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Stay Hungry, Stay Choosy: a Dystopian Novel

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Stay Hungry, Stay Choosy: a Dystopian Novel Stay Hungry, Stay Choosy: A Dystopian Novel based on insights from critical ethnographic research on The Overeducated and Underemployed in Italy and the United Kingdom A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Felicia Catalina BUCIU School of Arts, Brunel University January 2018 ABSTRACT This creative writing thesis consists of a full-length novel, Stay Hungry, Stay Choosy. The premise of the novel is that, by 2050, Italy will be a de jure gerontocracy that cannibalises its young. This thesis contributes to research on moral panics as it brings to the fore the voices of the voiceless and further explores the locus of youth unemployment in the discussion on social deviance. Thus, the thesis explores how Erich Goode and Nachman Ben-Yehuda’s (1994) moral panics theory explains the mono- narrative of young people’s transition from education to employment in Italy and the United Kingdom. In my academic research, I use a critical paradigm based on the fundamental premise that creative writing should play a key role in the liminal place that bridges social research and social activism. The research is framed by a number of social theories, underpinning the public discourse on youth overeducation, unemployment and underemployment. Subsequently, an in-depth analsyis is carried out, using the lens of Goode and Ben-Yehuda’s moral panics framework, in order to show how the pervasive dichotomy of the angry youth and the aboulic youth in public discourse is used to stereotype the young and to maintain the power dynamics between both generations and socio-economic classes. Thirdly, Urbanski’s ‘rhetorical circle’ (1975) is shown to be the explanatory metaphor that allows speculative fiction writers, such as Anthony Burgess and Marco Bosonetto, to draw upon pervasive social fears about the young, creatively elaborate upon them and hold up a mirror to readers by incorporating these fears into storytelling. These theoretical concepts are then explored from the perspective of young people, through ethnographic inquiry. Finally, the research outcomes are filtered through the process of self-reflexivity in order to illustrate the choices I had to make in order to complete the present novel in a way that respects both the conventions of the speculative writing genre and draws upon research findings. This thesis thus contributes to the case that creative writing has a key role to play in linking social science findings to practice by drawing concepts and findings together in a coherent narrative. This thesis turns this literary call to action into a real-life manifesto. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................... 5 PREFACE ............................................................................................................... 6 Stay Hungry, Stay Choosy: A Dystopian Novel ..................................................... 20 Chapter 1 ............................................................................................................... 20 Chapter 2 ............................................................................................................... 35 Chapter 3 ............................................................................................................... 57 Chapter 4 ............................................................................................................... 72 Chapter 5 ............................................................................................................... 94 Chapter 6 ............................................................................................................. 110 Chapter 7 ............................................................................................................. 128 Chapter 8 ............................................................................................................. 135 Chapter 9 ............................................................................................................. 140 Chapter 10 ........................................................................................................... 146 Chapter 11 ........................................................................................................... 154 Chapter 12 ........................................................................................................... 176 Chapter 13 ........................................................................................................... 198 Chapter 14 ........................................................................................................... 209 Chapter 15 ........................................................................................................... 235 Chapter 17 ........................................................................................................... 260 Chapter 18 ........................................................................................................... 273 3 The Overeducated and Underemployed in Italy and the United Kingdom .......... 293 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 294 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................................................ 296 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................... 309 Youth: an age-based definition ............................................................................ 309 Youth: a cultural definition ........................................................................................ 309 Youth: statistical definitions ...................................................................................... 311 Literature Review: Theories ................................................................................ 313 Overeducation Theories ............................................................................................. 313 Labour market supply ................................................................................................... 313 Labour market demand ................................................................................................. 314 Labour market supply and demand ............................................................................. 314 Underemployment theories ........................................................................................ 315 FINDINGS: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................... 317 Moral panic theoretical framework ........................................................................... 317 Definition Problems: Youth Unemployment .............................................................. 318 Definition Problems: Youth Underemployment and Youth Overeducation ............... 319 Youth Labour Market Overview for Italy and the UK ............................................... 320 Youth unemployment rate trends ................................................................................. 320 Youth unemployment ratio trends ................................................................................ 321 Number of unemployed youth ....................................................................................... 321 Trends in Mass Higher Education, Overeducation and Underemployment ............... 322 Mass higher education trend ......................................................................................... 322 Overeducation trends ..................................................................................................... 328 Underemployment trends .............................................................................................. 330 Concluding Remarks ................................................................................................. 331 FINDINGS: MASS MEDIA ANALYSIS ............................................................. 334 Portrait of the Young as Deviant ................................................................................ 334 Media Analysis: Diagnoses of Moral Panics in the UK and Italy ................................ 335 Italy: The Bamboccioni (Puer Aeternus) ....................................................................... 336 UK: The Angry Young Man .......................................................................................... 340 The Rhetorical Circle ................................................................................................. 349 FINDINGS: LITERARY ANALYSIS ................................................................. 354 CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ................................................................ 361 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................. 368 APPENDICES ..................................................................................................... 376 APPENDIX 1: Ethnographic Interviews - Demographic Data ................................... 376 APPENDIX 2: Ethnographic Interviews: Findings .................................................... 377 APPENDIX 3: Research Poster .................................................................................. 406 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..............................................................................................
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