Agnes Monica. She argues in two sided in
narrative genre to support and to challenge the issue. It is proven by applying the
positive and negative attitudes in the text. Thus, her position is right protagonist.
Agnes’s relationship does not explore so much by many media. This is because
she is a singer who success in Indonesia and she wants to make her carreer
success in overseas. It is proven by her efforts of filming in many movies and
many achievements.
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Those achievements show that she only wants to focus to her carreer and
this makes her not to think much about soulmate. This text also shows her feeling
about the meaning of soulmate. She still looks for the exact meaning of soulmate
while she focuses in her career. Thus, she ignores her gossips about Indonesian
celebrities. She would keep her comitment to work hard as her dream to be
success as international singer. (www.cintaq.com/2012/03/profil-biodata-agnes-
monica-dan-foto.html).
In the fourth text is performed by Agnes Monica, she argues in one sided
in narrative genre to support the issue. This makes her position is right antagonist.
This text represents to her soulmate criteria, because she belonged to hard worker
and she looked for someone based on loyalty. Agnes would keep her comitment
strongly and would keep her believe to make her dreams come true. Therefore,
she still looks for the right soulmate to be her side as can be seen from the long
process how she reaches her success in international carreer.
Moreover, it relates to her relationship by closing all informations about
her and she will not give much comments or informations about her relationship.
This is because Agnes wants to explore more about her carreer, not her
relationship. She thinks that her relationship is her privacy and it can not be
related to her carrerr. This is why in many mass media, she only gives few
information about her relationship without telling much about her privacy.
(www.cintaq.com/2012/03/profil-biodata-agnes-monica-dan-foto.html).
It relates to her hard work that she wants to get what she dreams about. In
addition, it reflects to what Agnes will do if she has a soulmate. She will keep her commit to user
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comitment to run her life either in career or in her relationship. It also deals with
the effort of Agnes Monica to wait him that make her considered as a loyal person
to her relationship. This song is duet result with Keith Martin as the first step for
her in International career. The song shows the wish of Agnes to her feeling and
relationship in the future.
B. Recommendation
Based on this research, the researcher has some recommendations to the
next researcher and song writer as follows:
1. It is recommended for the next researcher to take the issue in any kind
of genre, for example recount or description genre.
2. It is expected for the next researcher to use other references as the way
to broaden information for example by searching some journals of
appraissal.
3. It is better for the song writer to compose love songs based on the real
phenomenon rather than imagination. This is because it makes the
songs have deep meaning.
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