International Monetary Fund 1287

Chapter IX International Monetary Fund (IMF)

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) intensi- year, the Executive Board agreed in April 1993 that fied its efforts to provide policy advice as well as the experience of low-income countries under financial and technical assistance to its increasingly ESAF had been favourable and that the facility diverse membership. During its fiscal year 1993 should be renewed and extended. The terms and (1 May 1992 to 30 April 1993), IMF played a cen- conditions of the enlarged ESAF would be the same tral role in supporting the transformation of the as those of its predecessor, with increased empha- former centrally planned economies into market- sis on protecting programmes through social safety based systems. Arrangements were approved for nets and contingency mechanisms; providing the Russian Federation, each of the Baltic States, timely technical assistance, in cooperation with and many of the members in Central and East- other institutions, to those groups most in need ern Europe whose economies were in transition. of it; and strengthening countries' administrative Both the scope and extent of the Fund's opera- ability to implement reforms. During 1993, dis- tions expanded significantly, and for the first time bursements under SAF amounted to 21.2 million IMF was close to achieving the universality of special drawing rights (SDRs) (about $29.1 million) membership that was a goal since its founding al- and those under ESAF to SDR 227.3 million (about most 50 years earlier. $312.2 million). As at 31 December 1993, IMF had a total mem- The compensatory and contingency financing bership of 178 countries. The and facility (CCFF) assisted members to meet shortfalls Slovakia succeeded to the membership of former in their export receipts and/or excesses in the cost , and Tajikistan and Micronesia of their cereal imports. Through a combination were admitted as new members of the Fund (see of additional financing and adjustment, contin- Annex I). gency financing enabled these countries to main- tain the momentum of their adjustment pro- IMF facilities and policies grammes in the face of adverse external shocks, such as declines in export earnings, increase in im- IMF provided financial assistance to its mem- port prices and interest-rate fluctuations. During bers under a variety of facilities and policies to ena- 1993, Moldova and Romania made drawings ble them to regain a viable balance of payments, under CCFF for a total of SDR 90.3 million (about economic growth and exchange-rate stability. $126.1 million). IMF provided resources under the Stand-by arrangements, focusing on specific buffer-stock financing facility to assist members macroeconomic policies such as exchange-rate and in financing contributions to approved interna- interest-rate policies and designed to help coun- tional buffer stocks of commodities. tries overcome short-term balance-of-payments difficulties, typically covered 12 to 18 months but could extend to three years. Extended arrange- Financial assistance ments were available to support medium-term pro- IMF disbursements to its members in 1993 to- grammes of three years, during which time more talled SDR 5.3 billion (about $7.3 billion), the intractable balance-of-payments difficulties, at- same level as 1992. Disbursements under shorter- tributable to structural as well as macroeconomic term stand-by arrangements declined substan- problems, were addressed. tially, from SDR 3.32 billion in 1992 to SDR 1.05 The structural adjustment facility (SAF), billion in 1993. Those under extended arrange- launched in 1986,a provided balance-of-payments ments more than doubled, from SDR 0.91 billion assistance on concessional terms to low-income de- to SDR 1.85 billion, underscoring the members' veloping countries to support medium-term increased need for medium-term IMF resources macroeconomic and structural adjustment pro- to help them overcome structural balance-of- grammes. In December 1987, the Executive Board payments problems. Thus, in recognition of the established the enhanced structural adjustment fa- special needs of its members and as a result of the cility (ESAF),b which was similar to SAF in objec- shift to market-oriented economic systems, IMF tive, eligibility and programme features, but a differed in scope, terms of access and funding YUN 1986, p. 1159. b sources. After extending ESAF for one additional YUN 1987, p. 1252. 1288 Intergovernmental organizations established the systematic transformation facil- primarily an increase in reserve tranche positions ity (STF) in April 1993 to operate through 1994. from SDR 21.9 billion to SDR 30.3 billion. How- In 1993, IMF disbursed SDR 1.4 billion (about $1.9 ever, outstanding borrowing by IMF decreased billion) under STF to 11 countries (Belarus, Cam- from SDR 3.7 billion to SDR 3.4 billion. The ratio bodia, Estonia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, of IMF's adjusted and uncommitted usable Lithuania, Moldova, Russian Federation, Slovakia resources to its liquid liabilities—the liquidity and Viet Nam). ratio—nearly doubled from 81.6 per cent to 154.9 As at 31 December 1993, IMF had 44 various ar- per cent over the same period. rangements in effect with member countries, with total commitments of SDR 7.7 billion (about $10.6 billion), down from 51 in effect at the end of De- SDR activity cember 1992. There were 16 stand-by arrangements During fiscal 1993, total gross transfers of SDRs (Costa Rica, Czech Republic, Dominican Republic, reached the record level of SDR 34.2 billion, sub- El Salvador, Estonia, Guatemala, Hungary, Jor- stantially higher than the previous peak of SDR dan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Pak- 22.6 billion reached in fiscal 1984, when reserve istan, Panama, Poland and Viet Nam); 5 extended asset payments for quota increases under the arrangements (Argentina, Egypt, Jamaica, Peru and Eighth General Review took place. Transfers of Zimbabwe); 3 SAF arrangements (Comoros, Ethio- SDRs among participants and prescribed holders pia and ); and 20 ESAF arrangements nearly doubled to SDR 11.1 billion, mainly as a re- (Albania, Benin, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Burundi, sult of the substantial increase in prescribed oper- Equatorial Guinea, Guinea, Honduras, Kenya, Lao ations associated with the use of the same-day SDR People's Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Malawi, loan/repayment mechanism by members paying Mali, Mauritania, Mongolia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, the reserve asset portion of their quota subscrip- Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania and tions and increases. Members sought more SDRs Zimbabwe). (generally to discharge obligations to IMF) than other members were prepared to sell, and IMF was Liquidity unable to arrange for all the requested acquisi- IMF's liquidity position improved considerably tions. Fewer members indebted to IMF were thus with the payments of the quota increases after the able to effect repurchases in SDRs, which declined Ninth General Review of Quotas entered into from SDR 1.8 billion in fiscal 1992 to SDR 0.6 bil- force in November 1992. By the end of April 1993, lion in fiscal 1993. More members drew on the these increases, together with the quotas of new IMF General Resources Account (GRA) to make members, raised total IMF quotas to SDR 144.6 bil- payments for their quota increases. As a result, lion, compared with SDR 91.2 billion at the end IMF's holdings of SDRs in GRA increased sharply of April 1992. The quota increases enabled IMF to SDR 7.93 billion from SDR 0.68 billion at the to make more credit available to its members. (The end of the previous fiscal year. enlarged access policy, which had enabled IMF to provide additional financing from borrowed resources to members whose payments imbalances Policy on arrears were large in relation to their quotas, was termi- The amount of overdue financial obligations to nated in November 1992 when the Ninth General IMF remained high during fiscal year 1993. How- Review of Quotas became effective.) ever, as a result of the sustained implementation As at 30 April 1993, IMF liquid resources of IMF's strengthened cooperative strategy, the amounted to SDR 68 billion (about $95.5 billion), level of arrears declined for the first time in a dec- compared with SDR 37.4 billion (about $52.5 bil- ade from SDR 3.5 billion (about $4.9 billion) at the lion) a year earlier. Total usable resources received end of fiscal year 1992 to SDR 3 billion (about $4.2 by IMF from payments for the increases in quotas billion) at the end of fiscal year 1993. The strength- amounted to SDR 31.1 billion, of which SDR 9.1 ened cooperative strategy consisted of: preventing billion was received in SDRs (payments for the re- new arrears; intensifying collaboration among the serve asset portion of the increases, net of reserve members concerned, IMF and other multilateral tranche purchases in SDRs) and SDR 22 billion was and official bilateral financial institutions to resolve received in currencies considered to be sufficiently existing protracted arrears; and implementing, as strong to be used in IMF transactions. IMF's ad- necessary, remedial and deterrent measures to pre- justed and uncommitted usable resources totalled vent any new arrears from becoming protracted. SDR 52.2 billion, compared with SDR 20.9 billion Most cases of short-term arrears were resolved a year earlier. during fiscal year 1993; almost all of the amount The Fund's liquid liabilities increased substan- that remained outstanding was owed by mem- tially from SDR 25.6 billion as at 30 April 1992 to bers in arrears to IMF by six months or more. By SDR 33.7 billion as at 30 April 1993, representing the end of April 1993, seven members remained International Monetary Fund 1289 ineligible to use IMF's resources because of over- generally longer-term courses at its headquarters due obligations. Effective 9 August 1993, IMF sus- and at the Joint Vienna Institute. The Institute pended the voting rights of the Sudan (in arrears also conducted shorter courses and seminars in the to the Fund since July 1984) in accordance with field at either the national or the regional level. the Third Amendment of the Articles of Agree- Moreover, it offered lecturing assistance for other ment, which empowers IMF to suspend the voting training institutions and briefings for visiting and related rights of a member that persists in its groups in Washington, D.C. failure to settle overdue financial obligations to The Institute offered 13 courses and three semi- IMF. nars for officials at IMF headquarters and eight courses and one seminar at the Joint Vienna In- stitute, training a total of 816 persons in a wide Technical assistance and training range of subjects. These programmes were com- The demand for IMF's technical assistance and plemented by 21 external training courses, 12 semi- training continued to rise during fiscal 1993, nars for senior officials, and lecturing assistance primarily as a result of the shift towards market- for six other training institutions. Six training oriented economies in the newly independent courses were organized within the former USSR countries of the former Soviet Union as well as in and Central and Eastern Europe, and more than Central and Eastern Europe. The increase in the half the external seminars were held in the same number of countries with IMF-supported pro- group of countries. IMF offered similar training grammes and the acceleration of structural re- activities in other parts of the world, including forms in many member States also created a Africa. higher demand for technical assistance. The reform of consumer subsidies figured IMF- collaboration prominently in Fund-supported programmes for Both IMF and the World Bank continued to a number of developing countries, as well as in focus on global economic issues and worked at policy advice provided to countries in transition strengthening the economies of their member to market economies. Adjustments needed to re- States. However, the Bank remained primarily a duce budgetary outlays and provide appropriate development institution, whereas the Fund was a producer incentives were accompanied by a vari- cooperative institution that sought to maintain an ety of social safety-net measures, including limited orderly system of payments and receipts between transfers in cash and kind to vulnerable countries countries. such as Central and Eastern European States, IMF's greater emphasis on structural aspects of States of the former Soviet Union and developing its programmes made close collaboration between countries like Guyana and Ethiopia. the two institutions important, particularly in the IMF technical assistance concerning social development of programmes supporting members' safety nets frequently helped to clarify the options requests for resources assistance under IMF's available, and therefore to shape a Government's structural adjustment and enhanced structural ad- sustainable adjustment effort. In several transition justment facilities. economies such as Belarus, Kyrgyzstan and Ukraine, IMF helped in subsidy reduction and re- Secretariat structuring of the public sector. Greece, Indone- As at 31 December 1993, the total full-time staff sia, States of the former Soviet Union, , of IMF—including fixed-term and permanent Bolivia and other Latin American States—all of employees—was 2,326, recruited from 122 countries. them countries facing severe budgetary imbalances as a result of major social-security programmes— NOTE: For details of IMF activities in fiscal year were given assistance in the area of pensions. 1993, see International Monetary Fund, Annual Report The IMF Institute provided training for officials of the Executive Board for the Financial Year Ended April from member countries through residential and 30, 1993.

Annex I. MEMBERSHIP OF THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (As at 31 December 1993)

Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Ban- gladesh, Barbados, Belarus, , Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cam- eroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, , Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Hon- duras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, 1290 Intergovernmental organizations

Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, , Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Thailand, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United Republic of Tanzania, United States, Uru- guay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe.

Annex II. EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS AND ALTERNATES, OFFICERS AND OFFICES OF THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (As at 31 December 1993)

Appointed Director Appointed Alternate Casting the vote of

Karin Lissakers vacant United States Stefan Schoenberg Erika Wagenhoefer Germany Marc-Antoine Autheman Michel Sirat France Hiroo Fukui Naoki Tabata Japan David Peretz John Dorrington United Kingdom

Elected Director Elected Alternate Casting the votes of

Jacques de Groote (Belgium) Johann Prader (Austria) Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Luxembourg, Turkey Godert A. Posthumus (Netherlands) Oleh Havrylyshyn (Ukraine) Armenia, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Georgia, Israel, Netherlands, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Ukraine Roberto Marino (Mexico) Gerver Torres (Venezuela) Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Spain, Venezuela Giulio Lanciotti (Italy) Ioannis Papadakis (Greece) Albania, Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal, San Marino Douglas E. Smee (Canada) Garrett F. Murphy (Ireland) Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Canada, Dominica, Grenada, Ireland, Jamaica, Saint Kins and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Jarle Bergo (Norway) Eva Srejber (Sweden) Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Sweden Ewen Waterman (Australia) Amando M. Tetangco, Jr. (Philippines) Australia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Mongolia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philip- pines, Republic of Korea, Samoa, Seychelles, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu A. Shakour Shaalan (Egypt) Yacoob Yousef Mohammed (Bahrain) Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Maldives, Oman, Qatar, Syrian Arab Republic, United Arab Emirates, Yemen Muhammad Al-Jasser (Saudi Arabia) Abdulrahman A. AI-Tuwaijri (Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia L. J. Mwananshiku (Zambia) Barnabas S. Dlamini (Swaziland) Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Ethiopia, Gambia, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mozam- bique, Namibia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Swaziland, Uganda, United Republic of Tan- zania, Zambia, Zimbabwe Konstantin G. Kagalovsky (Russian Federation) Aleksei V. Mozhin (Russian Federation) Russian Federation K. P. Geethakrishnan (India) L. Eustace N. Fernando (Sri Lanka) Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Sri Lanka Daniel Kaeser (Switzerland) Krysztof Link (Poland) Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Poland, Switzerland, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan Alexandre Kafka (Brazil) Juan Carlos Jaramillo (Colombia) Brazil, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guyana, Haiti, Panama, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago Abbas Mirakhor (Iran) Omar Kabbaj (Morocco) Afghanistan, Algeria, Ghana, Iran, Morocco, Pakistan, Tunisia J. E. Ismael (Indonesia) Kleo-Thong Hetrakul (Thailand) Fiji, Indonesia, Lao People's Democratic Repub- lic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Singapore, Thailand, Tonga, Viet Nam Zhang Ming (China) Wei Benhua (China) China A. Guillermo Zoccali (Argentina) Alberto F. Jiménez de Lucio (Peru) Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay Corentino V. Santos (Cape Verde) Yves-Marie T. Koissy (Côte d'Ivoire) Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Togo, Zaire International Monetary Fund 1291

SENIOR OFFICERS

Managing Director: Michel Camdessus. Director, Middle Eastern Department: Paul Chabrier. Deputy Managing Director: Richard D. Erb. Director, Monetary and Exchange Affairs Department: J. B. Zulu. Economic Counsellor: Michael Mussa. Director, Policy Development and Review Department: John T. Boorman. Counsellor: Sterie T. Beza. Director, Research Department: Michael Mussa. Counsellor: Leo Van Houtven. Secretary, Secretary's Department: Leo Van Houtven. Counsellor: Mamoudou Touré. Director, South-East Asia and Pacific Department: Kunio Saito. Director, Administration Department: Graeme F. Rea. Director, Statistics Department: John B. McLenaghan. Director, African Department: Mamoudou Touré. Treasurer, Treasurer's Department: David Williams. Director, Central Asian Department: Hubert Neiss. Director, Western Hemisphere Department: Sterie T. Beza. Director, European I Department: Massimo Russo. Director, Bureau of Computing Services: Warren N. Minami. Director, European II Department: John Odling-Smee. Director, Bureau of Language Services: Patrick Delannoy. Director, External Relations Department: Shailendra J. Anjaria. Director, Office in Europe (Paris): Joaquín Ferrán. Director, Fiscal Affairs Department: Vito Tanzi. Director and Special Trade Representative, Office in : Helen B. Junz. Director, IMF Institute: Patrick B. de Fontenay. Director, Office of Budget and Planning: Lindsay A. Wolfe. General Counsel, Legal Department: Francois P. Gianviti. Director, Office of Internal Audit and Review: Marcello Caiola.

HEADQUARTERS AND OTHER OFFICES

HEADQUARTERS IMF OFFICE, , NEW YORK International Monetary Fund International Monetary Fund 700 19th Street N.W. 1 United Nations Plaza, Room 1140 Washington, D.C. 20431, United States New York, N.Y. 10017, United States Cable address: INTERFUND WASHINGTONDC Cable address: INTERFUND NEW YORK Telephone: (1) (202) 623-7000 Telephone: (1) (212) 963-6009 Telex: (RCA) 248331 IMF UR, (MCI) 64111 IMF UW, Facsimile: (1) (212) 319-9O40 (TRT) 197677 FUND UT Facsimile: (1) (202) 623-4661

IMF also maintained offices at Geneva and in Paris.