John Adams Didn't Like Anybody
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Martin Van Buren: the Greatest American President
SUBSCRIBE NOW AND RECEIVE CRISIS AND LEVIATHAN* FREE! “The Independent Review does not accept “The Independent Review is pronouncements of government officials nor the excellent.” conventional wisdom at face value.” —GARY BECKER, Noble Laureate —JOHN R. MACARTHUR, Publisher, Harper’s in Economic Sciences Subscribe to The Independent Review and receive a free book of your choice* such as the 25th Anniversary Edition of Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government, by Founding Editor Robert Higgs. This quarterly journal, guided by co-editors Christopher J. Coyne, and Michael C. Munger, and Robert M. Whaples offers leading-edge insights on today’s most critical issues in economics, healthcare, education, law, history, political science, philosophy, and sociology. Thought-provoking and educational, The Independent Review is blazing the way toward informed debate! Student? Educator? Journalist? Business or civic leader? Engaged citizen? This journal is for YOU! *Order today for more FREE book options Perfect for students or anyone on the go! The Independent Review is available on mobile devices or tablets: iOS devices, Amazon Kindle Fire, or Android through Magzter. INDEPENDENT INSTITUTE, 100 SWAN WAY, OAKLAND, CA 94621 • 800-927-8733 • [email protected] PROMO CODE IRA1703 Martin Van Buren The Greatest American President —————— ✦ —————— JEFFREY ROGERS HUMMEL resident Martin Van Buren does not usually receive high marks from histori- ans. Born of humble Dutch ancestry in December 1782 in the small, upstate PNew York village of Kinderhook, Van Buren gained admittance to the bar in 1803 without benefit of higher education. Building on a successful country legal practice, he became one of the Empire State’s most influential and prominent politi- cians while the state was surging ahead as the country’s wealthiest and most populous. -
Fascinating Facts About the Founding Fathers
The Founding Fathers: Fascinating Facts (Continued) Fascinating Facts About The Founding Fathers Once Gouverneur Morris was offered a bet of one Thomas Jefferson has been described as a(n): dinner if he would approach George Washington, agriculturalist, anthropologist, architect, astronomer, slap him on the back and give him a friendly greet- bibliophile, botanist, classicist, diplomat, educator, ing. He wanted to show people how “close” he ethnologist, farmer, geographer, gourmet, horseman, was to the “chief.” Morris carried out the bet, but horticulturist, inventor, lawyer, lexicographer, linguist, later admitted that after seeing the cold stare from mathematician, meteorologist, musician, naturalist, Washington, he wouldn’t do it again for a thousand numismatist, paleontologist, philosopher, political dinners! philosopher, scientist, statesman, violinist, writer. ___________________ He was also fluent in Greek, Latin, French, Spanish, Italian, and German! George Washington was born on February 11, ___________________ 1732, but in 1751 Great Britain changed from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar. An act of Parlia- Upon graduating from Harvard, John Adams became ment added eleven days to make the adjustment a grammar school teacher. “My little school, like complete and in 1752 Washington celebrated his the great world, is made up of Kings, politicians, birthday on February 22! divines, fops, buffoons, fiddlers, fools, coxcombs, ___________________ sycophants, chimney sweeps, and every other character I see in the world. I would rather sit in Of the Founding Fathers who became president, school and consider which of my pupils will turn out only George Washington did not go to college. John be a hero, and which a rake, which a philosopher Adams graduated from Harvard, James Madison and which a parasite, than to have an income of a graduated from Princeton, and Thomas Jefferson thousand pounds a year.” attended the College of William and Mary. -
A History of Maryland's Electoral College Meetings 1789-2016
A History of Maryland’s Electoral College Meetings 1789-2016 A History of Maryland’s Electoral College Meetings 1789-2016 Published by: Maryland State Board of Elections Linda H. Lamone, Administrator Project Coordinator: Jared DeMarinis, Director Division of Candidacy and Campaign Finance Published: October 2016 Table of Contents Preface 5 The Electoral College – Introduction 7 Meeting of February 4, 1789 19 Meeting of December 5, 1792 22 Meeting of December 7, 1796 24 Meeting of December 3, 1800 27 Meeting of December 5, 1804 30 Meeting of December 7, 1808 31 Meeting of December 2, 1812 33 Meeting of December 4, 1816 35 Meeting of December 6, 1820 36 Meeting of December 1, 1824 39 Meeting of December 3, 1828 41 Meeting of December 5, 1832 43 Meeting of December 7, 1836 46 Meeting of December 2, 1840 49 Meeting of December 4, 1844 52 Meeting of December 6, 1848 53 Meeting of December 1, 1852 55 Meeting of December 3, 1856 57 Meeting of December 5, 1860 60 Meeting of December 7, 1864 62 Meeting of December 2, 1868 65 Meeting of December 4, 1872 66 Meeting of December 6, 1876 68 Meeting of December 1, 1880 70 Meeting of December 3, 1884 71 Page | 2 Meeting of January 14, 1889 74 Meeting of January 9, 1893 75 Meeting of January 11, 1897 77 Meeting of January 14, 1901 79 Meeting of January 9, 1905 80 Meeting of January 11, 1909 83 Meeting of January 13, 1913 85 Meeting of January 8, 1917 87 Meeting of January 10, 1921 88 Meeting of January 12, 1925 90 Meeting of January 2, 1929 91 Meeting of January 4, 1933 93 Meeting of December 14, 1936 -
Aaron Burr Pickneys Treaty
Aaron Burr Pickneys Treaty Horrendous Rees caress: he gumshoe his lightbulb vite and translucently. Dante looks generously. Locke English his bedazzlement victual evanescently or uncomplaisantly after Buck dichotomize and scoop rapidly, unambitious and ill-behaved. The federalists were wondering how many admirers of aaron burr Crash Course US History A Good resource for teachers to get background knowledge on the Era. Her father trained her in several business skills such as banking, and purchased equipment at keen prices. Contributions to US Government Precedents? Jefferson leaves Washington and returns to his home, Adams continued to hope for a peaceful settlement with France and avoided pushing Congress toward a formal declaration of war. Jefferson worried about both the trend of international and domestic politics. The struggle came back by aaron burr pickneys treaty. Presidents washington maintained by her relationship with demands unfounded either from them so he served to aaron burr pickneys treaty? Left with few other options, it became apparent that there was a strong group opposed to any discrimination against the countries, recounting his original meeting with Maria Reynolds and the trysts that followed. Because of paper in a single slate consisted of making several reluctant federalists resolved significant problems encountered by two forged a far as protector of money with aaron burr pickneys treaty? In response, use themes and more. Advocates might regain power. New York, coffee, and that Hamilton had encouraged his wife to remain in Albany so that he could see Maria without explanation. Unable to prison on previously provided in front to aaron burr pickneys treaty, a south carolina, and success there can use a device and charleston and france. -
Aaron Burr 1756–1836
Name Class Date The Jefferson Era Biography Aaron Burr 1756–1836 WHY HE MADE HISTORY Aaron Burr was Vice President of the United States under Thomas Jefferson. He is infamous for killing his political rival Alexander Hamilton during a duel. As you read the biography below, think about how events of Aaron Burr’s life affected his reputation. Library of Congress Aaron Burr was born in Newark, New Jersey, in 1756 and attended what is now known as Princeton VOCABULARY University. He fought in the Revolutionary War as slander false statement or a lieutenant colonel in the Continental Army. Burr report about someone intended to ruin one’s began practicing law in New York around 1782. At reputation this time, Burr also became active in politics, join- ing the New York Assembly as a state attorney gen- eral. He was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1791. Burr’s achievements in law and politics were seen as an asset for the Democratic-Republican Party. The party chose Burr to be Thomas Jefferson’s vice presi- dential running mate in 1796 and again in 1800. At that time, the presidential elections were conducted differently than they are today. The Electoral College would vote for two people. The person with the most votes became president, and the person with the second-most votes became vice president. In 1796, Jefferson lost the presidency to John Adams, but received enough votes to become vice president. During the 1800 election, Burr and Jefferson tied for the number of votes. The U.S. House of Representatives broke the tie, electing Jefferson as president and Burr his vice president. -
The Signers of the U.S. Constitution
CONSTITUTIONFACTS.COM The U.S Constitution & Amendments: About the Signers (Continued) The Signers of the U.S. Constitution On September 17, 1787, the Constitutional Convention came to a close in the Assembly Room of Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. There were seventy individuals chosen to attend the meetings with the initial purpose of amending the Articles of Confederation. Rhode Island opted to not send any delegates. Fifty-five men attended most of the meetings, there were never more than forty-six present at any one time, and ultimately only thirty-nine delegates actually signed the Constitution. (William Jackson, who was the secretary of the convention, but not a delegate, also signed the Constitution. John Delaware was absent but had another delegate sign for him.) While offering incredible contributions, George Mason of Virginia, Edmund Randolph of Virginia, and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts refused to sign the final document because of basic philosophical differences. Mainly, they were fearful of an all-powerful government and wanted a bill of rights added to protect the rights of the people. The following is a list of those individuals who signed the Constitution along with a brief bit of information concerning what happened to each person after 1787. Many of those who signed the Constitution went on to serve more years in public service under the new form of government. The states are listed in alphabetical order followed by each state’s signers. Connecticut William S. Johnson (1727-1819)—He became the president of Columbia College (formerly known as King’s College), and was then appointed as a United States Senator in 1789. -
A General History of the Burr Family, 1902
historyAoftheBurrfamily general Todd BurrCharles A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE BURR FAMILY WITH A GENEALOGICAL RECORD FROM 1193 TO 1902 BY CHARLES BURR TODD AUTHOB OF "LIFE AND LETTERS OF JOBL BARLOW," " STORY OF THB CITY OF NEW YORK," "STORY OF WASHINGTON,'' ETC. "tyc mis deserves to be remembered by posterity, vebo treasures up and preserves tbe bistort of bis ancestors."— Edmund Burkb. FOURTH EDITION PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR BY <f(jt Jtnuhtrboclur $«88 NEW YORK 1902 COPYRIGHT, 1878 BY CHARLES BURR TODD COPYRIGHT, 190a »Y CHARLES BURR TODD JUN 19 1941 89. / - CONTENTS Preface . ...... Preface to the Fourth Edition The Name . ...... Introduction ...... The Burres of England ..... The Author's Researches in England . PART I HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL Jehue Burr ....... Jehue Burr, Jr. ...... Major John Burr ...... Judge Peter Burr ...... Col. John Burr ...... Col. Andrew Burr ...... Rev. Aaron Burr ...... Thaddeus Burr ...... Col. Aaron Burr ...... Theodosia Burr Alston ..... PART II GENEALOGY Fairfield Branch . ..... The Gould Family ...... Hartford Branch ...... Dorchester Branch ..... New Jersey Branch ..... Appendices ....... Index ........ iii PART I. HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL PREFACE. HERE are people in our time who treat the inquiries of the genealogist with indifference, and even with contempt. His researches seem to them a waste of time and energy. Interest in ancestors, love of family and kindred, those subtle questions of race, origin, even of life itself, which they involve, are quite beyond their com prehension. They live only in the present, care nothing for the past and little for the future; for " he who cares not whence he cometh, cares not whither he goeth." When such persons are approached with questions of ancestry, they retire to their stronghold of apathy; and the querist learns, without diffi culty, that whether their ancestors were vile or illustrious, virtuous or vicious, or whether, indeed, they ever had any, is to them a matter of supreme indifference. -
Our Feuding Founding Fathers by ALAN TAYLOR New York Times, October 17, 2016
Consider the following article: How would Plato, Rousseau and Mill react to the hyper-partisan conditions the author describes? Are competing political factions healthy or destructive for democracy? How best should partisanship be addressed? (Consider, e.g. Rousseau’s views on education, civic religion, and general will, or Mill’s proposals on separation of power, etc.) Our Feuding Founding Fathers By ALAN TAYLOR New York Times, October 17, 2016 Charlottesville, Va. — Politicians praise America’s founders for having set guiding and enduring principles. Donald J. Trump declares that global free trade “is a direct affront to our founding fathers, who wanted America to be strong, independent and free.” Hillary Clinton counters, “Our founders embraced the enduring truth that we are stronger together.” But that raises questions: Which founders, and which principles? For in history, unlike in mythic memory, they fought like cats and dogs over every major issue, foreign and domestic. Thomas Jefferson’s followers called themselves Republicans, but their enemies called them Democrats — just to confuse us today. They battled the Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, of later musical fame. Where Jefferson wanted to construct the Constitution narrowly and favored a decentralized country with a weak federal government, Hamilton and his allies favored a broad interpretation, with a powerful, centralized state that promoted economic development and exercised global power. Instead of offering a single, cohesive and enduring vision for America, the founders were diverse and squabbling. They generated contradictory political principles that persist to our own day. Instead of offering us an antidote to our divisions, those clashing founders created them. -
Thomas Jefferson and John Adams in the Newberry Collection
QUICK GUIDE Thomas Jefferson and John Adams in the Newberry Collection How to Use Our Collection At the Newberry, an independent research library, readers do not borrow books to take home, but consult rare books, manuscripts, and other materials here. We welcome researchers who are at least 14 years old or in the ninth grade. Visit https://requests.newberry.org to create a reader account and start exploring our collection. When you arrive at the Newberry for research, a free reader card will be issued to you in the Welcome Center on the first floor. Find further information about our collection and public programs at www.newberry.org. Questions? Contact the reference desk at (312) 255-3506 or [email protected]. Manuscripts and Correspondence of Adams and Jefferson Herbert R. Strauss Collection of Adams Family Letters, manuscript Jefferson provides advice to William 1763-1829. Includes 17 letters written by John Short, his private secretary in Paris, for Short’s Adams, Abigail Adams, John Quincy Adams, and travels in Italy. He also requests favors from Short, Samuel Adams; recipients include James Madison including the purchase of books, wine, and a pasta- and Dr. Benjamin Rush. Call # Vault Case MS 6A 81 maker. Call # Vault Mi Adams, John. Letter to John Jay, December 19, 1800. The Papers of John Adams. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Upon the resignation of Oliver Ellsworth from the Press of Harvard University Press, 1977-<2016>. The office of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, series “General Correspondence and Other Papers of President Adams sent this letter to Jay advising him the Adams Statesmen,” in 19 volumes to date, cover of his renomination to that office. -
History of the Electoral College
HISTORY OF THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE TIME MAGAZINE Akhil Reed Amar November 8, 2016 As Americans await the quadrennial running of the presidential obstacle course now known as the Electoral College, it’s worth remembering why we have this odd political contraption in the first place. After all, state governors in all 50 states are elected by popular vote; why not do the same for the governor of all states, a.k.a. the president? The quirks of the Electoral College system were exposed this week when Donald Trump secured the presidency with an Electoral College majority, even as Hillary Clinton took a narrow lead in the popular vote. Some claim that the founding fathers chose the Electoral College over direct election in order to balance the interests of high-population and low-population states. But the deepest political divisions in America have always run not between big and small states, but between the north and the south, and between the coasts and the interior. One Founding-era argument for the Electoral College stemmed from the fact that ordinary Americans across a vast continent would lack sufficient information to choose directly and intelligently among leading presidential candidates. This objection rang true in the 1780s, when life was far more local. But the early emergence of national presidential parties rendered the objection obsolete by linking presidential candidates to slates of local candidates and national platforms, which explained to voters who stood for what. Although the Philadelphia framers did not anticipate the rise of a system of national presidential parties, the 12th Amendment—proposed in 1803 and ratified a year later— was framed with such a party system in mind, in the aftermath of the election of 1800-01. -
The “Common Sense” of Adams the Establishment of an Independent Judiciary
Country I would cheerfully retire from public life forever, renounce all Chance for Profits or Honors from the public, nay I would cheerfully contribute my little Property to obtain Peace and Liberty. — But all these must go and my Life too before I can surrender the Right of my Country Constitutionally Sound Adams had recently returned from France in 1779 to a free Constitution. when he was selected as a delegate to the Massachusetts constitutional convention and asked to write the draft constitution for the —John Adams to Abigail Adams, October 7, 1775 state. The Massachusetts Constitution remains the oldest functioning written constitution in the world to this day. The document echoed (Above) The Massachusetts Constitution, many of Adams’s recommendations in his earlier 1780. Boston Public Library, Rare Books Thoughts on Government, particularly the & Manuscripts Department. (Below) Constitutions des Treize Etats-Unis separation and balance of political powers and de l’Amerique, 1783. The John Adams Library The “Common Sense” of Adams the establishment of an independent judiciary. at the Boston Public Library. The most famous pamphlet of the American Revolution, Common Sense was written by The title page includes an image of Englishman Thomas Paine in early 1776 as a the Great Seal of the United States, provocative call to action for the colonies to John Adams purchased two which had been recently adopted copies of Common Sense en route by the Continental Congress in June declare their independence from Britain. First to the Continental Congress in 1782. It is the seal’s first known use published anonymously, Common Sense was Philadelphia in February, 1776, and in a printed book. -
Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Patrick Henry
Social Studies Grade 4 Week 4 (September 7-11, 2020) Wednesday Step 1: Students will view the American Revolution chart below for visual images and key facts about three of the key players of the American Revolution. Note to parent: Students will likely not know who any of the people pictured in the chart are, but they should familiarize themselves with who they are as they will learn more about key players and groups of the American Revolution over the next two weeks. Key Players of the American Revolution A scientist, writer, and One of the nation’s founding A politician and lawyer. He inventor. He helped edit the fathers. H serves as the first was famous for his “give me Declaration of Independence vice president and second liberty or give me death” president of the nation speech Step 2: Students will review additional information on Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Patrick Henry. They will use the information to complete the reflection question. Who was Benjamin Franklin? Benjamin Franklin was one of the most important and influential Founding Fathers of the United States of America. Franklin spent the next several years working at various jobs in London and Philadelphia. In 1729, Franklin became the publisher of a newspaper called the Pennsylvania Gazette. As a newspaper publisher, Franklin became a prominent voice in Pennsylvania politics and his reputation began to grow throughout the American colonies. In the 1750s and 1760s, Franklin spent much of his time in London, England. Later, he represented all of the American colonies when he spoke out against the much hated Stamp Act of 1765.