Rheology of Lipids Layers at Molecular Length Scales

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Rheology of Lipids Layers at Molecular Length Scales UNIVERSITÉ DE STRASBOURG ÉCOLE DOCTORALE PHYSIQUE ET CHIMIE-PHYSIQUE INSTITUT CHARLES SADRON (ICS, UPR 22) THÈSE présentée par : Othmène BENAZIEB soutenue le : 4 février 2020 pour obtenir le grade de : Docteur de l’université de Strasbourg Discipline/ Spécialité : Bio-physique Rheology of lipids layers at molecular length scales THÈSE dirigée par : Dr. THALMANN Fabrice Maître de Conférences, Université de Strasbourg RAPPORTEURS : Pr. JOLY Laurent Professeur des Universités, Université de Lyon Pr. SOMMER Jens-Uwe Professeur des Universités, Université de Dresden AUTRES MEMBRES DU JURY : Pr. LE HOUEROU Vincent Professeur des Universités, Université de Strasbourg Dr. LOISON Claire Chargée de recherche, Université de Lyon h i Acknowledgements La réalisation de cette thèse a été possible grâce au concours de plusieurs per- sonnes à qui je souhaiterais témoigner toute ma gratitude. Je tiens à remercier en tout premier lieu mon directeur de thèse, Fabrice Thalmann. Je le connais maintenant depuis mes premières années à l’université. Il a d’abord été pour un moi un professeur en licence avant de devenir mon directeur lors d’un formidable stage en licence 2 qui par ailleurs m’a introduit au monde des phospho- lipides et de la fluorescence. Par la suite, il m’a enseigné en master pour enfin de- venir mon directeur de thèse à l’ICS. Il a énormément contribué à ce que ma thèse se déroule dans d’excellentes conditions professionnelles et humaines notamment en étant toujours à l’écoute et disponible, même quand il s’agit de discuter de notre passion commune qui est le badminton. J’adresse tous mes remerciements au Pr. Joly ainsi qu’au Pr. Sommer, de l’honneur qu’ils m’ont fait en acceptant d’être rapporteur de cette thèse et d’avoir pris le temps de lire et commenter mon travail. Je remercie également Pr. Le Houérou de l’honneur qu’il m’a fait d’avoir accepté de présider ma défense ainsi que d’avoir examiné mon travail. Je tiens particulièrement à remercier Dr. Loison d’avoir accepté d’être examina- trice ainsi que d’avoir partagé son savoir avec moi concernant la simulation des lipides durant ma thèse. Je pense que je ne serais probablement pas là où je suis sans l’aide de Vivien Wal- ter. Le « stagiaire » comme tu disais, à maintenant grandi et pense à verrouiller son ordinateur pour que personne ne modifie son bash_profile quand il est absent et ceci grâce à toi. Je ne pourrais jamais te remercier assez pour toute ton aide durant mon stage de master 2 et ma thèse notamment pour ta patience incroyable, ta pédagogie extraordinaire et surtout ton amitié. J’aimerais aussi remercier Olivier Benzerara pour son aide précieuse concernant les problèmes de simulation et surtout pour son aide concernant le monde mys- térieux de l’informatique. Parfois, on ne sait pas pourquoi nos scripts refusent de faire ce qu’on veut et c’est là qu’Olivier intervient en ajoutant la virgule ou les deux points magiques qui font que tout fonctionne. Durant ma thèse j’ai eu la chance d’avoir différents compagnons de bureau avec qui j’ai partagé cette aventure. Tout d’abord, je remercie Tiago Espinosa de Oliveira pour tout le temps qu’il a pris pour m’aider sur GROMACS mais aussi pour nos différents voyages à travers « Google map » et évidemment nos petites pauses vidéo. « Muchas gracìas, Pepito. Vamos comer ». Comment ne pas remercier Adrien pour toute son aide lors de ma fin de thèse. Il possède un sens scientifique très aiguisé avec lequel il m’a permis d’améliorer mon travail, chaque détail compte. Je le remercie également de m’avoir appis à utiliser certains logiciels ainsi pour le temps qu’il a pris pour m’aider pour améliorer mes graphiques. Enfin, je souhaiterais remercier Vaibhav et Elise pour la bonne humeur qu’ils ont apportée dans notre bureau et pour nos nombreuses rigolades. Et enfin, J’aimerais ii remercier Eulalie, notre dernière venue, pour son aide, et son incroyable bonne humeur. Grâce à vous, nous avons lancé une dynamique dans le labo et avons main- tenant un groupe incroyable d’amis. Une thèse est aussi un travail d’équipe. En ce qui me concerne, je remercie mon équipe Mcube (M3) pour toute leur aide durant ma thèse mais aussi pour cet incroy- able ambiance de travail qu’on retrouve rarement de nos jours. Ainsi je remercie Carlos, notre directeur d’équipe. Je tiens aussi à remercier Pierre pour sa disponibilité et sa bonne humeur et surtout à sa capacité à trouver une réponse à chacune de mes questions même les plus imprévisibles. Je remercie également Tatiana pour son aide et ses conseils scientifiques et sportifs notamment par rapport aux étirements. Comment ne pas remercier Thierry, qui comme Fabrice a été mon enseignant et que je considère comme un modèle. Je remercie également André pour ses remarques constructives et les blagues qu’il nous faisait durant les « pauses-café mathématiques ». Je remercie aussi Jean Wolff pour les quelques dis- cussions que nous avons pu avoir. Je remercie Marc pour son aide durant ma thèse que ce soit pour les problèmes matériels, pour nous avoir préparé régulièrement des petits gâteaux ou encore pour avoir géré les jeunes stagiaires avec moi. Enfin, je re- mercie Antonio pour ses conseils, son aide et le dynamisme qu’il apporte avec lui. Je remercie également Jean Farago et Hendrik Meyer de l’équipe TSP pour leur aide et conseils notamment concernants les mathématiques pour la physique. J’ai aussi eu l’occasion de participer à plusieurs évènements avec l’institut Charles Sadron tel que la fête de la science ou encore « Mature your PhD », j’aimerais donc remercier toutes les personnes avec qui j’aurais pu travailler sur ces projets, je pense notamment à François Schosseler, Olivier Felix, Wiebke Drenckhan, Marc Schmutz, Laure Biniek, Antonio Stocco et Amparo Ruiz Carretero avec qui nous avons tra- vaillé sans relâche pour le projet du château d’eau mais aussi aux designers Raphaël et Juliette. Enfin je remercie notre directeur Christian Gauthier pour toutes ses recom- mandations et son aide pour ces évènements. Je remercie Marc Schmutz de m’avoir fourni des images de vésicules de DPPC mais aussi pour sa curiosité qui nous a permis de visualiser une plume de volant de badminton au microscope électronique. Je remercie notre personnel administratif qui est toujours disponible pour ré- soudre nos problèmes. Je pense notamment à Odile, Nadia et Katia qui m’ont sou- vent permis de résoudre mes problèmes mais aussi à Magali avec qui ma vie de doctorant a été rendue très agréable. Je souhaiterais remercier notre « Lunch group » (Jean-Mulhouse, Vaibhav-G, Fedir, Anastasia, Charchit, Justine, Rigoberto, Ricardo, Eulalie et bien d’autres per- sonnes) avec lesquels j’ai passé des moments formidables tel que des repas et pauses- café très dynamique (Piano, jeux de cartes et nombreuses discussions). Je remercie également Nicolas pour son aide concernant les équations de Navier et Stokes et pour le dynamisme qu’il a apporté au sein de notre groupe d’amis. J’aimerais remercier une amie qui m’a permis de progresser en anglais et qui grâce à ses conseils, améliorer mes rapports. Je pense évidemment à toi Emilia Ionescu. iii Je remercie mes amis Geek du fameux groupe la « Useless » avec qui j’ai partagé d’innombrables aventures et pour leurs conseils en informatique. Je pense notam- ment à Victor-Xivroc, Cédric-Scorpiange, Louis-Paaradoxx, Timothée-DeEsHEr, Gussy- Assassindied, Sidney-Rédemptor, Romain-PtitWarrior, Guillaume-Murglov, Chaker- Blacksnow, Anaïs et bien d’autres personnes. Comment ne pas remercier mes amis de la « Colloc’ » sans qui cette aventure aurait été morose. Je remercie ainsi mon ami de toujours Laurent avec qui j’ai vécu une infinité d’aventures plus folles les unes que les autres. Je remercie également notre imprévisible Nicolas, toujours débordant d’énergie et possédant une imagina- tion incroyable. Et enfin Florian, qui grâce à sa connaissance de la nature nous a permis de manger proprement et qui m’a apporté une sensibilité au domaine de la nature. Je remercie également Léonie, amis depuis nos débuts à l’université, elle a su nous apporter cette touche littéraire à nous autre scientifique. Dans la vie il faut un équilibre entre le travail, l’alimentation et enfin l’activité physique. J’aimerais maintenant remercier tous mes amis du badminton pour avoir dû supporter ce doctorant qui râle tout le temps mais qui sans vous serez probable- ment déprimé. Je pense notamment à Cédric, Annabelle, Jean, Charlotte, Ophélie, Julie, Léonie qui m’ont accordé du temps quand il le fallait et je pense également à Sylvie, Sébastien, Maxime, Niki, Jule et aux cheminots pour leur incroyable bonne humeur durant nos sessions sportives. Je tiens à remercier mes amis Haut-rhinois pour leurs encouragements mais aussi pour leur amitié éternelle. Je pense bien entendu à toi Yoan qui a dû répondre à d’innombrables questions sur l’informatique et avec qui j’ai partagé des moments formidables notamment avec Ludovic, Mathilde, Natacha et Mathieu alias Mulli qui sont des amis en or. Je remercier également Fanny, Harriet et tout le petit groupe qui date du collège et du lycée pour tous nos petits moments passé ensemble. Je tiens à témoigner ma gratitude à ma copine Justine qui a su grâce à ses conseils avisés, son expérience et sa pédagogie, m’aider à arriver à bout de mon manuscrit et de ma présentation finale. Elle m’a également offert du réconfort dans les situations les plus difficiles. Enfin, je ne remercierai jamais assez mes parents de m’avoir permis d’en arriver là.
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