HISTORY, CLASSIFICATION, STRUCTURE AND PLAYING TECHNIQUES OF DIFFERENT INDIAN INSTRUMENTS

SITA RANI Research Scholar Music

Abstract:

This paper briefly discusses the history, classification, and structure and playing techniques of various Indian instruments. Information outfitted here is drawn from various sources like ancient musical texts, treatises and furthermore current deals with music. This paper gives the key information, which help to appreciate all the important mechanical changes that have occurred really taking shape just as the playing techniques of instruments till today. It likewise discusses the elective materials, which are utilized for making the instruments.

Keywords: Indian, music, instrument, technological, musical, etc.

1. INTRODUCTION classical, folk and tribal music. In perspective on the requirements of research the section A musical instrument is a device made to essentially concentrates on the instruments produce musical sounds. In India ''is the utilized in South Indian Karnatak music. term utilized for a musical instrument. The word is a subsidiary of the Sanskrit word 'vad' "The Sanskrit musicological works contain which signifies 'to speak'. Musical instruments valuable material on the historical in India differ in their shape, structure, tonal quality, timbre, form and furthermore the material used to manufacture them. The advancement of the tone system, musical history of musical instruments goes back to the temperament, mode, melody, musical meter, start of human culture. The history and composition and style just as information on evolution of the musical instruments is an the organology and playing techniques of the important social aspect of a general public. musical instruments of India”.” The instruments in each culture and musical kind are unique. They have advanced by time, 2. OBJECTIVES accessibility of material, changes in the music and convictions inside that culture and  To discusses the history, furthermore because of the influence and classification, and structure and association with different cultures. The Vedas, playing techniques of different Indian myths, legends, historical texts, literature, instruments temples, visual representations like sculptures,  To provides the fundamental paintings, seals, coins, anthropological information, about technological investigations and others give us abundant changes taken place in the making as material to develop the history of musical well as the playing techniques of instruments in India. There are in any event instruments 500 instruments known. They incorporate every one of the instruments utilized in

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3. CLASSIFICATION OF MUSICAL classification of musical instruments. The job INSTRUMENTS IN MUSICAL of musical instruments for music and dance, TREATISES its significance is additionally stressed. He depicts four assortments of instrumentalists, Bharata‟s Natyashastra classifies the musical for example, Vadaka, Mukhari, Pratimukhari, instruments broadly into four categories: and Geetanuga. Vadaka implied an instrumentalist, dance backup is Mukhari, one 1. “Tata” (chordophones): The word is with humble pretentions is the Pratimukhari gotten from the Sanskrit word "tan." It and Geetanuga is the capacity to handle any intends to extend in pressure. These complex composition. Tulaja in instruments have some form of gut, Saramrita (1729-35) depicts the equivalent wire or something of the sort which fourfold classification. He portrays different are extended to produce sound. wind instruments, for example, vamshi, pava, 2. "Sushira" (aerophones) : The word pavika, murali, madhukari, kahara, thundagini, signifies "hollow." The instruments sushika, shringa and sankha. Diverse that are grouped in this classification avanaddha vadyas, for example, pataha, have empty reverberating bodies mardhala, udukha, karala and dasha are wherein the air that vibrates in the portrayed. He portrays Ghana vadyas, for segment produces musical sound. example, kansyathata, khandika and kshutha. Woodwind and fall He further orders instruments into githanga, under this class. nrithanga, and devayanga.

3. "Avanaddha" (membrophones): It Apart from the Sanskrit texts, the most intends to be secured. This class established Dravidian literature that is Sangam incorporates all instruments that have literature additionally contains an abundance at least one faces secured with stow of information about music, musical away. These are the percussion instruments, playing techniques, and so forth. instruments. Drums of different sorts The most established Dravidian expression for fall into this group instrument is 'Karuvi,' The Sangam literature arranges musical instruments into five groups. 4. "Ghana' (idiophones): "Ghana" signifies strong. They are the  Tolkaruvi: Tol meaning hide, this class instruments made of metal, stone, consisted of instruments covered with wood or dirt. They don't require hide, generally drums. Tulaikkaruvi: Tulai further tuning once they are means hole. This class was comprised of manufactured. Haripala in his treatise hollow instruments, generally wind Sangita Sudhakara names numerous instruments. and furthermore depicts a  Narampukkaruvi: Narampu means animal couple of assortments of woodwinds. gut. This class comprised of stringed Some of them are equipped for instruments. delivering assortments in all the three  Mitarukkaruvi: Mitaru means throat. This octaves. represented the human voice.  Kanchakaruvi: Kancham means metal. Sarangadeva‟s Sangita Ratnakara (1210-47 This class was comprised of metallic AD) likewise buys in to Bharata's four-fold instruments.

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The earliest classification of musical This is additionally ordered dependent on the instruments in the West additionally takes mode of playing: after that of the Indian system. Four classes were perceived, for example, "Autophones," a. Playing by erosion with a bow, like which means self-vibrating, "Membrophones" the violin, , dilruba, , and which means instruments secured with films, so on (ravanastram is one of the "Chordophones" signifies stringed instruments earliest known bowed instrument). and "Aerophones," implies wind instruments. b. Playing by plucking the strings like At present musical instruments are essentially the , rudraveena, gottuvadyam, arranged into three significant sorts, for , , guitar, mandolin, harp, example, stringed instruments, wind (tambura, ektar - ramble instruments) instruments and percussion instruments. A and so forth. fourth classification named electronic instruments can be incorporated for the present c. Playing by hitting with a hammer or a day classification. Every one of these groups is pair of sticks like gettuvadyam, additionally arranged, in view of different swaramandala. factors. 5. WIND INSTRUMENTS: 4. STRINGED INSTRUMENTS: In the wind instruments, sound is produced by Stringed instrument is a large genre, which the vibration of air segments. Being empty comprises of assortments of instruments of cylinders, with or without appendages they various shapes and sizes and diverse playing have been named as sushira vadya. One very techniques. The earliest stringed instruments popular belief is that the ideas of a sushira in this country were harps. There are three vadya may have struck man when he listened significant classes inside the stringed to the wind, whistling through the openings in instruments. First classification isn't utilized to bamboos in the meadows. Wind instruments make melody or a raga however is utilized as might be additionally characterized into two automatons and musical extras. Second groups. In the primary assortment no classification might be named as poly-chords. mechanical reeds is utilized. This Harps, lyres, dulcimers and comparable classification involves , , horns instruments, on which melody can be played and woodwinds. In the second classification a fall into this classification. In these couple of reeds are fitted to a cylinder. In instruments, there exists an onestring for one every one of the instruments recorded in this note. At that point, the third class is the biggest species it was the wind segment in the cylinder that is "Monochords." In monochords one that truly decided the pitch and quality of the string is adequate for playing the entire sound. The lips and the reeds acted simply as melody. It might be noticed that there might be valves controlling the progression of air. In more than one string in these instruments; any case, in harmonium then again the wind however all of them can be utilized to produce stream just energizes the reed and the sound an entire melody, autonomously of different we hear is of the metal tongues inside the strings. The instruments might be worried or instrument and not that of the vibrating air. fretless. The wind instruments can be further classified by the mode of playing:

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a. Instruments, where wind is supplied They are strong percussion instruments. This by some mechanical methods, for the sort comprises of instruments made of metal, most part howls for example organ, wood, stone or mud yet those that are strong harmonium. like the , kartal, gongs, cymbals, and so b. Instruments, where wind is provided forth. by the breath of the performer, which can be additionally, delegated mouth 7. INSTRUMENTS OF KARNATAK cleaned out and nose blown. MUSIC: c. Mouth blown is, where wind is blown 1. Tambura: This has a place with the through the mouth piece in the stringed, plucked, fretless classification instrument - for example , of stringed instrument. It is utilized all nadaswaram, shehanai. over India as an automaton backup. Its d. Nose blown is where wind is blown powerful and thunderous automaton through the holes in the mass of forms an ideal automaton to human instrument - for example woodwind. voice. The tambura resembles a South 6. PERCUSSION INSTRUMENTS Indian veena without fusses. It doesn't have the second gourd resonator and a Rhythm comes naturally to man since long resplendent tail piece like the everything known to mankind rotates around veena. The body of the Tambura is it. Layavadya are the instruments utilized for semi-globular fit as a fiddle. The South cadence. They are additionally called Indian tamburas are made totally of "avanaddha" on the grounds that they are wood. The best tamburas are the ones, secured with calfskin. Customarily there is which are shaped out of a solitary square another word Pushkara, which likewise of wood, ideally if the wood of a similar appears to recommend drums in general. This tree is utilized for the various parts of is referenced by Bharata in his Natyashastra. the whole instrument. Jack wood is the These can be additionally arranged by the most mainstream wood utilized for mode of playing: making tamburas. Incredible consideration must be taken during the a. Instruments played with hand - for determination of wood for making a example tambura.

b. Instruments played utilizing sticks a. Kudam or bowl: the shape of the bowl is hemispherical. It is normally c. Instruments played partly with hand an enormous one from 25cm to 45cm and partly with stick - for example tavil wide. The round shaped kudam is normal for the instrument. Yet, as of d. Instruments, which are self-struck - late, tamburas have been planned with for example various shaped dishes. The kudam of the tambura is a top notch resonator e. Instruments, where one side is struck and it is seen that the tamburas having and the opposite side is stroked - for a round shaped bowl have a superior example perumalmadu drum. tonal impact than ones with level resonators.

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b. Belly or top plank: The belly is violin has been talked about by a few usually convex in shape. This prominent scholars of the West empowers the strings to be at a raised themselves. They are of the feeling that level and encourages free vibration. the violin has an Indian family. "The Logically, the curved shape of the top cause of the violin bow has been and bowl likewise enables the vibration to still is a steady source of exchange, reflect inside the vibrating section. however is winding up increasingly more obvious that not of the Germanic c. Dandi: The long dandi that associates peoples, as has been as of late proposed the bowl and the neck is hollow inside yet to India we owe its reality. and it fills the need of a resonator. Like the top board or the bowl. The A violin normally comprises of a spruce top board of the dandi is additionally top, maple ribs and back, two end curved fit as a fiddle so as to give an blocks, a neck, a bridge, a sound post, equalization to the instrument and four strings, and various fittings, enable the strings to vibrate in optionally including a chin rest, which progression. may attach directly over, or to one side of the tail piece. An unmistakable d. Neck: This is the end part of the component of a violin body is its tambura wherein the pegs are fixed. hourglass-like shape and the curving of The neck, however a little part, must its top and back. The hourglass shape be firm enough to withstand the high contains two upper sessions, two lower strain made by the vibration of all the sessions, and two inward C-sessions at four strings as one. the midriff, giving clearance to the bow. The voice of a violin relies upon its e. Pegs: There are four pegs fixed on the shape, the wood it is produced using, the neck of the instrument, two are graduation (the thickness profile) of both opposite to the dandi and of the other the top and back, and the varnish that two, one is at either side of the neck. The strings are attached to these pegs covers its outside surface. The varnish and particularly the wood keep on and the tambura is tuned with the improving with age, making the fixed assistance of these pegs, either by stockpile of old violins much looked for expanding or diminishing the strain of after. the strings. 3. Gottuvadyam: The name of the 2. Violin: Violin is a bowed stringed instrument happens in Sringara Savitri instrument. Though every civilization had some sort of simple bowed composed by Raghunatha Nayak in early seventeenth century. This instrument like ancient Ravanahasta or instrument is otherwise called Vil Yazh or Jyaghosa, the present day Mahanataka Vana. The name violin is a Western instrument that has Mahanataka Vana proposes that been adopted into Indian music. It is presently the chief melodic backup in Gottuvadyam may have been 35 utilized for going with music dramatization Karnatak classical music. It is likewise performances." xiv Gottuvadyam performed as a performance instrument. (chitraveena, hanumadvina, or The subject of the root of European

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mahanatakavina), is a 21-stringed flat (or slight radius) fretted fingerboard, fretless lute of Karnatak music, played a nut, and mechanical tuning machines essentially in South India today. It is to accommodate metal strings. Like any very comparative in its playing plucked instrument, mandolin notes rot procedure to the of North to quietness as opposed to sound out India. Its starting points can be traced constantly likewise with a bowed note back to Bharata's Natya Shastra. The on a violin. Its little size and higher pitch Natyashastra alludes to this as a 7 string make mandolin notes rot quicker than fretless instrument. It has experienced bigger stringed instruments like guitar, various advancements and today it is which encourages the utilization of one of the noticeable performance tremolo (fast picking of at least one sets instruments in Karnatak music. It is of strings) to make supported notes or additionally regularly observed in shared chords. world music concerts and North-South Indian jugalbandis. It is probably the 5. : Flute is the most ancient most established instrument in the world instrument and straightforwardly got and furthermore the harbinger of the from Nature. At the point when wind fussed veena. "The playing of a stringed blew through the tight passages and gaps instrument by sliding a bit of wood is exhausted on bamboo a sweet sound found in India as well as outside. The radiated. It is accepted that woodwind Amaravati model demonstrates a stick rose up out of this. Prof V Raghavan being utilized to stop the strings. Along brings up that Flute assumed an these lines playing an instrument by important job in the ancient period of other than fingers is in excess of 2,000 Indian music as the base or 'adhara' for years old." vocal singing. The flute supplied the pitch note to which the human voice 4. Mandolin: Mandolin has a place with sang and it performed the capacity of the lute family (plucked, or strummed). automaton or sruti. This job of the wind It plunges from the mandore, a soprano instrument is borne out by depictions in individual from the lute family. The Kalidasa's sonnets. In the mandolin soundboard comes in Kumarasambhava, Kalidasa says that the numerous shapes—yet generally round wind, which blew from the mouths of or teardropshaped, now and again with the caverns and filled the openings of scrolls or different projections. A bamboos exhausted by honey bees, mandolin may have f-holes, or a solitary supplied the Tana or Sthana for the round or oval sound gap. A round or Kinnaras who needed to sing. oval sound gap might be circumscribed Raghuvamsha gives progressively with enriching rosettes or purling, yet explicit portrayal of the function of flute. for the most part doesn't include an unpredictably cut grille like a Baroque 8. CONCLUSION time mandolin. An investigation of the evolution of these A mandolin has a hollow wooden body classics of art exposed the profundity of with a tailpiece that holds one end of the learning and logical standards lying in ancient strings, a floating bridge, a neck with a Indian arts and how these standards of logical

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information have been kept alive through the Varalkshmi Academy Publication evolution of these Lakshanagranthas. These Series, Mysore,1972, pp 20-21. treatises gave information about the classification of musical instruments also the 8. Sambamoorthy P, pp 212-214. structure and playing strategy. 9. Galpin F.W. Legacy of India. Pp 331- Notwithstanding this they give the valuable 34. information about the inconspicuous changes, which have occurred both in the form, 10. Dr Raghavan Centre For Performing technology and the playing techniques of these Arts, 2007, p 248. instruments, which is important for our investigation. 11. Satyanarayan R, “Karnatak Music: A Synoptic Survey,” in Aspects of REFERRENCES Indian Music Ed Sumati Mutatkar, Sangeet Natak Academy, 1987, pp59- 1. Raghavan V, “Music in Ancient 60. Literature” in Collected Writings on Indian Music Vol II, Chennai, 2007, p 12. Amanda J Weidman, Singing the 3 Classical Voicing the Modern, Seagull Books Pvt Ltd, Calcutta, 2006, pp 44- 2. Sambamoorthy P, History of Indian 45. Music, Madras, 1982, p 202.

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