33 SYARIAH: Jurnal Hukum dan Pemikiran Volume 19, Nomor 1, Juni 2019, hlm. 33-54
THE FALL OF PRESIDENT MUHAMMED HOSNI MUBARAK AND THE PROSPECTS FOR DEMOCRATIZATION IN EGYPT
Oleh: Nuril Khasyi’in Prodi Hukum Tatanegara Fakultas Syariah Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari, Banjarmasin, Jalan Ahmad Yani Km. 4.5 Banjarmasin, Kalimantan Selatan, Indonesia E-mail: [email protected]
Abstrak: Studi ini membahas kejatuhan rezim Mubarak dengan melihat beragamfaktor penyebab kehancuran legitimasi Mubarak dengan menganalisa pergantian rezim otoriter kearah demokrasi. Gerakan aksi protes 25 Januariini, menjadi usaha nyata untuk mewujudkan impian demokrasi itu. Penelitian ini diawali dengan; usaha Mubarak dalam mencari legitimasinya mendukung kekuasaan barunya dari pihak-pihak oposisi warisan Sadat. Dilanjutkan dengan faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan pendukung Mubarak, berpindah menjadi kelompok oposisi yang justru akan menjatuhkannya. Lalu diakhiri dengan kejatuhan Mubarak itu sendiri, setelah Mubarak gagal memberikan konsensi- konsensi yang ditawarkannya. Oposisi dari kelas menengah, bawah dan jugabeberapa elit atas (militer) telahmenjadi aktor utama dalam menumbangkan rezim Mubarak ini.Rezim Mubarak, didominasi oleh kelas-kelas penguasa yang bekerjasama dengan pengusaha dalam mengambil sumber-sumber kekayaan alam Mesir. Penyelewengan kelas atas seperti korupsi, manipulasi pemilu, penangkapan pihak-pihak oposisi dan pelanggaran HAM menjadi hal yang lumrah dalam rezim ini. Pengusaha menjadi partner dekat Mubarak untuk menggali sumber-sumber ekonomi negara. Setelah terjadi krisis ekonomi, kelas-kelas subordinan kemudian bangkit melawan kelas-kelas dominan. Studi ini menggunakan teori replacement dan legitimasi, dengan memakai sumber-sumber pustaka, surat kabar dan jurnal-jurnal untuk membantu memberikan penjelasan yang tajam. Hepotesa dari penelitian ini; pendukung Mubarak akan berpindah menjadi oposisi, jika kebutuhan dan kepentingan mereka tidak terpenuhi, lebih khusus berkaitan dengan kebutuhan ekonomi. Perubahan sikap Mubarak yang lebih mementingkan kemakmuran pengusaha dari pada publik, membuat Mesir menjadi negara yang terpuruk dalam hal ekonomi. Selain itu, penyelewengan kekuasaan oleh pemangku jabatan, membuat pihak yang teraniaya (subordinan) akan terusmaju bergerak melawan kekuasaanrezim otoriter.
Kata Kunci: Mesir, Rezim Otoriter, Krisis Ekonomi, Perubahan Rezim, Kejatuhan Mubarak.
Nuril Khasyi’in, The Fall Of President Muhammed Hosni Mubarak ...34
Abstract: This studydiscussesfall ofthe Mubarak regimeby looking thefactorsandanalyzehow the authoritarian regime changetowarddemocracy. January 25,becamea realefforttorealize that dream. This studybegins witha discussion; effortsin seekingMubarak legitimacytosupport hispowerfromSadat'sopposition, and continued withthe factors thatled Mubarak’s support, movedto be opposition. It’sdescribes theendofMubarakregime. His Oppositionfrom themiddle class, lower classandsomeupperclass(military). They are becamea majoractorinfall ofthe Mubarak regime. Mubarak's regime is dominated by the ruling classes in cooperation with employers in taking the natural resources of Egypt. Upper-class diversion such as corruption, electoral manipulation, arrest opposition parties and human rights abuses became commonplace in this regime. Employers in this regime to explore the economic resources. After the economic crisis, these classes subordinan then rose up against the dominant classes.This study uses a theoretical approach (replacement and legitimacy). With this both theoreticals approach will help the authors provide a powerful explanation of the fact that the field has been meticulous writer. Hepotesa of this study was Mubarak's supporters will move into the opposition, if their interests and needs are not met anymore. Mubarak attitude change employers are more concerned with the prosperity of the public, abuse of power by officers, with the pressure of economic crisis, will force the opposition to end with this authoritarian regime.
Keywords: Egypt, Authoritarian Regime, Economic Crisis, Regime Change, Fall Mubarak.
Introduction especially to help him facing economic This journal trying to describes and security crisis at that moment. the cause of the resignation of Husni Those entirethings are to strengthen his Mobarak as the President of Egypt. legitimacy from the opposition and also Mubarak decides to resign after he lost from lower middle class in Egypt. After his legitimacy. It can be seen by his 1990, Mubarak starts to looking his failure and incompetence against the legitimacy from private area with opposition and it make the movement liberalize and privatize government of anti-Mubarak stronger. At the enterprises. This condition, successfully beginning of his leadership, Mubarak change the image of Mubarak, from tried to embrace all groups in Egypt,
http://dx.doi.org/10.18592/sy.v19i1.2640 35 SYARIAH: Jurnal Hukum dan Pemikiran Volume 19, Nomor 1, Juni 2019, hlm. 33-54
jumhuriyya (public) support to rijal amal somecase, on the election in 2005, it can (capital owners) support. be seen by the record that the security At the same year, Mubarak guard prohibited the voters entering the regime’s power abuse has also increased. polling station. In April 24th 2006, the The regimes were free to do some police strike the activists which gathered repression for those who considered as in judge’s association club, and in a days opposition through martial laws. With later, they arrested at least 51 members the law, repression and human right of the club. Besides that, the regime also violation are becoming more frequent, holds the state security prosecutor such as repression to intellectuals, through martial laws on charges of journalists, and students. Those of them participating with the opposition and are middle class which considered held the meetings for insulting the danger because they act critical to the president, spreading the propaganda and regimes. They revealed the facts of the harmful rumors for the state.2 regime such a corruption, election fraud, With the martial laws in Egypt, drug dealer, prisoner abuse and so on. the regime has allowed to arrest Those middle class getting stronger everyone or group who considered because the lower classes also givethem suspicious. With it, the government have support through their actions against the a total authority to arrest and torture government. Understand this condition, person without trial because considered the regime fight them back to retain as betrayer and endanger the stability of their power in Egypt and also to prevent the country. Moreover, the amendment the development of this movement. of legal laws 116/1981 and 109/1971
In May 25th 2005, the security August 01, 2005, web: guards attack the protesters who oppose
Nuril Khasyi’in, The Fall Of President Muhammed Hosni Mubarak ...36
also expand the responsibilities of the of the people Egypt. On this journal, the police from maintain public safety to author dividing the three periods of the maintain public order.3 history of Husni Mubarak, as follows. The regime further strengthen The first period is called accommodation the protection, particularly to middle and and tolerance periods. After Mubarak lower class. They even started making gets the position as the 4th President of arrests, jail, and fired (government Egypt. He tried to build his power employees) often to who considered as a legitimate by the opposition in Sadat betrayer. With this condition, not regime (The earlier President). In this surprisingly it found 12.000-15.000 period, Mubarak is more delicate and political prisoners. 4 Based on number wisely in calming the opposition. The from Ibnu Khaldun Egypt Center, the second period called as confrontation number of political prisoners are grow and repression moment, where the up from 8000 in 1992 to17.191 in 1993. relation between Mubarak and the whole Based on Human Right Organization of class in Egypt are clashes and conflict Egypt, the number of prisoner who began to emerge. On this period, arrested (no political reason) are Mubarak began to leave the public increased from 5000 in 1990, to 10.000 interest and pro to private group al in 1992 and 16.000 in 1995.5 Gamal group (Mubarak Sons) and it’s What the regime did have made affect to his legitimate in Egypt. The worse the legitimate of Mubarak in front third period is about the fall of Mubarak
as the climax of legitimate crisis of him. 3 Ouda, Jihad, Negad el-Borai, and Hafez Abu Saada, A Door onto the Desert: Egyptian Those three will be the basic Legislative Elections of 2000, Cairo, United Group explanation the reasons;why Muhammed and Friedrich Naumann Foundation, 2001, p. 25. Hosni Mubarak charged back from his position 4Kassem, Maye, Egyptian politics: the dynamics of authoritarian rule, Lynne Rienner, USA, 2004, p. as president of Egypt?. Based on this 40. 5Ibn Khaldun Center, Al-Mujtama’ El-Madani research, the author argued that the wa al-Tahawwul El-Dimuqrati fi al-watan al-‘arabi, economic crisis in Egypt is the one of al-taqrir al-sanawi 1994 & 1996, Cairo, 1997, p. 63-66.
http://dx.doi.org/10.18592/sy.v19i1.2640 37 SYARIAH: Jurnal Hukum dan Pemikiran Volume 19, Nomor 1, Juni 2019, hlm. 33-54
causes in fall of Mubarak’s regime. This associated with USA. Second is argument also stated in Huntington’sin economic crisis and the number of his book: Third Wave of corruption. Third is the policy of Democratization; that, "Economic reconciliation with Israel, to dealing with development creates the foundation for a that condition, Mubarak then tried to democratic regime in the long run. In the short strengthen his legitimate through and term, rapid economic growth and the economic pay more attention to those problems. crisis may weaken the authoritarian regime. If The effort of Mubarak to economic growth takes place without the strengthen his legitimate last between economic crisis, it is slowly evolving democracy. 1981-1990. On that period, Mubarak When the shaking growth or economic crisis trying to make conciliation with people without achieving prosperity in the transition who considered as government zone, the authoritarian regime itself would oppositions. He made approach to the collapse, ... 6The issue of economic crisis whole class in Egypt. Fortunately, in Mubarak periods will be an interesting Mubarak was in a position secure from analysis to seeing what happen in Egypt. political side when completing the demands of the opposition is the legacy Hosni Mubarak as the President of of Sadat, it because, during his career Egypt Mubarak doesn’t have any particular The first period called as an disagreement with the opposition. accommodation and tolerances period. Moreover, he also doesn’t belong to free This period started with the officer who gained streght in 1952. With assassination of Anwar Sadat as the that thing, Mubarak can be more President of Egypt. There are three main independent on his leadership. problems that left by Sadat. First is On his first speech, Mubarak said related to Egypt’s policies that always he will continue Sadat policies, but in a soft way, wisely and dynamically. The 6 Asril Marjohan, ‘Gelombang Demokratisasi Ketiga’, Eds: II, Jakarta, Pustaka Utama Grafiti, speech got attention by society because No. 328/95, 1997, p. 180. In Third Wave of Democratization, Huntington. it figures more prudent and tolerant
Nuril Khasyi’in, The Fall Of President Muhammed Hosni Mubarak ...38
policy for the pros and cons of Sadat. rehabilitate the public sector, to This speech was followed by completing maximize the productivity and promote his first attempt polemek legacy of investment, because as he pointed out, Sadat, the dependency relations between that's the only and the right solution the Egypt asnd United States. In this case, economic recovery. mubarak decides to refuse the official A campaign to fight against development assistance from United corruption is also directly proved by Stated for $500 million in 1983, it related capturing Sadat’s brother, Ismat, who to the development of navy. Moreover, later trial in 1983. On this period, Mubarak also decides to not joint with Mubarak tends itself as an executer of United states operation milter to face the law. It figuresout, that the regime Libya. The Rejection is accompanied by knows no nepotism; all are equal before economic recovery in the public sector, the law. To strengthen the support of and also the resistance to corruptions Sadat's political opponents, In 1982, cost the state. On the economic Mubarak frees the political activist who development, Mubarak was increasing was arrested and jailed by Sadat; more the infrastructures projects related to than a thousand prisoners from various reconstruction, such as communications, groups community, such as religious, transportation, housing, etc. He also journalists, students, members of improves Egyptian workforce dispatch professional syndicates and trade unions and creating a partnership with Iraq, in released. This kind of attitude, another is order to increase the Egypt's economics to ease tension between state relations revenue. Then, Mubarak attracts foreign with opposition. investors, as much as possible to satisfy As related to the treaty with the people of Egypt. Mubarak also Israel, Mubarak committed to continue promised will create more job the Camp David treaty, but at the same opportunities for students who just time, he was sure that peace is not graduated. He stressed that he will translated into a complete normalization
http://dx.doi.org/10.18592/sy.v19i1.2640 39 SYARIAH: Jurnal Hukum dan Pemikiran Volume 19, Nomor 1, Juni 2019, hlm. 33-54
of the social or economic Crisis of Mubarak’s Legitimacy relations.Mubarak assured that Egypt The second period, called the would not be in rush toward the real period of confrontation and repression. peace, until Egypt returned into it The period begin at 1990s to 2005s. This territories since 1967, and the was a period when the dynamics of Palestinians return to their homeland. relationships that Mubarak’s formed to This sentiment was confirmed in 1982 strengthen his legitimacy began to when Mubarak immediately withdrew its disintegrate, it shown bythe economic ambassador in Tel Aviv in order protest collapse which is a consequences of the against the Israel invasion of Lebanon. authorities’ corruption and the Moreover, Mubarak also sought to re- businessmen who taking natural warm the Egyptian relations with the resources in Egypt. Gamal Mubarak is Arabian countries. With thissuccessful the ultimate symbol of wealth imbalance effort, Mubarak looks to be the support between workers and private sector of public welfare in the welfare and elites, the symbol of corruption and prosperity of Egypt. greed in Egypt. The emergence of The final effort is to strengthen business in the NDP, 7 in government the support of top-class by giving and Al-Sha'ab Magles (House of permission to open the arms industry in Representative), make the country as a addition to military and defense source of income to enrich them. A equipment. Also provide the food biographer of Egypt, Aladdin El-Aasar, industry, self-sufficiency and other estimates that the Mubarak family community needs such as kitchen savings deposits from $ 50 to $ 70 appliances, farming, farms, plantations billion dollars.8 It also happens with the and others. Based on these efforts, the legitimacy of the Mubarak nurtured and 7National Democratic Party (NDP). 8Aladdin Elaasar , Egyptians Rise Against Their get lots of support from all groups of Pharoah,Huffington Post,January 28, 2011, web:
Nuril Khasyi’in, The Fall Of President Muhammed Hosni Mubarak ...40
other authorities in this regime. For received bribes £ E20 million Egyptian example, Ahmed Ezz wealth 'as former pounds is former Secretary of Housing Secretary of the NDP estimated £ E18 and the attorney general, Mohamed billion Egyptian pounds 9 ; Ahmed Ezz Ibrahim. 14 CAA also revealed many monopolizing the steel industry in Egypt cases of irregularities and corruption by holding more than 60% of market amounting tens of millions of Egyptian share. 10 The wealth of former Housing pounds in the General Federation of Minister Ahmed El-Maghraby is also Trade Unions led by Hussein.15 estimated at more than £ E11 billion Egyptian pounds,11 the former Minister of Tourism Zuhair Wealth Garrana estimated £ E13 billion Egyptian pounds; the wealth of former Minister of Trade and Industry, Rashid Mohamed Rashid, estimated £ E12 billion Egyptian pounds, 12 and the wealth of former Interior Minister Habib al-Adly estimated £ E8 billion Egyptian pounds. 13 Other who accepted a had
9Obama optimistic about Egypt as negotiators make concessions. AHN. February 9, 2011, web: http://dx.doi.org/10.18592/sy.v19i1.2640 41 SYARIAH: Jurnal Hukum dan Pemikiran Volume 19, Nomor 1, Juni 2019, hlm. 33-54 Public opinionabout level of corruption concerned, it because of the inflation 16 in Egypt. begin to affect the welfare state, both quantitatively and quality. This can be Beside of the ever-expanding seen with the sales of almost 85.300 wealth of entrepreneurs of the regime, public sector enterprises to the private the Economy of Egypt is suffering and sector in 1997. ready to collapse, it shown by the Thus, The Debt was rising about increasing of unemployment and the 150 percent, and it became the highest national debt pile, food crisis. The under debt in the world at that moment. pressure from the World Bank, IMF, Realize the condition, Mubarak was and the United States relating to the forced cut the economics budget up to $ reconstruction of the Egyptian economy 20 billion, and was forced to cut annual are caused it.17The fund of the national interest payments of debt of $ 2 billion budget to support the SOEs also in the next ten years. 18 The evidence of this crisis can be seen from the data 16 Source: Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies, Suported by the Center for International Private Enterprise. 18 Nora Bensahel and Daniel L.Byman, The 17Harik Iliya, “Economic Policy Reform in Egypt”, Future Security Environment in the Middle East: Gainesville:University Press of Florida, 1997, Conflict, Stability, and Political Change, United pp. 18–19. States, Air Force, 2004, p. 79. Nuril Khasyi’in, The Fall Of President Muhammed Hosni Mubarak ...42 showing that the Egyptian spending on times more college graduates than basic social services dropped from about available jobs.21 6 percent in 1990 to 4 percent in 1993. In the middle of the conflict, the In addition, the unemployment rate also government has struggled to maintain increased from 10.3% in 2004 to 11.2% their power. Mubarak's regime has in 2005.19 always tried to manipulate the elections. Egypt inflasionfrom 1980-2010.20 In addition, the regime also tried to pressure and paralyzes opposition Besides the economic problems, groups who are trying to win and change the illiteracy rate in Egypt is still high, the regime. According to the jobs are harder and the social disparities Independent Committee on Election are high. Unemployment is driven by the Monitoring (ICEM), 22 the election of increasing thenumber of the youth, with 2005 was full of fraud. The thugs the graduated number is 4% per annum, 21 The long-term economic challenges Egypt must making Egypt asa country that has 10 overcome, web: http://dx.doi.org/10.18592/sy.v19i1.2640 43 SYARIAH: Jurnal Hukum dan Pemikiran Volume 19, Nomor 1, Juni 2019, hlm. 33-54 prevent the voters to enter the polling and arrests of journalists who involved stations on district of Beni Sueif and in monitoring the elections. 25 The Nasser. In the same district in Rab'ah El attitude of this regime eliminates the Adawe'ah, the polls even closed for sympathetic attitude of the Mubarak’s several hours to prevent the leadership. MuslimBrotherhood (MB) collecting The entrepreneurs of the NDP votes. The International Republican are getting a lot and the style of Sadat’s Institute and the Washington-based economic began to return. When the NGO affiliated with the Republican role of the Mubarak’s business Party even witnessed the brutal and community are increase, the bloody fights between supporters of entrepreneurs become the functionalist candidates, but the police actually looks that supports of the régime. Mubarak strangely silent and refused to seen as giving many opportunities to the intervene.23 entrepreneurs who’s invest in There are at least 18 cases of government, especially in certain areas. security forces that entered the polling It is proved that the entrepreneurs have place, confiscate the camera, beating a strong relationship with the regime. even the arrest of foreign journalists. 24 For example, Ahmed 'Ezz, is a business Moreover, the intimidation of voters is owner iron and steel. Similarly, increase, along with reports of beatings Mohammed Abu El-'Anei, friends of Gamal Mubaraka great businessman. 23 International Republican Institute 2005 Also Gamal Mubarak, he is not only a Parliamentary Election Assessment in Egypt, International Republican Institute, Edisi; businessman but also the general November 15-21, 2005, web: Nuril Khasyi’in, The Fall Of President Muhammed Hosni Mubarak ...44 Party (NDP). Their proximity to the Mubarak gives many opportunities for ruling regime, enabling them to build the investment businessmen in his business capital, only through a bank administration, particularly in certain loan without risking your own money. areas (such as industrial activities). This At the first of his reign, Mubarak showed up that the investments of still hesitated to give the role of entrepreneur are rises, because entrepreneurs in the country. It can be theyestablish good relations with the seen from his caution when replacing ruling regime. the public sector with the private sector. With all these things, private He should to do that, to avoid any sector growing faster than the public foreign pressure when applying the sector during the years of Mubarak, and economic liberalization. However, after it contributes more than a half of GNP seeing the importance of the role of (Gross National Product). The employers in a regime, it making businessmen have evolved in such a Mubarak began to adopt liberalization way, thus the cabinet which was formed foreconomic of Egypt. After that the in July 2004 made two ministers with a role of business community's on Egypt business background; Ahmed El- are increased and stronger. Maghrabi (Minister of Tourism) and Then, entrepreneur becomes Rashid Mohamed Rashid (Minister of functionalist, in order to survive the Industry). In 2005, there are eight regime. For example, Gamal Mubarak, ministers and in 2006, rising to fifteen he frequently traveled to the United ministers, nearly half of the cabinet in States to discuss about how to to Magles Sha'ab. manipulate the Egyptian economy. The The Entrepreneurs with the intervention of foreign capital in regime are controlling the economic, Egyptian politics, eventually led to the political, and social resources in Egypt. growing social gap between foreign For example, the prospective businessmen and Egyptian communities. businessman or entrepreneur has started http://dx.doi.org/10.18592/sy.v19i1.2640 45 SYARIAH: Jurnal Hukum dan Pemikiran Volume 19, Nomor 1, Juni 2019, hlm. 33-54 a block that looks at the general election men continue to strengthen their since the 1990s, and also in the 1995 intimate relationships with high-ranking elections. The owners of capital in trade government officials, even presidents. In (import/export) generally seek election this case, many close relatives of top in the coastal districts such as Port Said, officials becoming big business owners. Ismailia, Damyetta, etc. The agricultural They can do so because they have the sector, they prefer in rural areas such as capital and political power by the ruling Zaqaziq and in industrial sector, elite, as Gamal Mubarakwho formed a candidates focus on major cities such as new faction called the Gamal Mubarak Cairo and Alexandria. These showing entrepreneurs group. This new camps that Mubarak orientation have shifted will be faced with the old group of from promoting the people’s economy entrepreneurs who have a longer military to be in favor of entrepreneurs deal with Egyptian companies. Generally, each district has three The new entrepreneurs under to five entrepreneurs who are competing groups of Gamal Mubarak are stronger for the same seat. This campaign occurs and growing more than the old one (the not only between employers official military), it because the NDP NDP candidates, but also involving a businessmen have a special protection real entrepreneur-independent candidat- from the President. This situation es, as well as other candidates who do makesstrife and divisions among the not find themselves from the NDP ruling elite. The military feel losses, representative. In 1995 there were thirty- particularly which related to self- seven influential members who’s sufficiency efforts and infrastructure profession as a businessman in Al- development that taken by the group Sha'ab Magles. Five years later, the (Gamal Group). From here,the class entrepreneurs hold 77 seats or 17% in cracks up (military against the Mubarak Magles Al-Sha `ab plus seven committee regime), and become rational, if one day of economy affair who all came from the military no longer favor to the entrepreneurs. The Egyptian business- regime. Nuril Khasyi’in, The Fall Of President Muhammed Hosni Mubarak ...46 Military expenditure in Egypt.26 masses, for the purpose of overthrowing Mubarak. Seeing this Fall of Mubarak condition, Mubarak finally offered The third period called the concessions to the opposition parties is period of the overthrow of the to appoint a new government (the Mubarak regime. This was a period in transitional government) and dissolved which the mounting anger of the the old ministers. Furthermore, masses against the regime. After the Mubarak also appointed vice president Tunisian succeeded in overthrowing Omar Suleiman, and promised not to the regime of Ben Ali, Egypt would be run again on next election. These the next country that will participate to concessions were not bearing fruit, overthrow the Mubarak regime. even the amount of mass in Tahrir just th January 25 is a day of the outbreak of more and more. Looking the mass protests in Maidan Tahrir. conditions are increasingly tenses, Peoples choose this day as their Mubarak took the next step to dissolve protests namely as a form of protest, the force (coercion) of the to the treatment and abuse of police to demonstrators. This forced led to th the community (January 25 is the hundreds dead and thousands injured. police day). The protest was attended Seeing the condirion, the world (such by thousands and even millions of the as the U.S. and Europe), began 26 Military expenditure in Egypt, appearing to interfere take part, by http://dx.doi.org/10.18592/sy.v19i1.2640 47 SYARIAH: Jurnal Hukum dan Pemikiran Volume 19, Nomor 1, Juni 2019, hlm. 33-54 asking Mubarak to step down example, Asmaa Mahfouz, became one immediately as a President. of the activists who were able to Based on the various persuade other activists and groups for perceptions, the fall of Mubarak is the middle class down to the Maidan certainly can’t be separated from the Tahrir on January 25.28 On his action problems of the distribution economic on Youtube, Asmaa convey, that there inequality, particularly the division of are 4 poverty in burned himself to job land in a fair and equitable. demand improved labor costs. In Unequal distribution will continue to addition, he also explained that the get worse, after the rise of inflation people of Egypt do not be afraid to and global crisis. Global crisis in 2007- claim their rights to gather together 2008, has led to a wave of conflict and take to the streets protesting among people of lower class, middle peacefully. class and upper class. Therefore, this This invitation was fruitless, crisis has had a huge impact and effect because the action campaign on control every aspect of the economy of Facebook as well followed by a young Egypt, came to the field of tourism, of executive Ghanim Wael in Google migrant workers, export earnings, and Company. Said Khaled Ghanim picked investment. In response to this up the story of a murdered police as a economic oppression, the students form of protest and propaganda. There formed from 6 April Youth Movement, are 225,000 people Facebooker went off his campaign rallies and with activists, then replace them with a protests to demand an economic photo profile photo Khaled Said. 29 prosperity via microblogging. This condition, gained much sympathy Microblogging which includes of-the-arab-spring-28575/>,December 10, Facebook, Twitter, and Youtube 2011. 28 Facebook post that sparked Egypt revolution, become a tool to spread the word and web: Nuril Khasyi’in, The Fall Of President Muhammed Hosni Mubarak ...48 from intellectuals, such as Yusuf power. 30 A collection of postal Qaradawi and Al Baradie. And they workers, bus drivers, steel workers, then take the same weavers, workers at the same action;demonstrated took to the pharmacy also joined, including 6000 streets, and called on all other workers in the Suez Canal.31 This strike Egyptians who remained in the house, must continue to spread to every to be joined with the demonstrators. corner of the Egyptian economy and Both of these important figures (Al was followed by several provinces such Baradie and Qaradawi), despite having as: Mansoura, Suez, Luxor, Dairut, two different backgrounds, but they Shebin el-Kom, El-Arish, Sohag, are from the same organization, Minya, Ismailia, Alexandria and namely the Muslim Brotherhood (MB). Zagazig.32 The protests in January 25th, Although it used to said, that apart from the middle class, this action the lower classes only a small role in also supported by lower-class the fight against the regime, but today's opposition, namely the resistance of demonstration (January 25th), a the workers and the poverty. In massive strike action raised fears over example, January 28th 2011, the the lower classes, of the ruling classes, widespread labor strikes over the because it threatening the economics whole of Egypt. More than 500 system and also harmful to the employees of the Red Crescent are Mubarak regime. Finally, right on the temporary employment contract for 20 second Friday February 11th, 2011, at years faithful also participated. On January 30th(two days later), the 30Sallam, Hesham, Striking Back at Egyptian Workers , Rewriting History, MER259, web: Federation of Independent Trade http://dx.doi.org/10.18592/sy.v19i1.2640 49 SYARIAH: Jurnal Hukum dan Pemikiran Volume 19, Nomor 1, Juni 2019, hlm. 33-54 6pm(Cairo time, the President of take refuge with the regime for the Egypt Hosni Mubarak announced his safety and legality of the businesses resignation which was read by Vice that they do. These special protections President Omar Suleiman and eventually support a new row of government Mesirpun taken over the corruptions that resulted in the Supreme Military Council (SCAF), led contamination of Egyptian economic by M. Hussein Tantawi. order. At the same time, when the opposition began to increase Conclusion awareness and to threaten the position At the end of publication of of Mubarak, the authoritarian regimes this manuscript, the author’sconclude began to make the fight against these that the main cause demanded that oppositions by using martial law Mubarak step down as president of 162/1958, to paralyze any action Egypt because of two important which considered dangerous factors, namely internal and external Moreover, the manipulation of factors. every election also continued to a. Internal factors: maintain their position. These things The Economic crisis is a major made discontent of lower-class, also issue causing the emergence of lower- forcing the middle class to fight abuses class movement in protest. High levels of the class. With the gathering of of poverty, unemployment, rising millions of masses in the Maidan prices of wheat and oil, add a row of Tahrir, making the group the Mubarak misery for the people of Egypt. Thus, supporters (military), began to turn the with the economic crisis, the legitimacy bow. The military decided to stay away of Mubarak regime are questionable. from Mubarak. Mubarak's alignments The dominant class in this case attitude over to the new entrepreneurs, has always been an important actor in will later be the main reason why the driving the economy in Egypt, but military didn’t being a defender of the unfortunately, they better utilize the regime while the demonstration functions of state power, to legalize happen. their interests of particular individuals or groups. The entrepreneurs would Nuril Khasyi’in, The Fall Of President Muhammed Hosni Mubarak ...50 b. External factors (triggers) manipulation, etc.., are the reason that Globalization certainly makes causes Mubarak was forced to resign the role of the media are so important. from his post as president of Egypt. Succeed in overthrowing the power of The external factors just the Tunisia Ben Ali, a major trigger for trigger which inspired the people of neighboring countries do the same Egypt to protest. Because in the action. Mass media like Al Jazeera, absence of triggering factors, does not BBC, and some site / web online or make the Egyptian people do the same microblogging (Youtube, Facebook, as the people of Tunisia done. Both of Twitter) became a powerful tool to these factors (internal and external), disseminate and inform protests in would still invite multiple real-time in this global era. Al Jazeera, interpretations. But the authors believe be a messenger tools and information that the economic factors are the most divisor important to the people of strongly reason and the cause of Egypt or the world. Through this, the Mubarak’s falls. Due to rapid protests in January 25th, running economic growth accompanied by the smoothly and get feedback or response economic crisis may weaken the from the international community, authoritarian regime. Then, when the such as the U.S. and Europe. At the economic crisis happen without same time, the internationals come to achieving prosperity in the transition asking Mubarak to immediately end his zone, the authoritarian regimes will power and down from his post as falling soon. This finally proves the president of Egypt. Huntington statements, which At the end of this conclusion, authoritarian regimes are not able to from the title of the journal, it can be meet the economic needs of its people, seen, that internal factors like the will be destroyed or uprooted. economic crisis, national debt, the capitalist business, corruption, and authoritarian-style regime of behavior, such as; suppression, arrests, violations of human rights, electoral http://dx.doi.org/10.18592/sy.v19i1.2640 51 SYARIAH: Jurnal Hukum dan Pemikiran Volume 19, Nomor 1, Juni 2019, hlm. 33-54 References Jakarta, Pustaka Utama Grafiti, No. Books: 328/95, 1997. Al-Munazzama,al-Misriyya li- Huquq al-Insan, Halat huquq al-insan fi Journals: Misr, al-taqrir al-sanawi li al-‘am 1996, David K. Fieldhouse, Western Cairo, 1997. Imperialism in the Middle East, Arab Harik, Eliya., Economic Policy Press Review Reform, University Press of Florida, Issue No. 1749, September 1997. 2003. ------andSullivanDenis, Ibn Khaldun Center, Al-Mujtama’ El- Privatization and Liberalization in the Madani wa al-Tahawwul El-Dimuqrati fi Middle East, The prospects and the fears, al- Indiana University Press, 1992. watan al-‘arabi, al-taqrir al- Kassem, Maye, Egyptian politics: sanawi 1994 & 1996, Cairo, 1997, pp. the dynamics of authoritarian rule, Lynne 63-66. Rienner, USA, 2004. Independent Committee on Election Ouda, Jihad., Negad el-Borai, Monitoring (ICEM).Press Statement, and Hafez Abu Saada, A Door onto the November Desert:Egyptian Legislative Elections of 15, 2005. 2000, Cairo, United Group and International Republican Institute, 2005 Friedrich Naumann Foundation, 2001. Parliamentary Election Assessment in R. Vyrynen and T. Ohlson Egypt, International Egypt: Arms Production in the Republican Institute,(Ed) November Transnational Context, in Michael 15-21, 2005. Brzoska and Thomas Ohlson, Arms Zaki Moheb, Egyptian Business Elites , Production in the Third World, London: pp. 96–100. Taylor & Francis, 1986. Onlines: Samuel P. Huntington, Aladdin Elaasar, Egyptians Rise Against ‘Gelombang Demokratisasi Ketiga’, Their Pharoah,Huffington Post, translate by Asril Marjohan, Cet: II, Nuril Khasyi’in, The Fall Of President Muhammed Hosni Mubarak ...52 January 28, 2011, web: Egypt: Troops Smother Protests, Detain http://dx.doi.org/10.18592/sy.v19i1.2640 53 SYARIAH: Jurnal Hukum dan Pemikiran Volume 19, Nomor 1, Juni 2019, hlm. 33-54 protests.html?_r=1>, 2005,15881.html>, October October20, 2011. 12, 2011. Letter from Human Rights Watch to Obama optimistic about Egypt as negotiators Secretary of State Condoleeza Rice, make concessions. AHN. February Regarding Department of State 9, 2011, web: Comments on Egyptian Nuril Khasyi’in, The Fall Of President Muhammed Hosni Mubarak ...54 Striking back at egyptian workers, web: http://dx.doi.org/10.18592/sy.v19i1.2640