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МОРСКА БИОЛОГИЯ the Invasion of Beroe Ovata in the Black Sea a Warning Signal for Ecosystem Concern

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МОРСКА БИОЛОГИЯ the Invasion of Beroe Ovata in the Black Sea a Warning Signal for Ecosystem Concern 111 Трудове на Института по океанология Том 4. Варна, 2003 Българска академия на науките МОРСКА БИОЛОГИЯ The Invasion of Beroe ovata in the Black Sea a warning signal for ecosystem concern Lyudmila Kamburska, Snejana Moncheva, Asen Konsulov, Anton Krastev, Kamen Prodanov Institute of Oceanology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Varna, Bulgaria; e-mail: [email protected] Introduction the successful adaptation of the ctenophore Biological invasions as global environmental Mnemiopsis leidyi introduced into the Black and economical problems have been well and Azov Seas through the ship ballast waters documented all over the world (W i n d l e, from North Atlantic in the mid 80-ies 1997; S h a r o v, L i e b h o l d, 1998; (V i n o g r a d o v et al., 1989; C o h e n, C a r l t o n, 1998). The dramatic H a r b i s o n, V o l o v i k, 1993). M. leidyi effects of various plants and animals that have became one of the major factors for the been already introduced (accidentally or dramatic ecosystem alterations in the early 90- intentionally) by human activity in the past ies, and it has been considered to contribute 200 years have been catalogued (V i t o u s e k substantially in the reduce of the commercial et al., 1996). The ecological economic impact fish stocks, zooplankton diversity and changes analyses, empirical approaches, techniques in the community structure (G u c u, 1997; and forecasting models have been developed K o n s u l o v, K a m b u r s k a, 1998; to support the viable management strategies to K i d e y s et al., 1998; K i d e y s et al., protect the native land and aquatic ecosystems 2000). Regardless of its seasonal and annual against the exotic species invasions (H i g g i n s fluctuations, this species sustains a high et al., 1997; V o l o v i k et al., 1995). population level and it has already become a According to the list given by Z a i t z e v, current component of the Black Sea ecosystem M a m a e v (1997), a lot of species of due to the lack of predators (G E S A M P, Atlantic and Pacific origin have been 1997). A lot of experimental, field and accidentally introduced during the 20th modelling research was conducted, with the century into Black Sea basin. The invasion of aim to highlight the perturbations and forecast non-indigenous species together with the the functioning of the Black Sea pelagic anthropogenic eutrophication and overfishing system in “Mnemiopsis era” (H a r b i s o n, during the last twenty years emerged to a key 1993; O g u z et al., 1999). ecological problem for the ecosystem health A strategy to control the expansion of the (M e e, 1992; V i n o g r a d o v et al., 1992; alien ctenophore in the Black and Azov Seas K i d e y s, 1994; Z a i t z e v, has been elaborated by GESAMP biodiversity A l e x a n d r o v, 1997). working group (G E S A M P, 1997). The An excellent example of the exotic advantages and disadvantages of different invaders impact on the Black Sea ecosystem is approaches and methods were discussed in 112 order to afford the negative impact once taking Material and methods the dimension of biological pollution. It was Study area suggested as the most realistic mode for The study is based on the long-term success the ecological control approach (either national monitoring data collected at a station by introduction of predator species or by 3 miles off Cape Galata along the Bulgarian parasites, pathogens, etc.). The international Black Sea coast. Some investigations were scientific community focused on the possible carried out during the ComSBlack and intentional introduction of M. leidyi’s NATO-TU international scientific cruises in predators and the ctenophore Beroe was September 1991 (HydroBlack '91), July 1992 suggested as one of the most appropriate (ComSBlack '92) and August 1995 species (S w a n b e r g, 1970; R e e v e, (ComSBlack '95) in the Western Black Sea on W a l t e r, I k e d a, 1978). board the R/V “Akademik” of the Institute of In 1997 the dilemma was in a way solved, Oceanology -Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. since the new for the Black Sea ecosystem The recent data were collected during 1996- Ctenophore Beroe ovata (M a y e r, 1912) was 1999 in the coastal zone off Cape Galata reported for the first time along the Bulgarian (1 station at 3 miles, depth 21 m), including coast (K o n s u l o v, K a m b u r s k a, Varna Bay (11 stations, max. depth 21 m). The 1998a). The interaction of Beroe latter was selected as one of the most ovata - Mnemiopsis leidyi Ctenophores in a eutrophicated region along the Black Sea coast typical predator prey mode, provokes many (fig. 1). questions for the impact on the zooplankton Parameters dynamic and its adequate response to the new To overview the alterations in the Black environment and for the future performance of Sea pelagic ecosystem a long term data serie is the Black Sea ecosystem. discussed including the following parameters: Initially the Black Sea ecosystem evolution *Phytoplankton: data set 1967 1995 has been subdivided into different phases, (M o n c h e v a, 1991; M o n c h e v a, depending on the view point of the critical K r a s t e v, 1997) and unpublished data aspect of anthropogenic impact (e.g. (1996-1998). eutrophication, Jellyfish explosion, overfishing): *Zooplankton: data set 1967 1995 pristine period (50-70-ies), period of intensive (K o n s u l o v, K a m b u r s k a, 1998) eutrophication (70-80-ies), recent period of and unpublished data (1996 - 1998). relative relaxation (B e s i k t e p e, U n l u a t a, *Flagellates: Noctiluca scintillans long-term B o l o g a, eds. 1999). The pristine period – spring summer abundance (1967 - 1998) Rhizostoma pulmo prevailed (60-70-ies), (K o n s u l o v, K a m b u r s k a, 1997). period of Aurelia aurita expansion (70-80- *Jellyfish: Mnemiopsis leidyi and Beroe ovata ies), recent period is nominated as Mnemiopsis abundance and distribution-published era (K i d e y s, 1994; N i e r m a n n et al., (K i d e y s et al., 1998; K o n s u l o v, 1999). These periods do not necessarily K a m b u r s k a, 1998) and unpublished overlap due to the synergistic interaction data. between the environmental factors including global *Anchovy total biomass and total Black Sea climatic changes (N i e r m a n n et al., 1999). catch: long term data (1967 - 1997) Our hypotesis is that the invasion of Beroe published. ovata is a warning for future ecological Methods concern of the Black Sea. In order to target the Zooplankton samples were collected by a problem the following aspects are discussed: vertical plankton Jeddy type net (150 µm mesh 1) long-term overview of zooplankton size). Samples were fixed to 4 % formalin dynamic alterations in relation to solution after sorting out, counting and phytoplankton, Mnemiopsis leidyi, anchovy measuring the size of M.leidyi, A.aurita and stock dynamic; 2) preliminary results on Beroe B.ovata. The size groups ratio of B.ovata ovata–Mnemiopsis leidyi coupling; 3) cases (M a y e r, 1912) and M.leidyi (Mutlu, within the World Ocean where these two 1994) was presented in order to determine the ctenophores co-exist, as examples of population age structure. Identification of the ecosystem impact study. 113 43.80 Varna 43.60 43.40 c. Kaliakra V ARNA 43.20 Varna Bay c. Galata 43.00 42.80 BOURGAS c. Em ine 42.60 Bourgas Bay 42.40 c. Maslen nos 42.20 3 m iles station 27.40 27.60 27.80 28.00 28.20 28.40 28.60 28.80 29.00 Fig. 1. Map of sampling stations along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast samples to species level was done under a accompanied by significant alterations in binocular microscope. The analysis of species zooplankton community structure. The abundance was performed according to diversity and biomass of Copepods-typical for Dimov's method (D i m o v, 1959). Biomass the Black Sea ecosystem zooplankton group (mg·m-3) was estimated by using individual decreased substantially (fig. 3 A). While in the standard-wet weight (P e t i p a, 1959). early 70-ies this major group overdominated Results Cladocera species (in average 66 %, Alterations of zooplankton dynamic in maintaining a share higher than 50 % of the relation to phytoplankton, Mnemiopsis leidyi biomass), oscillations of their spring-summer and anchovy stock variability during 1967-1990 biomass ratio during the 80-ies is apparent The study of the long-term zooplankton data (fig. 3 A). The copepods Anomalocera set has revealed significant fluctuations in pattersoni, Pontella mediterranea, the spring/summer dynamic of the fodder Centropages kroyeri and Oithona nana were zooplankton biomass and community common in 70-ies and rare in 80-ies.
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