DOCSLIB.ORG

Glycated Hemoglobin and Methods for Its Point of Care Testing

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Glycated Hemoglobin and Methods for Its Point of Care Testing biosensors Perspective Glycated Hemoglobin and Methods for Its Point of Care Testing Miroslav Pohanka Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, CZ-50001 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; [email protected] or [email protected] Abstract: Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a product of the spontaneous reaction between hemoglobin and elevated glucose levels in the blood. It is included among the so-called advanced glycation end products, of which is the most important for the clinical diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, and it can serve as an alternative to glycemia measurement. Compared to the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus by glycemia, the HbA1c level is less influenced by a short-term problem with diabetes compensation. Mass spectroscopy and chromatographic techniques are among the standard methods of HbA1c level measurement. Compared to glycemia measurement, there is lack of simple methods for diabetes mellitus diagnosis by means of the HbA1c assay using a point-of-care test. This review article is focused on the surveying of facts about HbA1c and its importance in diabetes mellitus diagnosis, and surveying standard methods and new methods suitable for the HbA1c assay under point-of-care conditions. Various bioassays and biosensors are mentioned and their specifications are discussed. Keywords: advanced glycation end products; analysis; bioanalysis; biosensor; chromatography; diabetes; diagnosis; glucose; hand held assay; lateral flow test; mass spectrometry 1. Introduction Point-of-care testing has become a relevant part and aim of analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, and various target markers can be determined by these tests [1–8]. Although Citation: Pohanka, M. Glycated standard instrumental analyses, such as chromatography, mass spectrometric and elec- Hemoglobin and Methods for Its trophoretic analyses, have good potential to be used for the routine detection of biochemical, Point of Care Testing. Biosensors 2021, immunochemical and other markers, they are predetermined for laboratory use due to their 11 , 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/ complexity and costs. Simple methods for point-of-care diagnoses are available as well but bios11030070 they are typically suitable for simple markers and parameters (e.g., colorimetric clinical urine tests, electrochemical glucose tests). Some markers can be examined by colorimetric Received: 11 February 2021 tests in the lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (e.g., pregnancy tests). In view Accepted: 1 March 2021 Published: 4 March 2021 of their complexity, many pathological processes and related diseases are not covered by adequate tests that are suitable for performance outside laboratories. Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is an additional marker, besides the standard glucose with regard to jurisdictional claims in and glycemia analyses, that has become a relevant marker in new analytical methods. published maps and institutional affil- As discussed below, the determination of HbA1c is substantial for diabetes diagnosis iations. and provides substantial results compared to the simple measurement of glycemia [9–11]. Point-of-care testing of HbA1c appears to be a suitable approach to timely and accurately revealing diabetes mellitus and it demonstrates a better quality of diagnosis compared to the standard determination of glycemia [12–14]. In this study, simple methods like biosensors and hand-held bioassays are reviewed Copyright: © 2021 by the author. and their practical relevance considering analytical parameters is discussed in the context Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article of the standard analytical approaches. The analytical methods are discussed in view of distributed under the terms and their applicability in point-of-care testing. A survey of the current literature is provided conditions of the Creative Commons as well. Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). Biosensors 2021, 11, 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11030070 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/biosensors Biosensors 2021, 11, x 2 of 11 Biosensors 2021, 11, 70 2 of 12 2. Glycated Hemoglobin and Other Advanced Glycation End-Products HbA1c is a glucose-modified hemoglobin created during the spontaneous reaction HbA1c is a glucose-modified hemoglobin created during the spontaneous reaction between glucose and and N-terminal N-terminal valine valine residues residues on on β βchainschains of ofhemoglobin-creating hemoglobin-creating β-N-β- N-1-deoxy1-deoxy fructosyl fructosyl [15]. [15 The]. The exact exact chemical chemical mechanism mechanism of glycosylation of glycosylation is based is based on the on theformation formation of a Schiff of a Schiff base then base shifting then shifting into rearrangement into rearrangement by means by of means Maillard of reactions, Maillard reactions,eventually eventually providing providing the final themolecule final molecule with covalently with covalently bound bound glucose, glucose, called called the theAmadori Amadori product, product, or an or advanced an advanced glycation glycation end-product end-product [16,17]. [16, 17The]. Theprinciples principles of this of chemical reaction are depicted in Figure 1. Once HbA1c is formed, it remains in the blood this chemical reaction are depicted in Figure1. Once HbA 1c is formed, it remains in the bloodcirculation circulation for quite for quitea long a longtime, time, typically typically from from two two to tothree three months, months, because because of thethe lifespan of erythrocytes,erythrocytes, whichwhich isis approximatelyapproximately 120120 daysdays [[18].18]. TheThe bloodblood levellevel ofof HbAHbA1c1c is quite stable stable and and not not sensitive sensitive to to time time of of day, day, fasting fasting or or recently recently taken taken food food [19]. [19 All]. Allthe theaforementioned aforementioned facts facts make make HbA HbA1c a good1c a good marker marker for diabetes for diabetes mellitus, mellitus, with withminimal minimal mis- misdiagnosisdiagnosis due due to totemporary temporary and and non-pathological non-pathological changes changes in in glycemia glycemia [20,21]. [20,21]. Though the measuringmeasuring ofof HbAHbA1c1c isis commonlycommonly considered considered a a good good way way to to diagnose diagnose diabetes diabetes mellitus, melli- sometus, some pathologies pathologies like like hemolytic hemolytic anemia, anemia, which wh affectsich affects the lifespanthe lifespan of erythrocytes, of erythrocytes, or the or presencethe presence of an of abnormalan abnormal chain chain in the in the hemoglobin hemoglobin molecule, molecule, can can cause cause the the distortion distortion of resultsof results [22 [22].]. Figure 1. Chemical principles of hemoglobin glycation, Hb = hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is not the only protein providingproviding advanced glycation end-products. The same mechanism happens for the other proteins located in thethe bloodblood system,system, butbut theirtheir diagnostic meaning is less significant compared to the HbA . Glycated albumin may be diagnostic meaning is less significant compared to the HbA1c1c. Glycated albumin may be mentioned as an importantimportant example. The blood or plasma level of glycatedglycated albuminalbumin isis influenced by a time span of approximately two to three weeks [23], corresponding with the influenced by a time span of approximately two to three weeks [23], corresponding with expected half-life of albumin, 15–20 days [18]. The glycosylation of albumin is dominantly the expected half-life of albumin, 15–20 days [18]. The glycosylation of albumin is domi- made through lysine or less commonly by arginine [24]. The diagnostic meaning of glycated nantly made through lysine or less commonly by arginine [24]. The diagnostic meaning albumin is nearly the same as that of HbA1c [25,26]. Although the glycated albumin level is of glycated albumin is nearly the same as that of HbA1c [25,26]. Although the glycated not influenced by hemoglobin disorders, there can be changes in its blood concentration due albumin level is not influenced by hemoglobin disorders, there can be changes in its blood to disorders in albumin metabolism like nephrotic syndrome, hyper- or hypothyroidism concentration due to disorders in albumin metabolism like nephrotic syndrome, hyper- or liver cirrhosis [27]. When proteins become glycated, they also change in terms of their or hypothyroidism or liver cirrhosis [27]. When proteins become glycated, they also conformation and surface hydrophobicity compared to non-glycated structures [28–30]. change in terms of their conformation and surface hydrophobicity compared to non-gly- The molecular weight of hemoglobin—64.5 kDa with one bound glucose at the most—can cated structures [28–30]. The molecular weight of hemoglobin—64.5 kDa with one bound rise to 68 kDa when up to 15 glucose moieties are attached [31,32]. Fluorescence intensity glucose at the most—can rise to 68 kDa when up to 15 glucose moieties are attached can rise as well, from 34% for non-glycated hemoglobin up to 45% for HbA1c [30]. Therefore, fluorescence[31,32]. Fluorescence can serve intensity as an assay can rise for theas well, identification from 34% of for hemoglobin non-glycated types hemoglobin [33]. Raman up spectroscopyto 45% for HbA can1c distinguish[30]. Therefore, the typesfluorescence of hemoglobin can serv ase wellas an [ 34assay]. The for changes the identification in surface hydrophobicityof hemoglobin types can
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Genetically Determined Hypoalbuminemia As a Risk Factor for Hypertension: Instrumental Variable Analysis Jong Wook Choi1, Joon‑Sung Park2* & Chang Hwa Lee2*
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Genetically determined hypoalbuminemia as a risk factor for hypertension: instrumental variable analysis Jong Wook Choi1, Joon‑Sung Park2* & Chang Hwa Lee2* Hypoalbuminemia is associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction and the development of chronic cardiovascular diseases. However, the relationship between serum albumin concentration and blood pressure changes remains controversial. Community‑based longitudinal cohort data collected from Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study were used in this study. Hypoalbuminemia was defned as a serum albumin concentration of ≤ 4.0 g/dL. A total of 4325 participants were categorized into control (n = 3157) and hypoalbuminemia (n = 1168) groups. Serum albumin had a non‑linear relationship with the risk of hypertension development. A genome‑wide association study revealed 71 susceptibility loci associated with hypoalbuminemia. Among susceptibility loci, genetic variations at rs2894536 in LOC107986598 and rs10972486 in ATP8B5P were related to elevated blood pressure. Serum albumin (HR = 0.654, 95% CI 0.521–0.820) and polymorphisms of rs2894536 (HR = 1.176, 95% CI 1.015–1.361) and rs10972486 (HR = 1.152, 95% CI 1.009–1.316) were signifcant predictors of hypertension development. Increased albumin concentration instrumented by 2 hypoalbuminemia‑associated SNPs (rs2894536 and rs10972486) was associated with decreased HRs for hypertension development (HR = 0.762, 95% CI 0.659–0.882 and HR = 0.759, 95% CI 0.656–0.878). Our study demonstrated that genetically determined hypoalbuminemia is a signifcant predictor of incipient hypertension. Albumin, one of the major serum proteins, has multiple important physiological functions involving stabilization of plasma colloid osmotic pressure, transportation of diverse substances, and signifcant antioxidant activity, and its concentration is fnely regulated by various systems in the physiologic state 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Glycated Hemoglobin and Glycated Albumin in Patients with Diabetes
    Kitajima et al. Renal Replacement Therapy (2020) 6:10 https://doi.org/10.1186/s41100-020-0260-5 RESEARCH Open Access Glycated hemoglobin and glycated albumin in patients with diabetes undergoing hemodiafiltration Yukie Kitajima1*, Shunichiro Urabe2, Takashi Hosono2, Satoshi Yoshikawa3, Yuzuru Sato3 and Toru Hyodo2 Abstract Background: Online hemodiafiltration (OHDF), which results in high albumin leakage, is now widely used in Japan for dialysis, since the national insurance system began reimbursing its costs in 2012. Glycated albumin (GA) levels are affected by albumin leakage into effluent dialysate fluid. Therefore, GA levels in patients requiring diabetes- related dialysis undergoing OHDF require monitoring. However, there have been no previous reports on glycemic control indicators of patients with diabetes undergoing OHDF. We aimed to develop a glycemic control index for patients requiring diabetes-related dialysis undergoing OHDF. Methods: This study comprised 133 diabetic patients undergoing OHDF. We examined the correlation between GA and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. We analyzed effluent dialysate fluid samples from 41 patients classified into 3 groups, namely, group A, non-protein-leaking OHDF (n = 20); group B, protein-leaking OHDF (n = 14); and group C, highly efficient protein-leaking OHDF (n = 7). We examined the association between GA and HbA1c levels in each group and among patients. Results: A significant positive correlation was observed between GA and HbA1c levels (r = 0.562, p < 0.0001). There was no significant correlation between pre-dialysis blood glucose levels and HbA1c or GA levels as observed on regular blood tests performed under non-fasting conditions. Patients were classified into 2 groups based on their mean albumin levels (3.4 g/dL cutoff).
    [Show full text]
  • Glycation Marker Glucosepane Increases with the Progression Of
    Legrand et al. Arthritis Research & Therapy (2018) 20:131 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-018-1636-6 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Glycation marker glucosepane increases with the progression of osteoarthritis and correlates with morphological and functional changes of cartilage in vivo Catherine Legrand1†, Usman Ahmed2,3†, Attia Anwar2, Kashif Rajpoot4, Sabah Pasha2, Cécile Lambert1, Rose K. Davidson5, Ian M. Clark5, Paul J. Thornalley2,3, Yves Henrotin1,6 and Naila Rabbani2,3* Abstract Background: Changes of serum concentrations of glycated, oxidized, and nitrated amino acids and hydroxyproline and anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibody status combined by machine learning techniques in algorithms have recently been found to provide improved diagnosis and typing of early-stage arthritis of the knee, including osteoarthritis (OA), in patients. The association of glycated, oxidized, and nitrated amino acids released from the joint with development and progression of knee OA is unknown. We studied this in an OA animal model as well as interleukin-1β-activated human chondrocytes in vitro and translated key findings to patients with OA. Methods: Sixty male 3-week-old Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs werestudied.Separategroupsof12animalswerekilledat age 4, 12, 20, 28 and 36 weeks, and histological severity of knee OA was evaluated, and cartilage rheological properties were assessed. Human chondrocytes cultured in multilayers were treated for 10 days with interleukin-1β. Human patients with early and advanced OA and healthy controls were recruited, blood samples were collected, and serum or plasma was prepared. Serum, plasma, and culture medium were analyzed for glycated, oxidized, and nitrated amino acids. Results: Severity of OA increased progressively in guinea pigs with age.
    [Show full text]
  • Ten Years of Lateral Flow Immunoassay Technique Applications: Trends, Challenges and Future Perspectives
    sensors Review Ten Years of Lateral Flow Immunoassay Technique Applications: Trends, Challenges and Future Perspectives Fabio Di Nardo * , Matteo Chiarello , Simone Cavalera , Claudio Baggiani and Laura Anfossi Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; [email protected] (M.C.); [email protected] (S.C.); [email protected] (C.B.); [email protected] (L.A.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The Lateral Flow Immunoassay (LFIA) is by far one of the most successful analytical platforms to perform the on-site detection of target substances. LFIA can be considered as a sort of lab-in-a-hand and, together with other point-of-need tests, has represented a paradigm shift from sample-to-lab to lab-to-sample aiming to improve decision making and turnaround time. The features of LFIAs made them a very attractive tool in clinical diagnostic where they can improve patient care by enabling more prompt diagnosis and treatment decisions. The rapidity, simplicity, relative cost-effectiveness, and the possibility to be used by nonskilled personnel contributed to the wide acceptance of LFIAs. As a consequence, from the detection of molecules, organisms, and (bio)markers for clinical purposes, the LFIA application has been rapidly extended to other fields, including food and feed safety, veterinary medicine, environmental control, and many others. This review aims to provide readers with a 10-years overview of applications, outlining the trends for the main application fields and the relative compounded annual growth rates. Moreover, future perspectives and challenges are discussed. Citation: Di Nardo, F.; Chiarello, M.; Cavalera, S.; Baggiani, C.; Anfossi, L.
    [Show full text]
  • Protein Carbamylation Is a Hallmark of Aging SEE COMMENTARY
    Protein carbamylation is a hallmark of aging SEE COMMENTARY Laëtitia Gorissea,b, Christine Pietrementa,c, Vincent Vuibleta,d,e, Christian E. H. Schmelzerf, Martin Köhlerf, Laurent Ducaa, Laurent Debellea, Paul Fornèsg, Stéphane Jaissona,b,h, and Philippe Gillerya,b,h,1 aUniversity of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Extracellular Matrix and Cell Dynamics Unit CNRS UMR 7369, Reims 51100, France; bFaculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Reims 51100, France; cDepartment of Pediatrics (Nephrology Unit), American Memorial Hospital, University Hospital, Reims 51100, France; dDepartment of Nephrology and Transplantation, University Hospital, Reims 51100, France; eLaboratory of Biopathology, University Hospital, Reims 51100, France; fInstitute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle 24819, Germany; gDepartment of Pathology (Forensic Institute), University Hospital, Reims 51100, France; and hLaboratory of Pediatric Biology and Research, Maison Blanche Hospital, University Hospital, Reims 51100, France Edited by Bruce S. McEwen, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, and approved November 23, 2015 (received for review August 31, 2015) Aging is a progressive process determined by genetic and acquired cartilage, arterial wall, or brain, and shown to be correlated to the factors. Among the latter are the chemical reactions referred to as risk of adverse aging-related outcomes (5–10). Because AGE nonenzymatic posttranslational modifications (NEPTMs), such as formation
    [Show full text]
  • Development of a Platform for Lateral Flow Test Devices with the Capability of Using Multiple Fluids
    University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Open Access Master's Theses 2013 Development of a Platform for Lateral Flow Test Devices with the Capability of Using Multiple Fluids Wilke Föllscher University of Rhode Island, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses Recommended Citation Föllscher, Wilke, "Development of a Platform for Lateral Flow Test Devices with the Capability of Using Multiple Fluids" (2013). Open Access Master's Theses. Paper 124. https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses/124 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DEVELOPMENT OF A PLATFORM FOR LATERAL FLOW TEST DEVICES WITH THE CAPABILITY OF USING MULTIPLE FLUIDS BY WILKE FÖLLSCHER A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND APPLIED MECHANICS UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 2013 MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING OF WILKE FÖLLSCHER APPROVED: Thesis Committee: Major Professor Mohammad Faghri Constantine Anagnostopoulos Keykavous Parang Nasser H. Zawia DEAN OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 2013 ABSTRACT This study presents the development of a 3-fluid microfluidic device for the application in immunoassays. The test uses a microfluidic valve in order to sequentially load the reagents autonomously onto the detection area after adding the sample. The development of the multi-fluid circuit allows the application of an enzyme-linked assay in a lateral flow device as to provide with an improved sensitivity compared to strip tests available on the market.
    [Show full text]
  • Advances in Addressing Technical Challenges of Point-Of-Care Diagnostics in Resource-Limited Settings
    Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics ISSN: 1473-7159 (Print) 1744-8352 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/iero20 Advances in addressing technical challenges of point-of-care diagnostics in resource-limited settings ShuQi Wang, Mark A Lifson, Fatih Inci, Li-Guo Liang, Ye-Feng Sheng & Utkan Demirci To cite this article: ShuQi Wang, Mark A Lifson, Fatih Inci, Li-Guo Liang, Ye-Feng Sheng & Utkan Demirci (2016): Advances in addressing technical challenges of point-of-care diagnostics in resource-limited settings, Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2016.1142877 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14737159.2016.1142877 Accepted author version posted online: 16 Jan 2016. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 41 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=iero20 Download by: [171.67.216.21] Date: 15 February 2016, At: 17:17 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Journal: Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2016.1142877 Review Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics Title: Advances in addressing technical challenges of point-of-care diagnostics in resource- limited settings Running title: POC diagnostics in resource-limited settings Authors: ShuQi Wang 1, 2, 3, 4, *, Mark A Lifson 4, Fatih Inci 4, Li-Guo Liang 1, 2, 3, Ye-Feng Sheng 1, 2, 3, 4,, Utkan Demirci 4, * 1. State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China 2. Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Profiling Glycated Hemoglobin Level, Lactate Dehydrogenase And
    International Journal of Medical Laboratory 2017;4(2):135-141. Original Article Profiling Glycated Hemoglobin Level, Lactate Dehydrogenase and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Obese Women and Compare Them with Each Other Mohammadreza Nadimi Barforoushi1M.Sc. , Durdi Qujeq2,3*Ph.D Bostan Roudi1Ph.D. 1Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran. 2Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. 3Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center (CMBRC), Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. A B S T R A C T Article history Background and Aims: The aim of this study was profiling glycated Received 16 Feb 2017 hemoglobin (HbA1c) level, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline Accepted 7 May 2017 phosphatase (ALP) activity in obese women with gestational diabetes Available online 28 Jun 2017 mellitus (GDM) and evaluating the correlation between them. Key words Materials and Methods: Sample size was 90 subjects admitted to the Alkaline phosphatase activity clinical laboratory, who were divided into three groups, in each group Gestational diabetes mellitus (n=30). Subjects glycemic control was checked by HbA1c; ALP, LDH Glycated hemoglobin activity and serum glucose were determined with commercial kit. Age and Lactate dehydrogenase body mass index (BMI) was recorded for each subject. The correlation analysis between blood activity of ALP, LDH activity, HbA1c, glucose, BMI and age in diabetic and normal pregnant women was carried out. Results: The mean of HbA1c level was significantly higher in the GDM obese women than in women with normal pregnancy (p=0.01). In contrast, the means of ALP and LDH activity were lower in the GDM obese women Downloaded from ijml.ssu.ac.ir at 3:56 IRST on Thursday September 30th 2021 than in women with normal pregnancy (p=0.09, and p=0.15, respectively).
    [Show full text]
  • To Study the Co-Relationship Between Glycosylated Hemoglobin and Serum Calcium Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
    International Journal of Medical and Health Research International Journal of Medical and Health Research ISSN: 2454-9142 Received: 13-01-2020; Accepted: 14-02-2020; Published: 09-03-2020 www.medicalsciencejournal.com Volume 6; Issue 03; 2020; Page No. 43-45 To study the co-relationship between glycosylated hemoglobin and serum calcium levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients Dr. Hardeep Singh Deep1, Dr. Jasmine Kaur2, Dr. Gurjyot Singh Nanda3, Dr. Seerat Kaur4 1 Professor MD Medicine Sri Guru Ram Das University of Health Sciences, Amritsar, Punjab, India 2 Assistant. Professor MD Medicine Sri Guru Ram Das University of Health Sciences, Amritsar, Punjab, India 3 junior resident Medicine Sri Guru Ram Das University of Health Sciences, Amritsar, Punjab, India 4 junior resident Radiodiagnosis Sri Guru Ram Das University of Health Sciences, Amritsar, Punjab, India Abstract Background: The incidence of type-2 Diabetes Mellitus has increased world-wide making it a major public health problem. Electrolyte and mineral abnormalities are common in patients with type-2 Diabetes Mellitus. Therefore, this study was undertaken to look for the correlation between HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) and serum calcium levels in patients with type-2 Diabetes Mellitus. Aim: To study the co-relationship between glycosylated hemoglobin and serum calcium levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 type 2 Diabetic patients and 50 healthy non-Diabetic individuals were included for the study. Both fasting and post prandial blood samples were collected from the two groups and were used for fasting blood sugar, HbA1c, serum calcium, RFT, LFT, CBC, UACR.
    [Show full text]
  • Correlation Between Glycated Hemoglobin and Venous Blood Sugar in Diabetic Patients Monitored in Abidjan
    Vol. 14(4), pp. 135-141, October-December 2020 DOI: 10.5897/AJBR2020.1102 Article Number: CD65C6E65033 ISSN 1996-0778 Copyright © 2020 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article African Journal of Biochemistry Research http://www.academicjournals.org/AJBR Full Length Research Paper Correlation between glycated hemoglobin and venous blood sugar in diabetic patients monitored in Abidjan MONDE Aké Absalome1*, CAMARA-CISSE Massara2, KOFFI Konan Gervais2, DIALLO Issiagha3, AKE AKE Alexandre4, YAPO-AKE Bénédicte4, ECRABEY Yann Christian3, KOUAKOU Francisk3, BENE YAO Roger Espérance4 and TIAHOU Georges5 1Félix HOUPHOUËT-BOIGNY University, Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. 2Biochemistry Laboratory, Abidjan Medical School, Félix HOUPHOUËT BOIGNY University, Côte D'ivoire. 3Biochemistry Laboratory, University Hospital Center of Treichville, Côte D'ivoire. 4Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Félix HOUPHOUËT-BOIGNY University, Côte D'ivoire. 5Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Alassane OUATTARA University, Bouaké, Côte D'ivoire. Received 23 August, 2020; Accepted 2 October, 2020 The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between glycated hemoglobin and blood sugar levels in diabetic subjects carried out in Abidjan. This cross-sectional study included 100 patients with diabetes monitored, for three months, for whom glycated blood glucose and hemoglobin were performed, this after informed consent of the patients. Pearson and Spearman correlation tests were used, at the 5% threshold. The patients with normal HbA1C and normal blood glucose accounted for 55.34 and 32%, respectively. A sedentary lifestyle and body mass index > 25 kg/m² were associated with a significant increase in the risk of increased blood glucose and HbA1C.
    [Show full text]
  • (Glycosylated) Hemoglobin: Hba1c New Directions to Diagnose Diabetes
    Article 368 1 Clock Hour Glycated (Glycosylated) Hemoglobin: HbA1c New directions to diagnose diabetes Joseph Balatbat 2nd Place Winner 2010 AMT Technical Writing Contest Also known as hemoglobin A1c, HbA1c, A1C or es the effectiveness of therapy by monitoring long- Hb1c, Glycated (Glycosylated) Hemoglobin is a term serum glucose regulation. In individuals with form of hemoglobin used primarily to identify the av- poorly controlled diabetes, the quantities of this erage plasma glucose concentration over a prolonged glycated hemoglobin are much higher than in period of time. Increased levels of glycated hemoglo- healthy people. bin has been associated with cardiovascular disease, Using the conversion table (See table 1) from the nephropathy, and retinopathy in diabetes mellitus. American Diabetes Association’s (ADA) 2005 posi- Monitoring the level of HbA1c in juvenile onset (type tion statement on Standards of Medical Care in Dia- 1– autoimmune) diabetes may improve treatment.1 betes, the 7.5% A1C reading would equate to an aver- age blood glucose of about 168mg/dL. Bear in mind Background that the correlation between mean plasma glucose lev- In 1958, hemoglobin A1C was first separated els and A1C levels is an estimation only, dependent on from other forms of hemoglobin (Huisman and Me- methodology used for the calculation as well as other tering) using a chromatographic column.2 Ten years factors, such as the red blood cells’ life span. A 1 per- later, hemoclobin A1C was characterized as a glyco- cent change in an A1C result reflects a change of about protein (non-enzymatic attachment of glucose to pro- 30mg/dL (1.67 mmol/L) in average blood glucose.
    [Show full text]
  • Tests of Glycemia in Diabetes
    POSITION STATEMENT Tests of Glycemia in Diabetes AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION onitoring of glycemic status, as which provide a comprehensive review of to increasing use of SMBG include cost performed by patients and health the subject (3,4). of testing, inadequate understanding by M care providers, is considered a both health care providers and patients cornerstone of diabetes care. Results of Recommendations about the health benefits and proper use monitoring are used to assess the efficacy 1. Based principally on the DCCT results, it of SMBG results, patient psychological of therapy and to guide adjustments in is recommended that most individuals and physical discomfort associated with medical nutrition therapy (MNT), exer- with diabetes should attempt to achieve finger-prick blood sampling, and incon- cise, and medications to achieve the best and maintain blood glucose levels as venience of testing in terms of time possible blood glucose control. close to normal as is safely possible. Be- requirements, physical setting, and This position statement presents the cause most patients with type 1 diabetes complexity of the technique. recommendations of the American Diabe- can achieve this goal only by using Given the importance of SMBG to di- tes Association on the tests used most SMBG, all treatment programs should abetes care, government, third-party widely in monitoring the glycemic status encourage SMBG for routine daily mon- payers, and others should strive to make of people with diabetes and addresses itoring. Daily SMBG is especially impor- the procedure readily accessible and af- both patient and physician/laboratory- tant for patients treated with insulin or fordable for all patients who require it.
    [Show full text]