“Development of a New Nation” Major Powers/Limits of the Articles: o International Diplomacy 1. Articles of Confederation are authorized o Printing Money in June of 1776 by the Second Continental o Resolving controversies between States Congress and ratified in 1781. These articles o Coordinating War gave individual states much power o 9 out of 13 States vote to create law (sovereignty). o Unanimous vote to change the Articles o ONE state; ONE vote This is colonial State S ov er eign ty o Unicameral (one group) Congress money printed o NO POWER TO during the reign of the Articles…. Former Colonies It is called a are known as Term that means The Articles of “continental.” State/s; a State is individual Confederation was the part of a larger freedom/s or the functioning group… a nation. power to VOTE . government of the from Why was this Government not granted March 1, 1781 until the power to TAX the States? If the March 4, 1789 (it’s the Government can’t tax how will it raise government between revenue ($) to pay for running the the Second Continental nation? Congress & the Constitution). School House Rock: Preamble Northwest Territory was developed from Section 16 6 5 4 3 2 1 was reserved the Northwest Ordinance of 1787; It was S for Public 7 8 9 10 11 12 i an effort to raise revenue for the Schools x 18 17 16 15 14 13 Government. M i One Mile 19 20 21 22 23 24 l The Northwest Territory was e ⅟16 40 s O ⅟4 Section Acres 30 29 28 27 26 25 organized into 6 Mile X 6 Mile n 160 Acres e ⅟8 section squares which were then further 80 Acres 31 32 33 34 35 36 M divided up as the chart/s to the i Six Miles l Half Section right demonstrates. These e 320 Acres sections of land were then sold. Daniel Shays on horseback leading the protesters at Springfield, MA on Tues. Sept. 26, 1786

Shays’ Rebellion on Jan. 25, 1787 was an attempt to take over the Arsenal in Springfield, MA.

Angry “Regulators” stopped the local Rebels Protested Against: Approx. 150 government from functioning by force rebels were o High (using swords, muskets, etc.) until changes arrested & o Governor’s Salary were made. some were o High Court Costs put to death. o Paper Money Problem/s Boom to 6 Min Part 1 & 9 Min Part 2 Bust? 2. Problems in the states, such as paper $ outlawed Rev. War veterans were (because it was worthless), paid by the U.S. Gov’t. many people in debt led to for their services with Oath of Shay’s Rebellion. land in the West… Loyalty 3. (Constitutional) Convention took place from May-September of 1787 (all states present except Rhode Island). Conventions key points:

Initial reason for the May 25 through meeting or convention: Sept. 17 of 1787  The Annapolis Convention of was selected the September 1786. President of the  Some states refused Philadelphia CLICK to comply with the Convention "we have articles of peace. errors to  The union was correct." unable to regulate interstate commerce.  Shays’ Rebellion.  Revise the Articles of Confederation! What is needed is an extended “republic” Two Main Ground Rules: containing a o Proceedings Secret system of Checks & Balances?” o No Issue Closed •Oliver Ellsworth* • • • • • •John Lansing, Jr.* • •William Houston* •Charles Cotesworth Pinckney •Robert Yates* • •Charles Pinckney • •Richard Bassett •Gunning Bedford, Jr. • Rhode Island • Who was there in •Rhode Island did not •George Read send delegates to the Philadelphia? convention.

Georgia Who signed the • “I smell • Constitution and a rat!” •William Houstoun* William Pierce* who did NOT? •John Blair •James Madison •George Mason* • James McClurg* Notabales not there? • •Edmund Randolph* •* • •George Washington • o • •George Wythe* • • •Caleb Strong* o • o Patrick Henry • •Robert Morris •James Wilson • • (*) Did not sign •Luther Martin* •* •James McHenry • the final draft of •* •John F. Mercer* John Langdon • •Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer the U.S. Constitution. The “ Corner Stone ” of the It is an agreement between two success the Constitutional opposing views in which both find Convention and of the a common ground or current government today… understanding on an issue.

81 year old Benjamin Franklin addressed the men in Philadelphia about the need for COMPROMISE

“…by better information or fuller consideration to change opinions . . . which I once thought right, but found to be otherwise. It is therefore that the older I grow, the more apt I am to doubt my own judgment, and to pay more respect to the judgment of others.” For 10 days the The 5 foot tall, 120 pound, 36-  Representation or numbers of Delegates year-old James Madison is the reps. based on State population debated the primary creator of the Virginia Virginia Proposal Lower House selected by the Plan  (Plan) from the VIRGINIA PLAN people time Edmund  Upper House selected by the Randolph (Large State Plan) Lower House members proposed it on The 34-year-old Governor of Tuesday morning May the 29 th . Virginia Edmund Randolph William Paterson proposed the presented the plan to the New Jersey Plan as a counter to Convention the Virginia Plan NEW JERSEY PLAN The Great Compromise (Small State Plan) Roger Sherman is also known as the Eventually on July 16 th the Delegates accepted Connecticut & voted in the “Compromise” which saved the Compromise or “Convention” from breaking apart… Sherman’s Compromise

 Representation stays EQUAL as it had been under the Articles of Bicameral Legislature: Confederation  Bi is “2” & Cameral is “House”  2 Reps per State in ONE House or  Two Houses in Lawmaking Group Group  Upper House is “Senate” & Lower House is “House of Representatives”  Senate has 2 Reps. per state; House of Reps. 3a. Great Compromise- Virginia Plan & New varies depending on State Population Jersey Plan are compromised and develop a Bicameral Legislature. The Constitutional “Chin”vention (2 min) Roger Sherman William Paterson

Ben Franklin The ?

James Madison

Oliver Ellsworth School House Rock: Preamble Facts of Facts of 3b. Separation of Powers- Congress: Congress: 3 Branches of government Three Branches Checks and Balances are created (Legislative, of Government Executive, & Judicial)

ARE YOU J.E.L. ’ in?

Judicial Branch Judges Laws

Executive Branch Enforces Laws

Legislative Branch Lawmakers

School House Rock: Three Ring Government Points US Constitution Heading: Earned (G. Washington) 1770-1800’s Vocabulary: The System of Checks and Balances!

Directions: From the class discussion of the Supplement Handout titled The System of Checks and Balances briefly write out a definition of the vocabulary word or term listed below. Your response does NOT have to be in complete sentences.

1. Checks & Balances

2. Veto

3. Appropriations

4. Cabinet

5. Legislative Branch

6. Judicial Branch

7. Executive Branch

8. Bill

9. Law

10. Simple Majority

11. Super Majority

12. Impeach

13. Remove from office

14. Inferior Courts

15. Hopper

16. Pardon

17. Party

18. Term

19. Congress

20. Constitutionality

21. Senate

22. House of Representatives

23. Bicameral Legislature

24. Census

25. Apportionment School House Rock: I’m School House Rock: Just A Bill Electoral College

Impeach? Simple Majority?

Remove? Super Majority? Hopper? Veto?

Term? Cabinet?

Facts of Congress: Amendments Pardon? Facts of Congress: Key Leaders

Facts of Congress: House Congress? of Reps. Facts of Congress: Senate

StateHouse CRock : Barney Fife & the PARODY I’m Just A Bill Preamble… 3c. Slave Issue- 3/5 Compromise

Northern Are there any vs. states that do Southern NOT allow States? slavery in 1787?

This was a “compromise” that stemmed from the argument of state population providing more representation in the House of Representatives and the impact on Presidential Elections…

Creators of the Three Roger Fifths Sherman of Connecticut James Wilson Compromise of idea… Pennsylvania Slave Tax? Unlike the Articles of Confederation the Constitution would have the power to tax ALL states thus bring in revenue; it also maintained the power to make money…

Article 1 Section POWER TO 9 of the US Constitution… The Old Plantation , ca. 1790 Slave Importation How many slaves from the painting above would be cannot be counted towards the State or Virginia’s population? prevented until How much possible revenue would a slave tax generate for the US? the year 1808!

300,000 TAX Slaves

3d. Commerce $ - Congress has the power to tax, a slave tax was developed at the sum of $10 3e. Elect a President - Electoral College elects pres., which is based on # of representatives in Congress.

Electoral Worth of the State of 17 Michigan

435 Members of 55 2 Senators the House of Representatives + 15 Members in + the House of 3 538 Total Representatives Electoral Votes 100 Members of the Senate States decide how to distribute their Electoral Votes (Most have a winner take ALL method)… Plus the 3 Electors from To be elected President of the Washington D.C. United States an individual must obtain MORE THAN HALF OF ALL 270 School House Rock: ELECTROAL VOTES ! Winner! Electoral College House of Representatives

Census?

Apportionment? Ignite Learning: Federal vs. Bill of Rights Rap st State Powers Song Bill of Rights (1 10 Amendments): 1. Freedom Speech, Press, Religion, Right to Petition & Assemble 2. Right to Bear Arms 3. No Quartering of Troops 4. No Unreasonable Search & Seizure 5. Right to Due Process of Law 6. Right s of the Accused 7. Right to a Trial by Jury 8. No Cruel or Unusual Punishment 9. Protection of rights not specifically enumerated in the Bill of Rights 10. States Powers

Super Majority vote was needed for “.”

4. Ratification of the Constitution occurs only after the Bill of Rights was added (started by James Madison of Virginia & Reps from the states of Massachusetts & New York). FEDERALISTS:  James Madison  John Jay  Alexander Hamilton ANTI-FEDERALISTS:  Patrick Henry  Sam Adams  George Mason   Robert Yates

Connecticut New Jersey New York •Oliver Ellsworth* •David Brearley South Carolina •Alexander Hamilton •William Samuel Johnson •Jonathan Dayton •Pierce Butler •John Lansing, Jr.* •Roger Sherman •William Houston* •Charles Cotesworth Pinckney •Robert Yates* •William Livingston •Charles Pinckney •William Paterson John Rutledge Delaware •Richard Bassett •Gunning Bedford, Jr. •Jacob Broom Rhode Island •John Dickinson Who was there in •Rhode Island did not •George Read send delegates to the Philadelphia? convention.

Georgia Who signed the •Abraham Baldwin “I smell •William Few Constitution and a rat!” •William Houstoun* William Pierce* who did NOT? Virginia •John Blair •James Madison •George Mason* Pennsylvania • Massachusetts James McClurg* Notabales not there? •George Clymer •Edmund Randolph* •Elbridge Gerry* •Thomas Fitzsimons •George Washington •Nathaniel Gorham o Thomas Jefferson •Benjamin Franklin •George Wythe* •Rufus King •Jared Ingersoll •Caleb Strong* o John Adams •Thomas Mifflin o Patrick Henry •Gouverneur Morris •Robert Morris •James Wilson Maryland North Carolina •Daniel Carroll •William Blount (*) Did not sign •Luther Martin* New Hampshire •William Richardson Davie* •James McHenry •Nicholas Gilman the final draft of •Alexander Martin* •John F. Mercer* John Langdon •Richard Dobbs Spaight •Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer the U.S. Hugh Williamson Constitution. b. 11/22 Feb 1732, "Wakefield", near Popes Creek, Westmoreland county, Virginia 5. George Washington was elected first d. 14 Dec 1799, Mount Vernon, Virginia president, John Adams was elected Vice-pres. Challenges to the first presidency were:

Separate  Unanimously Elected both times ballots First President under Constitution for Pres.  April 30, 1789 GW & Vice-  Declined his $25,000 salary was inaugurated here… Federal Hall, NYC, NY Pres.  Had to be convinced to take job Presidential Election of 1789 Presidential Election of 1792

NY deadlocked no electors won…

N.C. & R.I. had not ratified yet…

John Adams Movie: G.W. ‘s oath of Office Secretary of State 5a. Developing a Thomas Jefferson (1789 - 1793) • Edmund Cabinet for the Randolph (1794 - 1795) • Executive Branch- (1796 - 1797) this allowed for the delegation of Secretary of War T. Pickering power. Henry Knox (1789 - 1794) • Timothy Pickering (1795 - 1796) • James McHenry (1796 - 1797) President George Postmaster General Washington (1789 - 1791) • Timothy Knox (1789-1797) Pickering (1791 - 1795) • (1795 - 1797) Vice President John Adams Secretary of the Treasury (1789-1797) Alexander Hamilton (1789 - 1795) • Jr. (1795 - 1797) McHenry

Attorney General Edmund Randolph (1789 - 1794) • William Bradford (1794 - 1795) • Charles Lee (1795 - 1797) Hamilton Supreme Court

Washington nominated John Jay to be Chief Justice and then Associate Judges… • John Blair • William Cushing (William Paterson) • James Wilson • • John Rutledge ()

J. Jay

5b. Set-up a court system- developed from the Judiciary Act of 1789.

5c. Create a Bank System- this was started by Alexander Hamilton but Thomas Jefferson disagreed with its development which led to the formation of political parties in the U.S. (“Dev. of Political Parties”).

Charter of the First Bank of the United States was established on Feb. 25, 1791 for 20 years… Bank’s Functions: Jefferson Will a National Bank  Act as a Private provide EQUAL Company opportunity to ALL  Provide Loans American citizens?  Government owns $2 million of stock in Bank  Other $8 million in stock Banks Purpose: sold to public BUT ¼ of  Establish Financial purchase MUST be with Order gold or silver  Establish Credit  Rotate Directors  Resolve Issue of (Fiat)  Bank Cannot buy Hamilton “Continental” Currency Government Bonds

5d. Battle of Fallen Timbers- Anthony Wayne On August 20 in 1794 secures the land in the Ohio Valley for the U.S. Approximately 3,000 U.S from Indian attack. Troops faced 1,500 Native … the battle did Treaty of Greenville 1795 ended not last long & ended in a the conflicts in the Ohio Valley U.S. victory. Region. One Native American leader would NOT sign the Treaty… it was a Shawnee Leader named Tecumseh; later in US “Mad” History he will yet again be faced Anthony by US Troops. Wayne 5e. Whiskey Rebellion- Pennsylvania tax revolt.

6 – 9 Cents per Westerners gallon on turned their surplus whiskey to gain corn into revenue for the whiskey to National get it to market Government. easier…

REVOLT occurs because the tax was believed to be unfair 5f. Foreign Affairs- French Revolution, U.S. stays Neutral. NEUTRAL : is a term that The proclamation was signed on April 22, means a nation 1793, in Philadelphia by Washington will not get involved in the affairs of other nations G.W.

Napoleon Bonaparte Jefferson Hamilton

When France declared war on England on February 1, 1793, the United States faced a thorny political problem. France was America's ally during the War , yet Great Britain's financial support was important to American ship owners. France Great Britain 5g. The Jay Treaty - compensated American Issues with Great Britain: England’s with prewar debt & to hear  Britain was still occupying a number of forts in claims for captured American vessels the Great Lakes region. (BUT captured slaves would not be  American merchants wanted compensation for returned). 250 ships confiscated during 1793–94.  Southerners wanted compensation for the slaves Results of the Treaty: the British had taken from them during the Revolution.  British agreed to vacate the six western Merchants wanted the British West Indies forts by June 1796  reopened to American trade.  Compensate American ship owners (the The boundary with Canada was too vague and British paid $10,345,200 by 1802)  needed delineation.  United States gave most favored nation The British were believed to be aggravating trading status to Britain  Native-American attacks on settlers in the West.  US agreed to British anti-French maritime policies  US guaranteed the payment of private Jay dropped the issue of prewar debts owed by Americans to British John Jay compensation for slaves, merchants that could not be collected in which angered Southern U.S. courts (the U.S. paid £600,000 in 1802) slave owners. Jay was also unsuccessful in negotiating an end to the Is this Treaty the action/s of “impressment” of a “Neutral” Nation? American sailors into the Royal Navy Key Points of the Address: 5h. G. W.’s Farewell Address…  Only 2 Terms  Importance of National Unity; Fear of Sectionalism  Threat of Political Parties  Religion, Morality & Education  Establishment of National Credit  Stay out of Foreign Affairs; Stay Neutral

Originally published in David Claypoole's American Daily Advertiser on September 19, 1796 under the title "The Address of General Washington To The People of The United States on his declining of the Presidency of the United States," the letter was almost immediately reprinted in newspapers across the country and later in a pamphlet form.