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Testour Ensemble Historique Et Traditionnel Site Archéologique SA 1 Nom De La Ville: TESTOUR Particularité De La Ville : Médina Morisque + Extension

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Testour Ensemble Historique Et Traditionnel Site Archéologique SA 1 Nom De La Ville: TESTOUR Particularité De La Ville : Médina Morisque + Extension Institut National du Patrimoine – Institut Français de coopération Projet de Mise en Valeur des Patrimoines et de Développement du Tourisme Culturel et Naturel à Dougga et dans le Nord-Ouest de la Tunisie FICHE SIGNALETIQUE FICHE SIGNALETIQUE Testour Ensemble historique et traditionnel Site archéologique SA 1 Nom de la ville: TESTOUR Particularité de la ville : Médina morisque + extension I D E N T I F I C A T I O N Situation Vue générale 1 GOUVERNORAT Béja DELEGATION Testour COORDONNEES 36.55°N, 9.45°E (en degré décimal) GEOGRAPHIQUES SURFACE Délégation de Testour : 632,65 km² Médina morisque de Testour,: 41 hectares ACCESSIBILITE Distance / Tunis : 90 km Distance / à l’autoroute : 23 km Distance / à Dougga : 30 km Les modes de transport : voiture, bus, louage 2 GEOMORPHOLOGIE Testour est une petite ville qui se trouve sur la rive droite de la Medjerda. Elle occupe un terrain en pente douce, peu élevé. Les parties les plus basses de la ville sont à 70 mètres et celles les plus hautes sont à 107 mètres (par rapport au niveau de la mer). Testour est bordée de monticules d’environ 400 mètres de hauteur. Les monts Al- Hindî, Al-Luhûd, Sanâ al-Jamal et Tallat Mabrûka dominent la rive gauche, alors que les monts Jarwîl, Shablî et Kharrûba dominent la rive opposée. 1000 à 2000 500 à 1000 200 à 500 50 à 200 0 à 50 Au-dessous du niveau de la mer Fig. 1 Carte topographique de la région de Testour [Encarta, 2000] 1 Institut National du Patrimoine – Institut Français de coopération Projet de Mise en Valeur des Patrimoines et de Développement du Tourisme Culturel et Naturel à Dougga et dans le Nord-Ouest de la Tunisie La nature du sol à Testour varie selon la situation topographique. Les terres situées à 6 mètres au dessus-du lit principal du fleuve, sont formées d’alluvions essentiellement sablonneuses, humides et assez profondes; elles sont privilégiées pour les cultures maraîchères et arbustives. Les terres situées à partir de 13 mètres au dessus- du lit du fleuve, sont plus sèches. 3 CLIMAT Le climat de Testour est méditerranéen continental caractérisé par une irrégularité relative de précipitations, une évaporation intense de l’ordre de 900 millimètres et des amplitudes thermiques très prononcées. La température moyenne à Testour est de 16 °C environ. Les précipitations sont surtout hivernales. 4 RESSOURCES Flore : NATURELLES Testour est connue par la fertilité de ses terres. La flore est composée essentiellement d’arbrisseaux, de myrtes, lentisques, genévriers, lauriers roses, cultures fruitière et maraîchère. Le monticule est le domaine de la forêt et de la broussaille. Les arbres, chênes verts, pins, oliviers et caroubiers sont dispersés isolés ou en petits groupes. Les collines et les creux des vallons sont couverts de petites broussailles. Faune : La faune de Testour est composée essentiellement de petits troupeaux de chèvres, de moutons, des ovins ou d’animaux domestiques tels que les poules et les lapins. L’eau : Testour est riche en eau. Les précipitations, la rivière et les nappes phréatiques piégées dans les alluvions de la Medjerda et de l’oued Siliana fournissent une eau abondante nécessaire aux habitants et à leurs activités artisanales et agricoles. 5 POPULATION Population Par milieu Par milieu non Totale communal communal Année 1994 12 351 20 715 33 066 2004 12 732 20 040 32 772 6 APERCU Le site de Testour était occupé par les berbères qui ont construit un village agricole HISTORIQUE nommé Tichilla. Le fait qu’elle soit située sur la route Carthage-Thevest, ce village s’est développé sous le règne des phéniciens et plus tard avec les romains après la défaite de Jughurta, le chef des berbères. Grâce aux multiples villages, fermes tours et ponts environnants, Tichilla a vécu un développement considérable tant agricole qu’urbain. Sous le règne de l’empereur Probus, au début de l’an 2 A.J, Testour fût une ville prospère avant sa destruction par les vandales et par l’abondance des guerres entre byzantins et berbères. Les zirides et les aghlabites avaient en vain essayé de la reconstruire car les conflits entre les tribus berbères et les hilaliens l’ont beaucoup affecté. La ville de Testour fût fondée au début du XVIIème siècle par les morisques, des réfugiés andalous fuyant l'Espagne. 7 DONNEES L’agriculture : ECONOMIQUES - Culture maraîchère (carottes, navets, radis, arbres fruitiers...) plantée dans les jardins potagers, destinée à la consommation courante et immédiate des habitants. - Cultures industrielles (safran, mûrier...) destinées à être vendues à Tunis - Cultures en sec (oliviers et céréalicultures) L’élevage : L’élevage est une activité d’appoint associée à l’agriculture. Il s’agit de petits troupeaux de chèvres et de moutons qui seront vendus au marché hebdomadaire de Testour. Ce marché de grandeur moyenne, était jusqu’à la fin du XIX ème siècle, l’un des plus importants du nord de la Tunisie. L’élevage de poules et de lapins est souvent présent dans les patios des maisons. 2 Institut National du Patrimoine – Institut Français de coopération Projet de Mise en Valeur des Patrimoines et de Développement du Tourisme Culturel et Naturel à Dougga et dans le Nord-Ouest de la Tunisie L’artisanat : - Tissage : Kachabia, Ouezra, chéchia... - Poterie et matériaux de construction : tuile, briqueterie, faïences vernissées - Menuiserie - Ferronnerie L’artisanat à Testour est en cours de disparition. Les jeunes sont en train de quitter cette activité peu valorisée dans une économie où la production devient de plus en plus industrialisée et souvent importée. Il est nécessaire d’adopter une politique de revalorisation du secteur artisanal en passant par une politique de formation professionnelle pour rajeunir la main d’œuvre. 8 DONNEES Art culinaire : CULTURELLES - Le Kisalech : plat spécial comportant des escalopes roulées avec des œufs battus et du fromage - Le Bânadhej : pâte farcie de viandes et cuite au four - Le Bâsabân - Le massepain Festivités : - Festival du Malouf - Fêtes de mariage - Zarda de Sidi al-Ariyan 3 Institut National du Patrimoine – Institut Français de coopération Projet de Mise en Valeur des Patrimoines et de Développement du Tourisme Culturel et Naturel à Dougga et dans le Nord-Ouest de la Tunisie 9 DONNEES URBAINES 9.1 TRACE : La médina morisque de Testour conserve encore sa structure et sa typomorphologie, en résistant aux nouvelles extensions urbaines. Fig. 1 Situation de la médina de Testour Le tissu est dense, structuré orthogonalement (contrairement au tissu des médina arabes), en suivant les traces de l’ancienne ville romaine Tichilla. Néanmoins, ce tissu préserve le caractère introverti de ses constructions. Fig. 2 Fragment du tissu de la médina de Testour La médina morisque est formée de trois quartiers : le quartier des Andalous, le quartier des Tagarins et le quartier de la Hara. Fig. 3 : Délimitation des quartiers de la médina de Testour 4 Institut National du Patrimoine – Institut Français de coopération Projet de Mise en Valeur des Patrimoines et de Développement du Tourisme Culturel et Naturel à Dougga et dans le Nord-Ouest de la Tunisie - Le quartier des andalous : Il s’étend au nord-est sur 4 ha. Il constitue le noyau initial de la ville. Il a été construit par le premier groupe d’immigrés morisques venus vers 1610. - Le quartier des Tagarins : Il s’étend au nord-ouest de la ville sur 7.4 ha. Ce quartier est conçu à l’origine par Mohamed Taghrînû, fondateur de la grande mosquée. Ce quartier a été crée probablement suite à l’augmentation de la population de la ville, avec l’arrivée de nouveaux groupes d’immigrés entre 1613 et 1620. Le plan actuel révèle que cette extension s’est faite selon un tracé préétabli, régulier, linéaire et aéré. - Le quartier de la Hara : Il s’étend au sud sur 10.8 ha. Ce quartier est conçu à l’origine par des juifs. Mais d’autres groupes ethniques ont contribué à la constitution du quartier qui s’est étendu jusqu’en 1733. Il présente un plan préétabli, régulier et aéré. Cette répartition n’est pas reliée à une ségrégation ethnique ou religieuse. La population était hétérogène (morisque, juifs, turcs et autochtones). Elle vivait dans les différentes parties de la ville. 9.2. PARCOURS La médina de Testour est composée de trois artères longitudinales d’une largeur relativement importante, reliées d’une manière orthogonale par des rues latérales moins larges, délimitant des îlots allongés. Fig. 4 : Disposition des voiries de la médina de Testour 5 Institut National du Patrimoine – Institut Français de coopération Projet de Mise en Valeur des Patrimoines et de Développement du Tourisme Culturel et Naturel à Dougga et dans le Nord-Ouest de la Tunisie 9.2.1 Parcours principal : Fig.5 : Parcours principal : le Sûk [SAADAOUI A., 1996] Le Sûk de Testour est une voie médiane (est-ouest) à activités commerciales et artisanales. Il constitue l’axe principal de la médina en séparant le quartier de la Hara de ceux des Andalous et des Tagarins. Il accueille aussi les marchands et commerçants du marché hebdomadaire du vendredi. La majorité des boutiques apparaissent étroitement liées aux principaux édifices religieux. Le Sûk de Testour date probablement de la première moitie du XVII ème siècle. Plusieurs réaménagements et restaurations réalisés par l’INP ont contribué à préserver ce Sûk et à conserver l’essentiel de sa disposition ancienne. 9.2.2. Parcours secondaires Les vois longitudinales secondaires ne sont pas aussi animées que l’artère principale. Les ruelles transversales sont des parcours secondaires à caractère privatif. Elles s’ouvrent sur la vallée environnante de la médina. La hiérarchie des voies met en valeur la pratique sociale à Testour en relation avec la répartition des activités quotidiennes, hebdomadaires ou exceptionnelles.
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