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Verbascoside: Identification, Quantification, and Potential

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Verbascoside: Identification, Quantification, and Potential www.nature.com/scientificreports Corrected: Author Correction OPEN Verbascoside: Identifcation, Quantifcation, and Potential Sensitization of Colorectal Cancer Received: 2 July 2018 Accepted: 22 October 2018 Cells to 5-FU by Targeting PI3K/AKT Published online: 16 November 2018 Pathway Yasmeen M. Attia1,4, Dina M. El-Kersh2,4, Hebatallah A. Wagdy3,4 & Mohamed M. Elmazar1,4 Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer mortality worldwide. Although, 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapeutic regimens remain the mainstay for treatment of CRC, intrinsic and acquired resistance to 5-FU is the main reason for treatment failure and relapse. Adjunct or add-on therapy, therefore, should be thought of to enhance responsiveness to 5-FU. Verbascoside (VER) is a phenylethanoid glycoside ingredient present in many Plantago species and was widely used in traditional medicine. VER showed antiproliferative efects in many cancer types including CRC. In the present study, VER in Plantago seeds was identifed using UPLC-MS/MS and quantifed using newly developed and validated UPLC-DAD followed by investigating its potential sensitization of CRC cells to 5-FU in vitro. The potential impact on PI3K/AKT pathway was also investigated. A synergistic cytotoxic interaction between 5-FU and VER besides G1 cell cycle arrest were detected. Enhanced apoptosis mainly by afecting Bax and Bcl-2 and to a lesser extent Bcl-xL and p53 was also observed. Additionally, 5-FU combined to VER was capable of signifcantly reducing PI3K and p-AKT/total AKT ratio. Overall, these results suggest a potential role of VER as an adjuvant treatment to decrease the resistance of CRC cells to 5-FU possibly by targeting the PI3K/AKT pathway. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most prevalent form of cancer and is a leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide1. Correlation between colitis and infammatory bowel disease and development of CRC was estab- lished long time ago2. An estimated increased incidence of almost 1% each year was also suggested in previous studies3. Host infammatory and immune responses play a major role in the pathogenesis of the disease, given the microenvironment where dysplasia associated with colitis and CRC develop. Te underlying mechanism through which CRC develops as a consequence of chronic infammation is thought to be driven by a number of cytokines leading to enhanced proliferation of altered epithelial cells4. Te phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signalling pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several cancer types and hence drugs targeting this pathway were being extensively investigated in recent years5. PI3K/AKT signalling pathway enhances cell division and inhibits apoptosis. Physiologically, the activation of PI3K/AKT signalling pathway is tightly controlled and relies on the activation of specifc growth signal receptors. However, hyperactivation of PI3K/AKT pathway caused by genetic alterations has been reported in many types of cancer including CRC. Tese genetic aberrations have been observed in almost 40% of colorectal tumors5,6. 1Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, P.O. Box 43, Cairo, 11837, Egypt. 2Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El- Sherouk City, P.O. Box 43, Cairo, 11837, Egypt. 3Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, P.O. Box 43, Cairo, 11837, Egypt. 4The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, P.O. Box 43, Cairo, 11837, Egypt. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Y.M.A. (email: yasmeen.attia@ bue.edu.eg) or D.M.E.-K. (email: [email protected]) SCIENTIFIC REPORTS | (2018) 8:16939 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-35083-2 1 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Cancer chemotherapy remains the mainstay for treatment of CRC. Using 5-fuorouracil (5-FU) in treatment protocols had greatly enhanced survival rates in many cancer types, yet the largest impact was mainly observed with CRC7. 5-FU is known to exert its cytotoxic efect by interfering with the folate pathway consequently inter- fering with DNA and RNA synthesis in cancer cells8. However, the response of CRC to 5-FU in the advanced stage is only limited to a maximum of 15%. In spite the fact that survival rates were improved afer adding oxaliplatin and irinotecan to treatment protocols, several toxicities associated with 5-FU were still reported9. Among these toxicities are myelosuppression, mucositis, diarrhea, and hand-foot syndrome10. Genus Plantago, the major in family Plantaginaceae comprises almost 275 species. Diferent Plantago species were widely used since decades in traditional medicine. Te most popular benefcial ingredient of Plantago genus is the polysaccharide mucilage present in the dorsal epidermal layer of the seeds known as husk11. A clinical study was conducted to determine the efcacy of using the husk obtained from Plantago pysillium L. in treatment of type II Diabetes. Te results were favored for Plantago pysillium L. husk in lowering serum levels of glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol12. Beside the husk, the seeds of genus Plantago included other major phytochemical ingredients such as the phenylethanoids class, a cinnamic acid derivative. Interest in phenylethanoid glycosides has been growing recently due to their signifcant role in protecting against and treating a wide range of human disorders. Verbascoside (VER), also known as acteoside, is a phenylethanoid glycoside that was frst isolated from mullein (Verbascum sinuatum L.; Scrophulariaceae)13 but is also found in several other plant species among which is the Plantago pysillium L.14. VER is hydrophilic in nature and has various pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-infammatory, neuroprotective, and wound healing efects along with anti- proliferative efects in cancer15–17. VER was previously recognized for its potent anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, and prodiferentiative chemopreventive / chemotherapeutic potential18. It showed anti-tumor activity in vitro in human gastric carcinoma by inducing cancer cell diferentiation and apoptosis via telomerase–dependent modulation19. Similarly, it was also evident that VER could induce diferentiation of leukemic cells towards the monocyte-macrophage lineage18,19. In the present study, a targeted identifcation and quantifcation of the phenylethanoid glycoside, VER, present in both Plantago pysillium L. and Plantago afra L. were achieved by UPLC-MS/MS and UPLC-DAD. Efcacy of VER, alone and combined with 5-FU, against CRC was further assessed in vitro. Moreover, potential targeting of PI3K/AKT signalling pathway by the combination treatment was also investigated. Material and Methods Chemicals. Verbascoside (VER) reference standard was purchased from Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG-Karlsruhe, Germany. Seeds of Plantago pysillium L. and Plantago afra L. were obtained from Haraz Company of herbal products, Giza, Egypt. Methanol (MeOH) (HPLC grade), Formic Acid (FA), glacial acetic acid (Ac A), and 5-FU were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Germany. Instrumentation. Te UPLC system used was Termo Fisher UHPLC Dionex Ultimate 3000 (Germering, Germany): the pump (ISO-3100SD), the autosampler (WPS 3000 SL), the column thermostat (TCC-3000 SD), Diode Array detector (DAD-3000RS) and the software utilized for data acquisition was Chromeleon 6.8 (Germering, Germany). The column utilized was AcclaimTM RSLC 120 C18 (2.1 × 100 mm) with 2.2 μm particle size. The UPLC-ESI-MS/MS system consisted of ACQUITY UPLC H-Class system, XevoTM TQD triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer with an electrospray ionization (ESI) interface (Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA). Te column employed was Acquity BEH C18 (2.1 × 100 mm) with 1.7 μm particle size. Water purifcation system (Termo scientifc Barnstead Smart2Pure 3 UV, Hungary) was utilized to prepare deionized water. For solvent degasing Clifon Ultrasound bath (Clifon, London, United Kingdom) was employed. Plant extraction. Fify grams of seeds of P. pysillium L. and P. af ra L., each fnely grinded and extracted with 80% hydromethanol. Te hydromethanolic extract was evaporated at reduced pressure with rotary evaporator (BÜCHI, Germany) at 45 °C and kept in refrigerator till further analyses. Identifcation of verbascoside using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. For identifcation of VER in P. pysillium L. and P. af ra L. using UPLC-MS/MS system, the optimum conditions were as follows: Te mobile phase con- sisted of the same two solvents; (A): Deionized water containing 0.1% formic acid and (B): Methanol containing 0.1% formic acid. Te fow rate was 0.4 ml/min and the gradient time (tG) was 24 min: isocratic with 10% B for 0–0.6 min, afer gradient from 10% B to 90% B from 0.6 to 20 min, aferwards gradient 90% B to 100% B from 21–22 min and lastly the initial conditions 10% B from 22–24 min. Te parameters for analysis were carried out using negative ion mode as follows: source temperature 150 °C. Desolvation gas temperature 400 °C, cone voltage 30 eV, capillary voltage 3 kV. Te fow rate of Nitrogen gas as cone gas and desolvation gas was 50 and 900 L/h, respectively. Mass spectra were detected in the ESI negative ion mode between m/z 100–900. Te peaks and spec- tra were processed using the Maslynx 4.1 sofware and tentatively identifed by comparing its retention time and mass spectrum with reported data. Identifcation and quantifcation of verbascoside using UPLC-DAD. For separation and quantif- cation of VER in P. pysillium L. and P. af ra L. using UPLC-DAD system, the optimum conditions were as follows: Te mobile phase consisted of two solvents; (A) Deionized water containing 0.1% formic acid and (B) Methanol containing 0.1% formic acid. Te gradient time (tG) was 20 min: Isocratic with 10% B for 0–0.6 min, afer gradient from 10% B to 50% B from 0.6 to 6 min, then isocratic with 50% B from 6 to 11 min, aferwards gradient 50% B to 90% B from 11–13 min and kept for 2 minutes, fnally back to the initial conditions 10% B from 15–17 min and remained at this condition for 3 min.
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