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Spring and Summer in the Gulf of California

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Spring and Summer in the Gulf of California OCEANOLOGICA ACTA 1985 - VOL. 8 - N• 1 ~---- Gulf of California Satellite Spring and summer in the Gulf Thermal pattern Upwelling of California: Fronts Golfe de Californie Satellite observations of surface thermal Structure thermique Upwelling patterns Fronts A. Badan-Dangon a, C.J. Koblinsky b*, T. Baumgartner a a CICESE, Apartado Postal 2732, Ensenada, B.C., Mexico. b Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La JoUa, CA 92093, USA. * Present Address: Code 921, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA. Received 7/11/83, in revised form 29/6/84, accepted 12/7/84. ABSTRACT A sequence of infrared images of the Gulf of California, taken from the NOAA-6 and TIROS-N satellites between 24 March and 22 August 1980, reveals well defined mesoscale processes whose distribution in time and space reflects the elima tic transition from the spring to summer wind regimes. The most conspicuous structure is a persistent pool of cool water along the western side of Angel de la Guarda Island extending through the Ballenas Channel. This pool does not depend on the wind and is probably a result of strong tidal mixing in the Channel. lt is the coolest surface water in the Gulf, delimited by a system of fronts whose configuration depends on the direction of the local wind. In the spring, northwes­ terly winds drive highly visible plumes of cool upwelled water across the Gulf from the east coast. A transition takes place in late May and early June, after which coastal upwelling appears along the west coast. The summer upwelling is less intense than that in the spring. Oceanol. Acta, 1985, 8, l, 13-22. RÉSUMÉ Printemps et été dans le Golfe de Californie: observation des structures thermiques de surface. Une séquence d'images infrarouges des satellites NOAA-6 et TIROS-N du Golfe de Californie a été obtenue, entre le 24 mars et le 22 août 1981; ces photographies montrent une abondance de structures thermiques d'échelle moyenne, dont la distribution temporelle et spatiale manifeste la transition du régime des vents de printemps à celui d'été. La structure la plus remarquable est une tache persistante d'eau froide entre l'île Angel de la Guarda et la péninsule de la Basse-Californie, qui s'étend le long du Canal des Baleines~ La présence de cette eau froide ne paraît pas dépendre du vent, mais résulte probableme~t du mélange vertical induit par la forte marée dans le canal. Cette région est la plus froide du Golfe, délimitée par un système de fronts dont la configuration dépend de la direction du vent. Au printemps, les vents de Nord-Ouest causent des remontées d'eau froide le long de la côte est du Golfe; la manifestation en surface de cet upwelling, clairement visible dans les images, s'étend jusqu'à la côte opposée. Une transition atmosphéri­ que s'opère fin mai et début juin, et l'upwelling réappâraît le long de la côte ouest du Golfe. L'upwelling d'été est moins intense que celui de printemps. Oceannl. Acta, 1985, 8, 1, 13-22. 0399-1784/85/01 13 10/$ 3.00/© Gauthier-Villars 13 A. BADAN-DANGON. C.J. KOBLINSKY. T. BAUMGARTNER INTRODUCTION The Gulf of California is located between the Baja California peninsula and mainland Mexico. In addi­ tion to supporting a substantial fishery, the Gulf bas long been recognized as an important area for oceanographie research because of its significance as a marginal sea. Although few direct observations. have been made in the Gulf, it is often cloud free, which makes it ideal for observations using satellite remote sensing techniques. This communication des­ cribes the predominant sea surface temperature fea­ tures that occur in a sequence of satellite infrared ; \ images of the Gulf between Marchand August of BAHIA DE toS 1980. Satellite infrared imagery bas emerged as an impor­ tant tool for the identification and study of oceano­ graphie processes. It provides qualitative informa­ tion of remote regions as weil as synopticity for better known areas of the ocean. Koblinsky et al., (1984), among others, have demonstrated that the dominant surface variability seen in satellite infrared images is often the result of advection that cao be associated either with active subsurface processes through geostrophy, or with the wind through Ekman dynamics, depending on the strength ofthese forcing functions. ln the Gulf, Vonder Haar and Stone (1973) used a sequence of orbital photographs from the Gemini and Apollo space missions to examine the shallow water circulation and associated turbidity patterns. The Gulf of California is roughly 1000 km long, oriented Northwest to Southeast, and varies from lOO to 200 km in width (Fig. 1). lt bas an extremely variable bathymetry, which plays a critical rote in the circulation processes seen from space. The two principal physiographic and oceanographie provin­ ces, the upper and lower Gulf, are separated by a group of islands at about 29°N. The upper Gulf is essentially a semi-circular continental shelf enclosing the deeper regions around the pedestal of Angel de la Guarda Island. It is approximately 300 km long Figure 1 Confïguration and generali=ed bathymetry of the and 125 km wide, with 75% of its area covered with Gu(f'llj'Cal[fornia (in rn). Also shown is the areal less than 200 m of water. The lower Gulf consists col'erage of the satellite images presented in this of a series of silled basins which progressively deepen paper. The numbers in the brackets refer to the from about 2000 rn at the center of the Guaymas figure number. Basin in the north to depths of 3000 rn at the mou th of the Gulf. The margins along mainland Mexico (hereafter referred to as the eastern coast) of the The intense forcing by tides, winds, solar heating, lower Gulf have a wider shelf and a more variable and interactions with the open Pacifie Ocean creates coastline than those along Baja California (the a vigorous circulation in the Gulf. This circulation, western coast). Communication between the upper in turn, interacts with the variable bathymetry to and lower Gulf is primarily through the Ballenas create a rich space-time kinetic energy spectrum, Channel. This Channel is bounded by Baja California much of which occurs over periods less than a on the west and a long continuous submarine ridge month. These motions advect the sea surface tempe­ from which rise Angel de la Guarda, San Lorenzo rature field measured by a satellite radiometer. Tidal and smaller islands to the east. The Channel is nearly forcing, mostly by the dominant co-oscillating M2 125 km long and narrows to less than 20 km; depths component (Hendershott, Speranza, 1971), is very in the Channel exceed 1600 m. The Salsipuedes sill important. Tidal ranges as large as 7 rn at the head at the south end of the Channel lies between three of the Gulf and 4 rn in the Ballenas Channel. are islands where depths shoal to between 420 and common. This causes strong tidal flow through the 600m. Ballenas Channel, with a substantial generation of 14 SURFACE THERMAL PATTERNS IN THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA trains of internai waves over the sills (Fu, Holt, EMPALME 1984), internai tides near the continental margins, and rectified residual flow around the islands (Qui­ ros, 1983). In addition, the tidal range more than doubles from neap to spring tides. The character of the direct atmospheric forcing is poorly known and no studies of its spatial distribution exist yet in the literature. The variability of the lower atmosphere, determined from radiosondes, is dominated by ener­ getic events with periods of a few days to a couple of weeks, with amplitudes Iarger than 10 rn/s. Over MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG longer time scales, the alongshore wind switches Figure 2 direction in a major transition that takes place in Time series of winds measured at a height of 1000 mb from late May or early June (Fig. 2), which is associated radiosonde launches at Empalme during 1980. The vectors have with the migration of the high pressure anticyclone been rotated so that the general orientation of the Gulf is vertical over the North Pacifie (Hastings, Turner, 1965). The on the page. unique clear dry air conditions over the Gulf make it the only evaporative basin of the Pacifie (Roden, 1958). The evaporative effect is dominant in water mass generation (Sverdrup, 1941), so fronts and warmer temperatures are associated with darker grey thermohaline circulations are important dynamical shades; bence, clouds are white. The positional processes. Externat forcing from the Pacifie Ocean accuracy of the processed images is approximately can genera te sea levet events in the Gulf with ranges ± 2 picture elements (pixels) or ± 2.2 km. The of about 20 cm at 7 to 20 day periods (Christensen brightness temperature accuracy is on the order of et al., 1983). These events may be generated by ± 0.25 K. Within the period of 150 da ys for which tropical hurricanes off the Pacifie coast south of the we examined infrared imagery, we found 61 images Gulf during the summer (Enfield, Allen, 1983). that were clear enough for use in this study, which The mountain ranges along the Baja Californ'ia indicates that there is better than 30% chance of peninsula prevent low levet clouds from the Pacifie obtaining a usable image in the Gulf on any day. from influencing the Gulf. Consequently, the Gulf By comparison, there is less than 3% chance of is cloud-free most of the time, but exceptions occur collecting a clear image to examine mesoscale varia­ primarily in the summer when moist tropical air bility in the mid-latitude North Pacifie (Van Woert, moves into the Gulffrom the south.
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