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MERYEM ARLETTE CENANİ

A Summary of Archaeological Research

in Turkey in 1950

THE TOURING AND AUTOMOBILE CLUB OF TURKEY 19 5 2 Türkiye Turing ve Otomobil Kuruntunun 121 sayılı Belleteninde neşrolunan yazının ayrı tabıdır.

★ Reprinted from BULLETIN OFFICIEL DU TOURING ET AUTOMOBILE CLUB DE TURQUIE F é v rie r 1952. No. 121. ISTANBUL A Summary of Archaeological Research in Turkey in 1950

Archaeological activity in Turkey in­ before the arrival around 2000 B.C. of the Indo-European creases yearly. Through excavations and ex­ Hittites who adopted it. plorations, the historical, archaeological and Two Phrygian levels were found at the summit of artistic interest of this country is enlarged the mound, beneath the ruins of a very small Roman accordingly. Numerous museums, as well as town and scanty Hellenistic remains. The later Phrygian the sites themselves, ranging from prehistoric level belongs to the VHth and particularly the Vlth and to Moslem times, prove that Anatolia offers Vth centuries B.C. The older level dates back to the the most fascinating variety of monuments VHIth, IXth and Xth centuries B.C. The Hittite level to scholars and tourists. has been reached but not thoroughly excavated. Signs We shall endeavour to draw a very short of a great conflagration appear on the top layer. The historical outline of the sites besides the brief Phrygians must have settled on (he ruins of the Hittite summary of excavations carried out, in 1950, buildings. by American, British, French, Swedish and Turkish archaeologists. KÜLTEPE. Kiiltepe is a city-mound on the site of the ancient Kanes, between Kayseri (Caesarea of Cap­ padocia) and the Kizil Irmak (Halys river). Investiga­ tions made by Professor II. Hrozny in 1925 disclosed the «Karum», a trading-center of Assyrian origin, of the early second millennium B. C. This low detached terrace at the foot of the mound yielded commercial tablets in cuneiform writing, and the existence in Central Anatolia of a colony of Assyrian traders was thus established. In 1948 and 1949, the Turkish Historical Society (Tiirk Tarili Kurumu) undertook excavations directed by Professor Tahsin Ozgüç of the University of Ankara. The «Karum» «is a complete and self-contained little colony within the large Anatolian city of Kanes, with Domuztepede harabeler The luins on Domuztepe marketplaces, storage buildings, dwellings etc. as well as the Bit-Karim or town-hall which formed the center KARATEPE. «In the few years since the war, of tlie colony. Karatepe, one of Cilicia’s «black hills» in the Taurus Three areas of the mound were excavated, and the mountain range, has risen to fame and become a center digging yielded numerous buildings, small objects, and of interest .... Karatepe and Domuztepe are two for­ — probably most important — over 1500 clay tablets and tified hilltops on either side of the Ceyhan river, the enveloppes with cylinder-seal impressions.» (The Ameri­ ancient Pyramos, which flows from the heights of the can Journal of Archaeology, Vol. IJV, No. I, Jan. 1950, Antitaurus in Cappadocia through the lower mountain page 61). ranges of the Taurus, winding its way through forest- These archives contained a correspondence between clad inhospitable hills to the wide Cilician plain. There Assur and Kanes, as well as literary texts and exercises. Most of them, however, were commercial documents. At the beginning of August 1950, digging in the «Karum» was resumed and a new excavation started on the mound itself. In the «Karum», 6 houses were uncovered as well as large storage buildings. Great quantities of beautiful Cappadocian pottery, 1500 tablets and furniture «in situ», all in perfect condition, enable the reconstruction, on paper, of a town quarter dated 2000-1900 B.C. The dead had been buried under the houses in the Anatolian tradition and wheel-marks appear on the street pavements. The inhabitants must have rushed away, leaving all their belongings, during a great conflagration. Although the people were Assyrians, the architec­ ture and decoration are Anatolian. Only the texts and Domuztepede çifte boğa tasvirli heykel kaidesi sometimes the seals are Assyrian. Therefore the so- Domuztepe — Pair of bulls carved on a pedestal called Hittite civilization must have existed in Anatolia (IXth Century B. C.) 4 i t ...... comes within 30 kms. of Adana, then turns made of Magarsos (near Karatas), an important Cilician east to its own estuary away from Adana’s river the sea-port since the beginning of the first millennium B.C. Seyhan-Syrus. Excavations at Domuztepe tend to prove that this .... The natural communications of Karatepe are with citadel was inhabited before the Danunians settled in the Cilician plain, and the foothills of the Taurus to the Karatepe. It seems likely that Domuztepe was one of N o r th ___ The discovery of fortified settlements in these the fortresses built by earlier Sam'al (Zincirli) rulers Cilician hills is not unexpected to anyone acquainted and afterwards rebuilt by the Danunians from old ma­ with the stories of Cilician resistance to Assyrian mili­ terials. tary expansion [at the beginning of the first millennium At Karatepe, the excavations disclosed several cis­ B.C.], but the nature of one of these mountain nests terns, cut in the rock, which point to an earlier buil­ comes as a most pleasant surprise. Not only did the ding-level. The fusion of Anatolian and North-Western local king decorate his citadel with sculptured orthos­ Mesopotamian influence is suggested by the architecture tates and statues In Neo-Hittite fashion, but he also gave of the main building (palace of Bit Hiiani type) partly us tile story of his activities in long building-inscriptions, uncovered in 1918 and completely excavated in 1950. repeated in parallel Phoenician and Hittite hieroglyphic HAKRAN. Harran (Carrhae in Roman times) is versions.» (Karatepe, More light on the Dark Ages, by now only a village near the Turkish-Syrian border, Machteld J. Mellink, Bibliotheca Orientalis, Jaargang South-East of Urfa (Edessa). VII No. 5, Sept. 1950). Established upon the trade-road leading from the The bilingual inscription is of capital importance for Mesopotamian plains of the Middle Tigris (Dicle, in deciphering the hitherto practically unread hieroglyphic Turkish) to the Mediterranean sea, it was a flourishing Hittite language. The style of the VIHth century B. C. commercial city, and its military importance as a citadel- sculptures is a mixture of Anatolian (Neo-Hittite), As­ town ranked second to Assur only at the beginning of syrian and Phoenician-imported Egyptian elements. the first millennium B.C. It remained important during After preliminary explorations, excavations began in the Roman and Byzantine periods and was conquered by 1947 and continue each year under the directorship of the Arabs in 639 A.D. Professor Til. II. Bossert and Dr. U. Bahadır Alkım, Harran is frequently named in Assyrian tablets and assisted by Dr. Halet Çambel and several other archae­ numerous references to it are to be found in the Bible ologists from tlie University of Istanbul. as well as Roman, Byzantine and Islamic literature. The inscriptions revealed that Karatepe had been From these sources, it appears that Harran was the built by Asitavandas, king of the Danunians or «People center of the moon-cult and famous for its religious of tlie Sea», a mysterious sea-faring tribe about whom shrines since the second millennium B.C. A tablet from very little is known yet. Mari (3000 B. C.) mentions it for the first time. The fifth season at Karatepe took place in September The Sabians (a Near-Eastern sect supposedly des­ and October İ950 under the auspices of the Turkish cended from Abraham) practiced this moon-cult even Historical Society and the Department of Museums and after the Arab conquest: «For the next four centuries Antiquities. It was directed by Professor Th. H. Bossert at least, the Sabians continued to practise in Harran and Dr. U. Balladır Alkım, assisted by Dr. II. Çambel, their strange, eclectic, pagan religion, a blend of Neo­ Dr. F. Steinherr and Dr. M. Darga, witii the collabora­ platonism with the old Babylonian astrology, the moon- tion of Mr. and Mrs. M. Gough of the British Institute god continuing to hold a high place in the pantheon.» of Archaeology at Ankara. (Seton Lloyd and William Brice: Harran. Anatolian Stu­ A preliminary exploration was made of the region dies, Vol. I, 1951, page 90.) The Arabs watched with in­ adjoining the mouth of the Ceyhan river and a survey terest and Islamic authors frequently describe the Sa- biaus’ queer rites. According to the Bible, the Patriarch Abraham lived in Harran whence he moved to the land of Canaan. «One conspicuous pair of door-posts . . . is known as Aran's house, from which they say Abraham took his wife Sa­ rah» (op. cit. page 87). «The sole source of drinking water, not only for Harran, but for villages as far as 5 miles distant, is Jacob's well (Bi'r Ya’qub) about a mile west of the city w alls ...... The water of the well near Harran is still approached by the inclined shaft which Rebekali went down to draw water for Abraham’s ser­ vant (Gen. 24, 45) and from which Jacob rolled the stone for Rachel (Gen. 29, 10)» (op. cit. page 83 and footnote). Arabic medieval literature mentions «a temple or prayer house on a hill, in some way associated with the Patri­ arch Abraham . . . .» (op. cit. page 79). Karatepe ve Domuztepe yakınında Ceyhan (Pyraıııos) Few archaeologists had visited the ruins of Harran nehri until Mr. Seton Lloyd, director of the British Institute The Ceyhan (Pyramos) river near Karatepe and D om uztepe of Archaeology at Ankara, organized a new survey of the 5 site in 1950. It started on the 9th July and lasted over terwards Persian domination at the end of the VHtli 3 w eeks. and the beginning of the Vlth century B.C. «The whole town is enclosed by a stone city-wall Good musicians, the Phrygians, who had come from which survives in a ruinous state, with its principal gate- Thrace, were known for the barbaric rites of their way still recognizable. Beyond it, to the North, East and religion. They carved tombs and monuments in the West, there are the remains of considerable suburbs. rocks all over their country, and often buried the dead The earliest occupation of the site is clearly represented in tumuli, or funeral mounds. by the great mound which is located approximately in The first excavations of the tumuli near Gordion the center of the city and rises another 30 meters above were carried out in 1900 by two German archaeologists, it.» (op. cit. page 78). Greek and Assyrian potsherds, A. and G. K orte. On M arch 27, 1950, th e P en n sylvan ia not found elsewhere than on this mound, prove its University’s Museum’s Excavations, directed by Dr. greater antiquity. The visible ruins are generally Isla­ Rodney Young, started an extensive campaign, to be mic with earlier architectural fragments often re-used. followed by others, which lasted 18 weeks. «The castle, which had hitherto never been recorded, Six tumuli were excavated near the village. They must be regarded as one of the major fortifications of covered Phrygian burials of the late eighth, the seventh the Islamic period. Its ruins were completely planned and and the sixth centuries B.C. Skeletons of men, women studied, four principal building periods being clearly and children were found in the funeral chambers. Hor­ distinguished.» (op. cit. page 79). The original founda­ ses, cows and camels were also buried in the tumuli and tions are very early, possibly Ilittite. «Three further the remains of some houses discovered there too. Ob­ building periods appear to be datable to the eleventh jects of bronze and iron as well as vases, carved ivories and twelveth centuries A.D.» (op. cit. page 79.) and gold and silver jewelry had been placed beside the pits or the wooden coffins. Apart from locally made ob­ In their search for the remains of the Assyrian jects, these offerings had probably been imported from temple of the Moon-God Sin, the archaeologists found different parts of the Mediterranean world: Egypt, th at « .... Another outlying village having similar as­ Cyprus and East Greece. sociations with the moon-cult, proved of even greater Four large trenches were made on the «lıüyük» or interest [than other shrines in the neighborhood of Har­ mound itself and the occupation levels found are as ran]. This was Aşağı Yarımca, a modem village beside follows: Early Bronze Age (third millennium B.C.). a high mound and an open pool of water, situated about Late Hittite (end of the second millennium B.C.), Early 4 miles from Harran, on what may have been the road Phrygian (perhaps ninth century B.C.) Phrygian (se­ to Edessa. It would thus correspond to the situation of venth century B.C.), Persian (fifth century B. C.), the moon-temple visited by the Emperor Caracalla Hellenistic (covering the fourth to the first centuries shortly before his assassination [by Mocrinus in 217 B. C.), Roman, Byzantine and Islamic. A.D.]; and indeed it was here that in 1949, the discovery From these results we can foresee how much more of a stele, bearing the emblem of the god Sin and of the history of Gordion and Phrygia will be known a cuneiform inscription, led to the recognition of a very when the excavations have yielded all their material. large stone building, apparently of the Assyrian period, YAZILIKAYA. Excavations of the «Midas City» at just beneath the surface. A sounding was subsequently Yazilikaya, a modern village between Eskişehir and Af- made at this site by Bay Nuri Gökçe, Director of the yonkarahisar, started in 1936 under the auspices of the Hittite Museum in Ankara, and a plan for collaboration French Archaeological Institute at Istanbul. MM. Jus­ with this scholar in a further excavation of this site is tin, Devambez, Bodin and Miss E. Haspels collaborated. contemplated.» (op. cit. page 80.) Mrs. Halet Çambel, of the University of Istanbul, joined GOBDION. A city-mound and burial ground on the th e dig in 1938. She w as th e only m em ber to resum e Sakarya (Sangarios) river, West of Ankara, Gordion is in 1948 the excavations interrupted by the war. Her as­ known in Greek mythology and history as the Phrygian sistants were Miss M. Eyuboğlu, architect, Miss S. Can- capital founded by the farmer Gordios whose son, legen­ sever, Bay A. Pekman and Bay A. Kansu. dary King Midas, could turn to gold anything he touched. The Phrygian town on the acropolis above the village Jupiter one day sent to Gordios an eagle, which alighted belongs to the IVth century B.C. It may already have on his plough. King of Phrygia some years later, Gordios existed during the second half of the Vth, lasted until the dedicated this chariot to the god. It was bound by a IHrd century B.C and was built over an older Phrygian miraculous knot which Alexander the Great, passing city of the VHth century. Deserted in the Vlth century through Gordion in the fourth century B.C., cut with his B.C., this older city had been prosperous under the rule sword, thus fulfilling an oracle’s prediction that the of King Midas. To it are related monuments carved in Empire of Asia would belong to the mortal skilful enough the rock below the acropolis, as well as altars, subter­ to undo the Gordian knot. ranean installations and staircases leading to a grotto. At the beginning of the first millennium B.C., the These might all have been connected to the metal-cult Phrygian state, with its capital Gordion, succeeded the of the old Phrygian religion, as an iron-foundry was Hittite Empire in that part of the latter’s territory discovered close to the Midas monument, a high, impres­ which was comprised between the middle course of the sive façade carved in the rock and bearing Phrygian Halys (Kızıl Irmak) to the East and the sources of the inscriptions mentioning the name of Midas. Sangarios (Sakarya) and Meander (Büyük Menderes) Nothing was built over the ruins of the later city. rivers to the South-West. It fell under Lydian and af­ However, greco-roman objects were found on the south- 6 western part of the acropolis in the sanctuary of Agdistis, The dwellings, which were finally cleared, belong to a Phrygian deity of the same character as Atys.(l) the sixth and seventh centuries B.C. They are the earliest In 1949-50, the prehistoric cemetery in the plain east Greek houses excavated to date and the section of the of the acropolis was excavated and the pottery found in Vllth century B.C. city-wall, already explored hi 1949, the tombs dates it to the third millennium B.C. yielded the oldest known-example of Greek architecture BAYRAKLI. Bayrakii is a mound north-west of in Anatolia. Izmir. The earliest settlements of this town having been Paintings depicting animals, chariot-scenes, riders, found there, it is also known as Old Smyrna (Eski etc. were still visible on the sarcophagi of late Archaic Izm ir). burials found in the cemetery and a remarkable Lydian E xcavation s started in 1947. T hey w ere conducted burial was discovered In a tumulus. jointly by the British School at Athens and the Univer­ A large amount of fine orientalizing, sub-geometric sity of Ankara, and directed by Mr. John Cook and and late-geometric pottery was collected. Professor Ekrem Akurgal. Most of the finds are exhibited in the special pavil- The first settlement belongs to the third millennium lion of the Museum at the Kültür Park in Izmir. Apart B.C. and its civilization is contemporary to Troy I and from the artistic value of these objects, the main interest II. Investigations in another trench revealed late Bronze of Bayraklı lies in the fact that several examples of Age levels and the pottery proves the close relations Greek and Ionian architecture, sculpture, carving and which existed between inhabitants of this site and the pottery discovered there are among the earliest known Old Hittite Empire in the second millennium B.C. It is to date in Greece or Anatolia. supposed that the city’s name was then Samornia. CLAROS. Artemis Epliesia and her brother Apollo The main excavations, however, were concerned with Clarios were the main objects of religious worship in the IVth, Vth, Vlth, and Vllth century levels. Among Ionia. A way led from the temple of Artemis at Ephesus, other tilings, they yielded magnificent pottery belonging one of the Seven Wonders of the World, to the sanctuary to all the different styles current in the Greek world dur­ of Apollo at Claros, a dépendance of Colophon (I)eğir- ing these centuries. mendere), North-West of Ephesus. Although numerous examples of Geometric, Late Delegations from countries as far away as England, Geometric and Suli-Geometric pottery were found, the Africa and the Anatolian plateau came to consult Apol­ period around the Xth century B.C. still belongs to the lo's famed oracle, sing hymns and take part in the cul- «Dark Ages» and little is yet known about the beginning tual mysteries and festivals. of the Greek period at Bayrakii. The first sanctuary at Claros dates back to Homeric The seventh century finds prove that the site's Troy (second half of the second millennium B.C.). Seve­ prosperity was at its peak between 650 and 610 B.C. Ac­ ral legends are connected with it and mainly concern cording to tradition, Homer lived and wrote the Iliad «.. Mopsos or Moxos, as he is called in Lydian and Hit­ there. The city was then occupied and destroyed by tite sources ...... [a figure] . . . known to Anatolian Alyattes, king of Lydia. Deserted for 30 years, it was and Greek mythology and pseudohistory. He is a diviner, inhabited again around 570 B.C. and abandoned around son of Manto and the Cretan Rhakios (King of Klaros). 545/540 B.C. when Ilarpagos, lieutenant of Cyrus, king He and his mother are first seen driving out the Carians of Persia, ruined the towns of Western Anatolia. The mound remained empty until the end of the 6tli century and a new settlement belongs to the second quarter of the 5th century B.C. Signs of a dense popu­ lation, however, do not appear before the 4th century level. The poverty-stricken town started to flourish again at the end of the fourth or the beginning of the third century B.C. and migrated to Mt. I’agos (Kadlfe Kale), the hill rising behind the actual Izmir, where it became the most beautiful city of the first century B.C., according to the historian Strabo. Excavations in 1950 uncovered a Greek temple, the most ancient of that type yet found in Anatolia. Begun In 670, it was partly reconstructed in 620 B.C., but entire­ ly destroyed, before completion, during a battle. Nume­ rous arrowheads and spearheads, proofs of the fight, were discovered among the ruins, as well as some fine Ivory carvings of oriental style, cult objects, much orientalizing pottery and a nearly life-size, richly adorned terracotta statue of a half-Greek, half-Anatolian Artemis. This Is one of the earliest examples of Greek religious sculpture and can be dated 650 B.C.

(1) Cybele’s lover and high-priest of her cult. He died Klaros — Apollon mabedinin umumî görünüşü and came to life again. Claros — General view of the temple of Apollo 7 from Klaros, next we see him in contact with Kalchas [the diviner] after the fall of Troy. Kalchas and his companions make their way through Anatolia on foot Kalchas is outwitted by his colleague Mopsos and dies of grief over the defeat, in Kolophon or Myrina as most legends have it. His companions now join Mopsos and cross the Taurus mountains to Pamphylia, on to Cilicia [see the «Bulletin Offioiel du Touring et Automobile Club de Turquie No. 92, Sept. 1949, page 23], even Syria and Phoenicia. A Hittite text refers to Muksus .... we are in an exceptionally fortunate situation, it seems, which gives us Greek and Hittite stories about this Greek Mopsos who made his way through Anatolia about tire time of the fall of Troy and the end of the Hittite New Empire [ca. 1200 B.C.]. The events take place on the verge of the dark ages and seem to show us part of the Achaean migration and the history of the Early Iron Age .... Asitavandas [the founder of Karatepe] calls himself a member of the house of Mopsos about five centuries after the original hero came to Cilicia ...... » (Machteld J. Mellink, op. cit. page 118-149).

Klaros — Propilea'mn uniumi goriiniisu Claros — The Propylea

Hellenized Anatolia . . . In fact, these sanctuaries [Ephe­ sus and Claros] have had, in the general history of re­ ligion, a role of primary importance, and first of ail by their relations with the powers who successively be­ came the masters of Ionia; also owing to the artists’ work they suscitated, by all their leasts, finally all the organizations .... oracles, asylums, banks, connected with their development.» (Ch. Picard, op. cit. page XIV-XV.) They shone with exceptional brilliance over the Greek, Hellenistic and even Roman worlds and, in the Hlrd century A.D., Apollo Clarios was considered the defender of the interests of paganism. Lost for a long time, the site of Claros was located in 1907 by Macridy Bey, of the Museum of Antiquities at Istanbul. The Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres financed a French expedition in 1913-14, but the excava­ tions were interrupted by World War I. In 1950, Professor Louis Robert of the College de France, assisted by Madame Robert and M. Roland Klaros — Propilea’mn umunii g5runii§u Martin, professor of Archaeology at the University of Claros — View of the Propylea Dijon, began a new campaign at Claros, continued in 1951 and, it is hoped, in 1952. «Around Ephesus and Claros, the same Attic influen­ During the first season, they completely cleared the ces penetrate a Creto-Carian background» (Ch. Picard, propylea which liad become re-buried since 1913, and Ephese et Claros. Recherches sur les sanctuaires et les found column-drums, architectural fragments and cultes de l'fonie du Nord. Paris 1922). The near-relation- inscriptions, including the listed names of delegations ship of the two sanctuaries continued under Lydian and from Thrace and Asia Minor who had visited the Persian domination, up to Roman times, and oriental oracle. traditions predominated so strongly that « .... until their The temple of Apollo was located and a portion of decadence they remained more or less impenetrable to the peristyle uncovered, as well as earlier Doric frag­ the currents of Hellenization ...» (Ch. Picard, op. m ents. cit.) In the course of their fiftii campaign in Anatolia, Since the VHth century B.C., Colophon, Ephesus and Professor and Mme Robert continued, in July 1950, with Smyrna (at that time a colony of Colophon) formed a M. R. Martin, the systematic exploration of Caria. In group in Northern Ionia, «. . . . the cultural center of August, they returned to Amyzon (Mazmkale, about half­ 8 way between Milas and Aydin), where they discovered a influencing the art of the country since the Vlth cen­ fine collection of archaic terracotta figurines beneath tury B. C. However, the importance given to funeral mo­ the «cella» of the temple of Artemis they had excavated numents shows the survival of eastern traditions, al­ in 1949. though the sculptures which decorate them are Greek in They visited the ruins of Alinda (Demircidere), a style. fortified city Bast of Amyzon, and made revisions of The city of Xanthos ruled over the river’s lower val­ the Corpus of Inscriptions and Inscribed Reliefs in the ley, while Pinara and Tlos overlooked its middle course Museum at Izmir. M. Martin assembled material for a and Pydnai and Patara were ports on either side of the history of the Ionic capital, and, in Istanbul, a first re­ now filled-in gulf. view was made of funeral inscriptions from the Beyazit A French mission consisting of MM. Ilemargne, Necropolis, for publication in collaboration with Bay Professor of Archaeology at the University of Stras­ Nezih Firath of the Museum of Antiquities. bourg, and Devambez, Curator of the Bouvre Museum, BABRANDA. The great deity of the Carians was started at Xanthos a first sampaign which lasted from Zeus I.abradeus, so called because he carried in his hand Septem ber 19 un til N ovem ber 2, 1950. the «labrys», or double-axe, a very ancient religious sym­ 1) A general survey of the site was made, more pre­ bol. The temple of Zeus at Babranda, a site 25 kms. cise than the plan previously established by an Austrian north of Milas (Mylassa), in Caria, used to bo one of the m ission. main sanctuaries dedicated to this god. They systematically explored the region where fune­ In 1950, the Swedish Bxpedition, directed by Dr. ral monuments are to be found, in the North-Eastern Axel Persson of Bund, reopened excavations begun at part of the town and out of the city-walls. Babranda in 1948 and 1949. The R om an tem ple o f Zeus, A large sarcophagus, on which are depicted hunting uncovered in 1948, is directly connected to the one erected and battle scenes, was especially studied. in 351 and 344 B.C. by the Carian king Idraeus. It is 2) The IHrd-IVth century B.C. «agora» (market) was interesting to note how often the «labrys» adorns marble excavated: it had been surrounded by porticoes with a and terracotta objects found in these buildings. monumental entrance. The archaeologists hope to reach Three storehouses, south of the temple, yielded many its earlier levels of the Vth century B.C. fragments of finely painted pottery, earlier in date than A typical Bycian funeral monument on a high pillar the Vth century B.C., proving that older levels have yet was reconstructed North of the Agora. Its decoration de­ to be investigated. picts in Greco-Oriental style the fight of a Bycian prince In 1950 were excavated the «andrones», or banquetlng- against the Greeks at the end of the fifth century B.C. halls, of the Great Palace built in the IVth century B.C. This is borne out by the text carved on the stela. by King Mausoius and his brother and successor Idraeus. A cemetery, consisting of tombs cut in the rock, Two «stoas» (open-air galleries surrounded by columns yielded rather poor finds. where people met and discussed), an open square and a 3) The oldest and most famous Bycian funeral mo­ fountain adorned with columns were also uncovered, numents are the Harpies’ and the Nereids’ tombs which and the course, of the «Via Sacra» leading to the temple both date from the Vlth century B.C. The British was explored. The southern propylaeum, best-preserved archaeologist Fellows reconstructed them in the British building at Babranda could be entirely reconstructed on Museum at the end of the nineteenth century with the paper. sculptures and architectural parts he had carried away Interesting finds included three stone axes, part of from Xanthos. However, the foundations of the Nereids’ a Carian tablet and an altar upon which horses had monument remained in situ and a sounding made there been carved in relief above a hollow for liquid offerings in 1950 yielded architectural fragments belonging either shaped as a double-axe. to it or nearby tombs, minute fragments of a frieze and XANTIIOS. The Bycians were a people of ancient origin, mentionned in the Iliad as the allies of Troy. They occupied, in South-Western Anatolia, a mountainous territory between Caria and Pamphylia and became famous for their courage in defending it against enne- m ies. The Xanthos river (Koea Cay) flows through a wide valley towards tile Mediterranean sea. It has now formed a marshy plain at its estuary where there had been a deep gulf. The Bycian coastline is rugged and picturesque, with fjord-like very deep hays protecting fishermen’s villages and archaic antiquities. The high Western ranges of the Taurus mountains plunge almost vertically into the sea and look darkly remote and mysterious when seen from the pleasant, sandy beaches of Pamphylia. The Bycians had their own civilization and hitherto undeciphered language and writing, but many Greek Side — Umumî görünüş workmen, merchants and artists settled in Bycla, greatly Side — General view taken from the amphitheatre 9

a feminine head which might belong to one of the Ne­ m reids. Among the numerous potsherds collected, some were imported Vth century Attic ware, but most turned out to be local pottery. 4) Soundings made in several parts of the town pre­ pared future research: walls were traced and monu­ ments mapped on what must have been the ancient Lycian acropolis. A Roman burial and a Vth century tomb were excavated along the modern road North- West of the town. SiDE. A wide, cotton-growing plain in Southern Anatolia, between the Taurus mountains and the Me­ diterranean sea, Pamphylia borders upon Pisidia, on the North, Lycia, on the West, and Cilicia, on the East. Its port is now Antalya (Attaleia) but, in antiquity, Side (Eski Antalya) was the capital and main harbour of the Side'de bir mabed district. A temple at Side (2nd Century A.D.) The Greeks settled in Pamphylia after the Trojan war, around 1200 B.C. (Vide tile legend of Mopsos.) Accord­ bushes. A large amphitheatre dominates (lie city where ing to Professor A. Goetz,e, it had formed part of the remains of temples, colonnaded streets, agoras, foun­ Arzawa Countries, Hittite territory in the second mil­ tains, baths, houses, basilicas and many other public lennium B.C. and, therefore, the background is Anato­ and private buildings are still standing, protected by- lian. In principle, the Assyrians ruled over the country towers and fortified walls beyond which spreads the during tile eighth and seventh centuries B.C. extensive necropolis. After a preliminary exploration of Pampliylia in 1943, Professor Arif Miiflt Mansel, of the University of Istan­ bul, began, in 1947, methodical excavations at Side, sponsored by the Turkish Historical Society and the University of Istanbul. Near the harbour and overlooking the sea, were un­ covered two second century A.D. temples of Corinthian style, one of which was decorated hy a frieze of vivid Medusa heads. A rare example of a semi-circular temple on a high podium, with a richly-decorated East portico, was ex­ cavated East of tlie two temples, and part of the long colonnaded street passing the theatre was explored. In 1948, the Mission studied the theatre’s area, com­ pleting and correcting Lanckoronski’s plan. While exca­ vating the Agora behind the theatre's scenae, a beauti­ Side — Deniz surları ful, small round building was uncovered and identified Side — The sea-walls with the temple of Tyche depicted on Side coins of the

Originally a colony of Kyme, an Eolian city of the VIIlth century B.C., the history of Side's development is obscure to us. Alexander the Great occupied this flourish­ ing port in the IVth century B.C. and, 700 years later, under the Byzantine Empire, it had become tile metropo­ lis of Pamphylia. Attaleia-Antalya, Perge, Sillyon, Aspendos-Belkis and Side-Eski Antalya, the main cities of Pamphylia, were explored by several scholars. In 1884, an Austrian mis­ sion conducted by Count F. Lanckoronsky made a survey of them and published the important work, «Staedte Pamphyliens und Pisidiens - Villes de Pamphylie et de Pisidie», which is the basis of all later studies. Situated on a promontory 90 kms. West of Antalya, between the estuaries of the Melas (Manavgat) and Eu- rymedon (Köprüsü) rivers, the visible ruins of Side are Roman and belong to the second and third centuries A. D. They stretch over a beautiful expanse of coast and Side — Erkek hası are partly covered with sand and overgrown by laurel- Male head found at Side (Roman copy of Vth Century B.C. Greek original) 10

rectangular court surrounded by Ionian columns and of a wide «hali». A rich, two-storeyed architectural decora­ tion covered the walls of the latter, with more than life-size statues in marble niches. The statue of an em­ peror, probably Gordian III (238-244 A.D.), was found in the central one and, on both sides, beautifully pre­ served gods and goddesses stood between columns. Excavation of the main city-gate showed that it had been flanked on either side by towers slightly rounded on the exterior, and had a wide semi-circular interior court. The interior walls of this court were entirely covered by a two-storeyed marble decoration. Several quite well-pre­ served male and female statues and heads lying in the debris had formed part of the ornamentation. D uring the cam paigns o f 1947, 1948 and 1949, apart from the numerous statues, coins, reliefs, inscribed pillars (cippi), and sarcophagi, over a hundred inscriptions were discovered. A Hellenistic inscription parallel to one in native writing might enable scholars to decipher the language, probably used in Side only, which differs from the local dialect of Pamphylia. In 1950, Professor Arif Müfit Mansel was assisted by Professor E. Bosch, Bay Semavi Eyice, assistant in Sid«-, — Kadın heykeli Byzantine Archaeology, Bay Demi Merey, architect, and Side —* Draped woman (Roman) five archaeological students. Apart from valuable Roman architectural fragments, Illrd century A. I). Surrounded by 12 columns on a 19 statues of draped women and naked men, mostly podium, it is gracefully decorated by a frieze of acanthus deities, were found in the large building excavated East leaves and pomegranate flowers. Tim statue of Tyche(l) of the Agora in 1949. stood on a pedestal in the center of the cella under the The masculine statues, of remarkable workmanship, 12 signs of the Zodiac carved on the casemented marble seem to be copies of Vth and IVth century B.C. Greek ceiling, and the conical roof was crowned by a pome­ originals. granate, emblem of Side. A perfectly preserved marble sarcophagus was dis­ Two houses with peristyle, Roman originally but re­ covered in the Necropolis. Dating from the second cen­ built at a later date, were excavated North of the Agora, tury A.D., it was probably imported from Attica. In­ on the colonnaded street. On the second colonnaded toxicated Erotes dance wildly on its three sides, while street, an Early-Christian basilica was excavated, and an antithetic group of Griffins, on either side of a can­ another found east of the temples, near the sea. delabrum, is depicted on the fourth and a figure is re­ In 1949, the excavators concentrated on the wide co­ cumbent on the lid. lonnaded street leading from the Agora to a large buil­ Excavations at Side continue each year and we follow ding Hast of it. This building was composed of a large with the greatest interest the slow awakening of this ancient city buried on the sea-shore. CLASSICAL AND POST-CLASSICAL CILICIA. Mr. Michael Gough of the British Archaeological Institute at Ankara, resumed in 1950, assisted by Mrs. Gough, his researches, begun in 1949, at Anavarza, a Roman town in the Eastern Cilician plain. The topographical survey of the site and its sur­ roundings was completed. Mr. and Mrs. Gough replanned the Medieval castle rising above the city, made archi­ tectural recordings of the Triumphal Arch, the Church of the Holy Apostles (IHrd century A.D.) and three other churches, and collected epigraphic material both in Anavarza and in other Cilician towns and villages. SÎLAHTARAĞA. While laying the foundations of a shop on the Eyüp-Alibey road in 1949, Roman statues were discovered West of the junction of the Alibey (Ky- daros) and Kâğıthane (Barbyses) rivers, 3 kms. North of Eyüp, a suburb of Istanbul, on the Golden Horn Side — llcrakles Side — Heracles (Roman copy of Greek original) (H aliç). The Musnun of Antiquities at Istanbul undertook the (1) Fortune. excavation of the site, under the direction of Mrs. Zeki- 11

In 1950, excavations were resumed at Silahtaraga in order to ascertain the nature of the building discovered in 1949. Part of its plan could be reconstructed as con­ sisting of a large room with six niches in the walls, and two smaller rooms. Numerous pipes and a drainage- system definitely associate it to a water-installation, but whether as a bath, a fountain or a sacred monument can­ not be determined, the construction of the electric- plant on the opposite side of the road having destroyed all further archaeological evidence. It is, however, certain that it belongs to the late Roman period and was long in use by the Byzantines. Several statues and fragments were excavated in 1950. These and the ones found in 1949 can all be dated to the end of the second and the beginning of the third century A.D. They are well carved out of fine island marble and local limestone and a few are copies of Greek Silahtarağa — Kadın bası originals. Unfortunately, the Gigantomachy could not be Silahtarağa — Woman’s head (End of the 2nd or beginning of the 3rd Century A.D.) reconstructed. All the above-mentioned finds are exhibited in a ye Çoruh Başak, Assistant Curator. A building of the special room of the Museum of Antiquities at Istanbul. Boman. period was discovered at the foot of a hill on THE HIPPODROME (SULTANAHMET OR which could be seen the remains of a water-system con­ AT MEYDANI) EXCAVATIONS AT ISTANBUL. nected to the building. Several marble statues of gods, Situated close to the Mesa or Middle Street, to St. goddesses and heroes were found, as well as a remarkable Sophia and to the Emperors’ Great Palace, the Hippo­ Gigantomachy carved In full relief out of blue-black drome was not only the meeting-place of chariot-racing lim estone. enthusiasts, but also the starting-point of numerous po­ Ancient authors connect this region with Byzas, legen­ litical riots and revolutions.lt thus played an active and dary founder of Byzantium. They also mention two temples very important part in the history of Byzantium since on the hill Semystra, between the two rivers, just opposite the IVth century A.D. Silahtarağa. These temples were dedicated to the nymph Its axis, the «Spina», was decorated with rare works Semestra and to the Dioscuri, Castor and Pollux, special of art and monuments, some of which remained in situ protectors of ships and sailors. Close by, was an aque­ to this day and can be seen on the Sultanahmet Meydam duct, originally built by the Emperor Hadrian in the in Istanbul. The seats were built around the race-track, second century A.D., which the Byzantines used for a with the Imperial box in the place of honour. lon g tim e. North-West of the Great Palace and the Hippo­ drome, were the residences of high dignitaries of the Empire and, among these, the beautiful palaces of Lausos, patrician and governor under the Emperor Ar- cadius (395/408 A.D.) and of Antiochos who was coun­ cillor to young Theodosius II (408/450 A.D.). He later attained the highest honours but died a priest. His name was given to the quarter of Byzantium where he

Silahtarağa — Nymph veya Nike heykeli Silahtarağa — Nymph or Nike (Victory) 12

had lived and the Antioclios Gate was one of the main According to the building technique and the mate­ entrances to the Hippodrome. rials used, the earliest structures belong to the period of Small churches and other monuments existed in the Septimus Severus (beginning of the third century A.D.). vicinity, but they disappeared in the course of time. A bath ends the street on the West. Although rebuilt In 1950, while laying the foundations of a Court of in early Turkish times, it was originally Byzantine. On Justice, so many valuable fragments were brought to either side of it was a marble staircase. The stairs light that the Museum of Antiquities at Istanbul inter­ on the right lead to a semi-circular gateway consisting vened and began, with the support of the Ministry of four steps: this probably was the famous Antiechos of education, the systematic excavation of the Gate. site, recording and preservating, whenever possible, im­ A third area (C), lying between the Hippodrome and portant remains, under the supervision of Bay Rustem St. Euphemia, is to be excavated in 1951-52. Duyuran, Assistant Director. Soundings made in the «Earliest Level», the thickness Two areas were excavated: of which is of 40/50 cm. over virgin soil, uncovered pots­ A) . Buildings grouped around the Martyrion of St. herds ranging from the IVth century B.C. to late Roman Euphemia (Vth century A.D.) excavated in 1942 by Dr. times. Although Byzantine and Islamic pottery was A. M. Schneider, of the German Archaeological Institute abundant all over the excavations, the disturbed state at Istanbul. of the ground, into which so many foundations had been dug at all periods, prevents strati graphical study. The church of St. Euphemia was adjacent to a «por- About 40 copper coins of the 9th/llth centuries and ticus semirotunda», a semi-circular portico, the axis of numerous stamped bricks were collected as well as bronze which was parallel to the Hippodrome. Excavations in candelabra and clay lamps. 1950 showed that the building, which subsequently be­ came the Martyrion, was originally the center of a Archaeologists are indebted to the Turkish Govern­ complex of rooms disposed along this portico, the whole ment who enabled them to hold up the construction of being part of a large palace. It is hoped that further tlie new Court of Justice in order to carry out these excavations will enable the more exact designation of excavations which are of the highest importance for the the rains uncovered, as they coincide with the empla­ historical and topographical study of Byzantium and cement where the palaces of Lausos and Antioclios had have awakened a world-wide interest. once stood. ST. IR E N E . Since 1916, B ay M uzzafer R am azanoğlu, Traces of frescoes were discovered on the walls of a Director of the Museum of St. Sophia, has been exca­ small church close to St. Euphemia. Both its floor and vating tile area between St. Sophia and the Vlth century that of another building nearby were covered with «opus church of St. Irene. In 1950, he made soundings in St. sectile» polychrome marble pavements of floral and Sophia itself as well as inside St. Irene, under the marble geometric designs. pavement of which ho uncovered a Hellenistic floor- mosaic belonging to an older building. A IXth century frescoe of the Deisis (Adoration of Christ), already published by Dr. Schneider, was brought to light West of St. Euphemia, as well as another wall- Most of the information in this summary is extract­ painting representing a cross among flowers, which ed from the journals «Anatolian Studies», Vol. 1, 1951 and probably belongs to the period of the Eatin conquest of «Anadolu» No. 1, 1951. Constantinople (Xlllth century A.I).). We are indebted to Bay Riistem Duyuran, Assistant Director of the Museum of Antiquities at Istanbul, and B) . Archaeological remains connected with the Hip­ to Mrs. Zekiye Çoruh Basalt, Assistant Curator, for podrome. hitherto unpublished reports on their excavations at the This area is close to the Atmeydani and parallel to Hippodrome (Sultanahmet meydanı) and Silahtarağa. it. Six rows of seats «in situ» were first excavated. The We gratefully thank Professor Arif Müfit Mansel, of the lowest row is almost on level with the Atmeydani. A Istanbul University, Professor Louis Robert, of the Col­ trench dug in front of the seats struck the Hippodrome lege de Prance, and Bay Ahmet Dönmez, Assistant Cu­ pavement at a depth of 4 m, 46. rator of the Izmir Museum, who allowed us to print un­ The thick sustaining wall back of the seats -was published photographs from Side and Claros, as well as cleared on a length of approximately 70 m. Behind it Professor H. Bossert and Dr. U. Bahadır Alkım, of the was a staircase leading to the highest row. Back of this Istanbul University, for pictures of Domuztepe. staircase, a wide street appeared. It was paved with dark grey stones and a canal ran under it in a North to South MERYEM ARLETTE CENANÎ direction. Istanbul, January 1952.

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