pose of seeking membership overlaps roughly aware of how this procedure with "officially subversive" organiza• of exposure works and be prepared eastland strikes at new left tions. to combat it. And members ought not If the coming hearings run true to to be suprised when SDS's turn comes The Hon. James O. Eastland, Sena• The hearings which will follow the form, they will concentrate on naming up for "exposure". Although the new tor from a plantation in Sunflower speeches are aK>arently aiming at members of the CP working in other left has always made clear the basic County, Mississippi, and Chairman of avoiding the "witch-hunt" label and se• organizations. The governments fetish• fncompatibility of Leninism with its the Senate Internal Security Subcom• curing the active cooperation of the like preoccupation with the CP as an conception of democracy, participation mittee, has leaked to the press his Justice Department. The FBI is ex• organization may be broken this year, in movement h£is been based on the intention to introduce a new compre• pected to "surface" several undercover however, by the inclusion of the Pro• honesty and commitment of the indi• hensive anti-subversion bill. This agents working in the movements to gressive Labor Party in the list of vidual ~ rejecting the mechanical comes in the wake of Supreme Court "name names". officially recognized demons. The hear• "screening procedures" of the McCarthy decisions setting aside most of the pro• The potential targets of both the ings, of course, will serve little or period. Quite naturally, SDS has a small visions of the Internal Security Act hearings and the legislation include no legislative purpose and will con• membership overlap with every liberal of 1950 (the McCarran Act). the DuBois Clubs, the National Coor• centrate on trying to illegitlmatize and left-wing organization in die coun• Eastland pledged to begin making dinating Committee to End the War in movement organizations. try detailed speeches soon revealing the Vietnam, local war on poverty advisory All SDS members ought to be tho• (continued on page 8) extent of Communist infiltration of boards, and independent community peace, war on poverty, and student organizations, as well as SNCC and movements. The new legislation ap• SOS. During the last few weeks the parently will be aimed at "infiltration" National Office has been repeatedly rather than another attempt to outlaw notified by local chapters of attempts the Communist Party (CP) as an or• by the FBI to get their local mem• ganization. bership lists, apparently for the pur- new left notes

comments on oglesby an internal newspaper of students for a democratic society from Chicago 1103e. 63rd st. Chicago, il In his report from Italy Carl Ogles• "It was Togliatti who, in 1960, with by presents a mishmash of factual Italy paralyzed by a general strike . .. error, false impressions and baseless refused to take the power that was Vol. t. Mo. 16 loff Ifio poopio doddo May 6, 1966 predictions. Militancy based on an virtually within the palm of his hand". effective radical analysis of society I don't read Italian, but I read French. may have a future; but based on di• All through the 1960 crisis, I read gross erratum vorce from reality it can only lead regularly the French new left publica• to disillusionment. tions that were sympathetic to the youth• Two serious errors were made in re• is being planned by a group of parents Some specifics: According to Ogles• ful left elements, particularly in the producing my article about community from the community. They originated by. in the 1963 elections the Christian left of the PSI, that were directly activities jn Boston in the issue of the idea, they are planning it, they Democrats received 9 million votes, responsible for the anti-Tambroni de• April 24, p 4. First - a whole half are organizing it, it is their school. the Communists 8, Socialists 3, Re• monstrations. These were France-Ob- of the article, the part in the middle I thought I explained carefully in the publicans 1, Social Democrates 1/2, servateur, and Tribune SociaUste, describing somebody's philosophy a- last part of the article, that we can The correct figures were: CD 9, Com• organ of the PSU. Never did I read bout Freedom Schools, this whole sec• no longer properly be regarded as a munists 6, Socialists 3, Social Demo• a claim that the Communists or the tion of tiie article was not written "project", and thus the headline was crats 1 1 /2. Republicans 1 /2. This left generally could have taken power by me, was not in the article I sent ill chosen on two accounts. gives a different picture of the relation• then. in, does not describe anything that ship of forces, to put it mildly. Oglesby's claim that the PCI doesn't is going on in Boston, and I wish I peace Next specific: "the PSIUP, formed want 51% of the votes in the near knew how this piece got stuck into the after the last elections when Nenni middle of my article. It gives a very Larry Gordon, took PSI into the government". But the future is a senseless statement. Since misleading impression. I emphasize, Roxbury, Mass. PSIUP participated in the elections, as he says "thev don't see it", this the whole middle of the article, from getting 2% of the total vote! means tiiat 51% could come about only the second paragraph after number 2 Ed. Note: I agree that it was a gross under different conditions. If such con• till the second paragraph in the last error, but I still cannot discover how ditions did come about, what would column, is somebody else's article and it was done, for the copy that I typed from new york city they do, tell people not to vote for them? and had justified included the mistake. Oglesby says they do foresee 35%. does not refer to Boston. This indicates to me that I typed the The Italian left has asked Oglesby As party rhetoric such figures may Second - the Boston "project" is copy as part of one article. Now, con• the right questions (1) the role of the be thrown around. But the history of not planning the school, as the head• fusion grips me as I don't know who / working class in the anti-war movement Italy in the past twenty years shows line mistakenly implies. The school sent in the other article. (20 when will the new left get an ideo• the same pattern of very slight per• logy, e.g. will it become both anti- centage change in voting patterns that * capitalist and revolutionary socialist in has been characteristic of all Western sunyab students sit-in its perspectives (3) when will it become Eutope parliamentary regimes during political. It seems to me that the time that time. (continued on page 8) As this is being written, approxi• a public meeting on the SUNY/B cam• is at hand for a widespread discussion mately forty State University of New pus, has turned into a determined within SDS and all "new left" ranks or militant opposition to the war. Nor York at Buffalo students are staging effort to demonstrate to the University about these issues. can we afford to dismiss the concern a sit-in in the anterooms of the Pre• the significance of the question of The question about the role of the with working class passivity or outright sident of the University. Dr. Clifford student and faculty involvement in those workers in the development of the left in hostility against political dissent in our Furnas, The sit-in was precipitated by decisions which affect their lives and America Is not merely a reflection of country. a refusal by Dr. Furnas to discuss in academic careers. In response to the "social pathos arid class nostalgia." European workers may not be revolu• public meeting the University's com• Administration's repeated refusals to High wages and low unemployment can• tionary in this period of their own rela• plicity with the Selective Service sys• accede to the group's requests for the not explain the failureof any significant tive prosperity. But they vote socialist tem concerning the upcoming draft President's appearance at a meeting to section of American workers to develop and create crises for non-socialist deferment examinations. ItwasFurnas' explore the relation of the University class conscious socialist commitment. (continued on page 7) contention that no real conflict of func• and the Selective Service and the es• tions would result from the use of sentially unfair nature of student de• University facilities for the admini• ferment, these students have proposed stration of the exam, empirical evi• to sit in the President's offices until may 1 nac minutes dence (if any was needed) of the power they can come to a satisfactory ar• elite syndrome and pervasiveness of rangement with the University admini• The NAC meeting was attended by ference to launch the test program. the military-industrial complex. Fur• stration. members Mike Goldfield, Lee Webb, The draft contained a radical criti• nas, it might be added, is a former Bob Speck, and alternatives Paul Booth cism of the war and the discussed Undersecretary of Defense and pre• Members of the University faculty and Aerlin Weissman. Eric Chester the class bias the draft and the test. have expressed a growing support for Webb disagreed with the draft state• sently holds a position on the board this movement on the issue of academic was also there. ment and thought it should concentrate of directors of the Marine Midland freedom. The statements which these The NAC voted to send $150 to the on the test program itself. He said Trust Co. of Western New York. members of the academic community L. A. region, so that it could pay debts that there would be a grest deal of What had started out as a request signed yesterday afternoon have grown necessary for its continued existence. criticism by chapters which would feel to the President that he take part in in numbers. According to some mem• Pam Smith of The Iowa-Missouri re• the NO had formulated national policy bers of the sit-in group, there is a gion and Jane Adams of the Kansas- without consulting the membership's possibility that student sympathy de• Nebraska region were also given $50 approval. Booth, Speck, and Chester hershey tours? monstrations may take place as far a- each. The NAC voted to urge these thought it was important to use the The Indiana University Committee way as Boston, San Francisco, and regions to become self-sufficient and press conference as a platform for to End the War held a mass rally to Berkeley. not to rely on funds from the NO. presenting a radical position and that coincide with the aH)earance of General A fund-raising series of showings of the membership had opposed both the Hershey. Several SDS members spoke Rick Salter the movie Salt of the Earth will be war and the test. They felt that the at the rally of the effects on civil held in Chicago. The NAC voted to test program itself would be fully liberties of the war and specifically sf state bows make the first night an event and explored in the question period. It was of Hershey's abuse of the draft. The The San Francisco State VDC and have speakers from SDS and community decided that Booth should discuss the rally, attended by 250 people, then SDS have succeeded in stopping the groups. Tickets to adults will be $3 nature of the war, the draft, and the turned into a march and picket line tests from being held on campus. The or $4 night and students $1.50. test. at the convocation hall. A group of Faculty Senate had unanimously passed Rich Berkowitz and Eric Chester 500 well organized hecklers threw eggs a motion stating that "the registrar were added to the national staff. The press conference was set for occasionally but there was no real not circulate or record class stand• Bob Speck will remain editor of the Tuesday May 3, on the step of the violence. Some of the picketers then ings." "The college not allow its faci• New Left Notes until another person Selective Service System in Washing• went inside and denounced Hershey for lities to be used for giving the college volunteers. The paper will remain eight ton. Prof. Dowd of the Inter-University reclassifying students for sitting in qualification test." The VDC also pages long when there is enough copy Committee for Debate on Foreign at the Ann Arbor draft board. threatened to massively demonstrate and articles of analysis will be en• Policy joined Booth. Only eight re• against the test. As a result of this couraged. Anyone wishing to be editor porters showed up and little national At Dartmouth, April 9, 75 persons pressure, the university has cancelled will work with Speck for some time publicity developed. The NAC voted were at a rally denouncing the ap• the contracts for the holding of all to find out how the paper operates. that some staffers should go to SRA pearance of Hershey at that school. the tests on campus. The chapter in• Discussion then returned to theViet- and talk with the people there. The Hershey is now on a tour of campuses. tends to continue to exert pressure to cam Test Program. Booth read the press was called but none showed. Can^ he go anywhere without being met force the university to end ranking. draft of a statement for a press con• with militant protests? 2 NEW LEFT NOTES MAY 6, 1966

NEW LEFT NOTES Published weekly by Students for a Democratic Society, 1103 E. 63rd St., Chicago, 111. 60637. Phone (312) 667-6050. Application to mail at second-class sf State resolution postage rates is pending at Chicago, 111, Subscriptions: $1 a year for members; $5 a year for nonmembers. Signed articles and letters are the responsibility of the writer. Unsigned articles are the responsibility of the editor, Whereas the director of Selective strably nor apparently valid determi• Service has recently promulgated the nants of the degree to which a student Editor, Speck utilization by local draft tx>ards of may derive life-time benefits from his class standings and college qualifi• educational experience, nor of the de• STUDENTS FOR A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY cation scores as criteria for deter• gree to which he deserves to share Carl Oglesby, president; Jeffrey Shero, vice-president; and Paul mining student draft status, and in that experience to the best of his Booth, national secretary. whereas students i^o emerge from ability, nor, certainly, of the degree National Office: 1103 E. 63rd St., Chicago, 111. 60637; (312) 667-6050 backgrounds of relative cultural de• to which he deserves to live or die. New York City: 49 West 27th St., New York, N. Y. 10001; privation or who are forced by eco• Therefore be it resolved that the (212) 889-5793 nomic necessity to work while attending Academic Senate of San Francisco New England: 839 Beacon St., Boston, Mass.; (617) 547-5457 college will be unfairly disadvantaged State College deplores the utilization Southern California; 1132 Miramar, Los Angeles, Calif.; (213) 629-8218 by such criteria, and whereas students of class standings or examination Northern California: 924 Howard St., San Francisco, Calif.; (415) whose predilections and most developed 362-7922 capacities are in the arts and human• scores as criteria for determining stu• let the people decide May 6, 1966 ities will be unfairly disadvantaged dent draft status and recommends that Vol. 1, No. 16 in competing with students in sciences, the President instruct that: because the examination prepared and 1) the registrar will not calculate administered by the "Science Research or record class standings propose constitutional Associates of Chicago" is seriously 2) the College will not afford its skewed toward the measurement of facilities to the Science Research scientific problem solving, and whereas Associates of Chicago for the these criteria must Inevitably subvert administration of the College Qua• omendmenls the best efforts of faculties committed lification Test to realizing the liberalizing potential 3) the current policy of submitting of higher education because die com• individual student transcripts {not petition for grades resulting from such class standing) to requesting a- Ed note: The following two amendments of the budget and organization of fund criteria will discourage students from gencies only at the request of to the SDS constitution are being sub• raising; interviewing and appointment exploring academic areas and activities the student involved will be con• mitted to the national convention in of the National Secretary and other' in which they are unsure of abilities tinued August-September for approval. such staff as budget allows; appoint• to receive high grades, and whereas 4) On receipt of requests for class The purpose of this ammendment, ment of committee chairman and re• grades and test scores do, in fact, standings of facilities for the ex• frankly, is to have the SDS Consti• presentatives to other organizations, possess a measurable reliability for amination the requesting agency tution reflect reality. On October 6, overseeing the functioning of the Ad• estimating the likelihood that a student will be informed of this decision all relationships between SDS and the ministrative Committee; drafting an will receive similar grades and test and its rationale. LID ceased, having been ratified by annual report; and making arrange• scores in similar courses or on similar the LID board and the SDS National ments for the Convention. examinations, but are neither demon• adopted April 26, 1966 Council. The Constitution, however, (2) with many sections and sentences re• The NAC shaU have the following func• lating to die LID, remained unchanged. tions; to oversee the regular opera• The cause of such an anamaious tions of the National Office and staff, situation was that the Constitution can icludlng correspondence, member• wave net work only to ammended by either a con• ship, and financial records, coordinate sfiorf vention of the organization, or a mem• the program and activities of chapters ; During my travels around the states equipment without much difficulty. In bership referendum. As neither was to implement decisions of the National I was continuously confronted with hopes that this seemingly untapped re• Council. people who wanted to know what was source can be utilized I am sending done, the following ammendment be• happening in the movement in other out a plea that interested people con• came necessary. areas. These people were in agree• tact me. If there is an encouraging CONSTITUTIONAL AMMENDMENT ON ment that publications and travelers response, I will compile a list of I move that: INTERNAL EDUCATION fell short of providing adequate com• names, addresses, call letters and a) the present Article n be strick• munication throughout the country. Ob• other pertinent information and send a en and all subsequent articles ARTICLE: IX viously a means of communication was copy to each person who has contacted be renumbered accordingly needed vdiich would provide more per• me. Possibly a complete list could be b) that in Article VI (National Coun• Section 4: The National Vice President sonal contact and stimulate a greater published in New Left Notes at a later cil) Section 2 the third and last is responsible for internal educa• feeling of involvement in a truly na• date. Regardless of the success of sentence the words ". . . the tion. He is to stimulate and coor• tional movement. this on a national scale, each parti• LID and ..." and "... coordi• dinate educational programs with• A shortwave communications system cipant will be benefitted. nation of relation with the LID ..." in SDS. He shall be responsible throughout the country could quite pos• be stricken so that the sentence read to the President and National sibly fulfill this need. There are un• p. f. & I. be stricken so that the sentence Council. doubtedly licensed radio operators in Bill Stanley read as follows: or at least friendly to the movement, P.O. Box 7098 (1) present Section 4 becomes Section 5. and in areas where there aren't peo• University Station submitted by ple can obtain licenses and dig up Austin, Texas 78712 ... the NC shall be responsible for the drafting of a budget, administration Lee Webb delano summer student project FARM WORKERS want to be or• ers for la causa. in Delano's grapes. They developed the - Student Committee for Agricul• ganized so that they can have enough 3. OTHER ASSIGNMENTS will be made roving picket lines needed to cope with tural Labor (Berkeley) and similar power to change their situation Stu• to take advantage of special skills a "factory" of 400 square miles with committees at UCLA and other dents of good will can help the workers student volunteers might have. over 10,000 "entrances". They found the campuses struggle with their social, economic, scabs and talked them out of the fields - California SNCC political problems by becoming part THE DELANO GRAPE STRIKE despite furious growers, hired bun-man - Students for a Democratic Society of the NFWA (National Farm Workers "guards", vicious dogs; police intimi• DETAILS Association) organizing effort. YoucL*n California's farm labor history is dation. Upon receiving the application blank, help the trbajadores campeslnos bring a story of human misery. Ever since Strike-breakers were brought hun• and with a letter explaining why you the full story of the grape strike and the Indians were enslaved by the Span• dreds of miles without being told of are interested, NFWA will send you their demands for justice to people ish invaders, succeeding waves of the strike. October 19, 44 pickets were notice of acceptance or rejection. Those everywhere. Asians, Grapes of Wrath folk and arrested testing the constitutionality accepted will be asked for further Mexicans have fed the cheap labor of police restrictions by calling !Hu- information and for SIO.OO registration THE SUMMER'S JOB supply of wealthy agri-business. After elga ! (Strike !) into a field. fee, and will receive further informa• years of exclusion from the legislation A boycott began since the workers tion from us. Once project workers 1. BOYCOTT AND SUPPORT. A nation and organization which improved the were denied the dignity of collective arrive at the training session on June wide network of boycott staff is being lot of other American workers, today bargaining. SNCC, SDS, CORE, church 19, NFWA will provide "subsistence" established to reduce the sales and southern Negro and western Spanish- groups and others gave invaluable sup• " food, shelter, travel. However, we image of Delano growers who fail speaking farm workers are fighting port. The workers made a 300 mile are deptmdent on contributions. You to recognize their organized workers. their way out of the trap. They have ought to raise as much as possible. Boycott activities will include direct been ignored oppressed; cheated, and Pilgrimage to Sacremento, bringing the Start now ! - action, picketing, public education, and at best patronized. This is no longer revolution throughout California. Thou• organizing wide-spread community sup• going to haf^en; thanks to the non• sands joined them. For information and/or application port. The farm worker's cause has violent revolution of which NFWA is Now first steps toward possible re• forms write or call person to person, drawn together churches, union locals, a dramatic and indiginous part. cognition have begun and Schenley's has your expense, to Gene Boutilier, Fres• minority and civil ri^ts groups, stu• been released from the boycott. But no, (209) 227-1350 or Delano, (805) dent movements, and other community Since 1962 Cesar Chavez has been this is only the beginning. Farm work• 725-0751. organizations in strike support and creating this unique organization, be• ers are on the move and will keep IF YOU CANNOT COME: joint action for social justice. Some ginning in Delano. He started at night, marching until the agribusiness system - send funds, personally, and get sup• students will have a part in coordi• working in the fields by day. Today grants them justice, JOIN THEM! port from organizations for the NFWA nating this force and participating in his tiny band of co-workers has grown Many organizations stand with the Student Summer Project, Box 894, these organizations on behalf of NFWA to over 2000 family members, paying NFWA in encouraging you to join la Delano, California. in cities across the nation. $3.50 monthly (until the strike) for causa. - write your representatives in govern• newspaper, insurance; funeral society, Among them are the following: ment about justice for agricultural 2. REACHING THE UNORGANIZED coop, credit union, health clinic, legal (partial listing, time was very short) labor; especially minimum wage, un• WORKERS+ Many teams of organized aid, children's activities, a theatrical - National Student Association employment insurance, cqUective bar• farm-workers and students will go out troupe, and staff services to fight for - National Student Christian Feder• gaining rights. .. from the strike zone to carry the story a'member's rights. ation (representing many denomin• - work in your 6wn community on the in California, the Southwest and Mex• In September, 1965, the NFWA joined ational student groups) boycott. Write for details. ico, keeping scabs out and signing work• a strike begun by AWOC (AFL-CIO) - Young Christian Students IHUELGAI NFWA NEW LEFT NOTES MAY 6, 1966 3 fice (probably including a paid office The New England Region of SDS, manager ). In the other subregions, the because of its size and diversity has structure and organizing could be sub• slowly and, as yet, unsatisfactorially sumed under the most pctive or central been developing a relevant regional new england chapter in the^rea. It might also be structure. This difficulty was not to a rotating responsibility if this seems be unexpected as the experience alone possible and efficient. The personnel of establishing a region was bound to described for this structural level introduce problems wliich could only remains flexible and should depend be solved with the experience of time. regional development upon the needs of each area. In Boston Many such problems have been solved where the demand for efficient organi• but the largest remains. The regional zation is probably greatest the sub- office, overloaded and overworked, has in such isolation on the U. Maine cam• region could be organized around a been unable to serve the region as a pus is in turn isolated in many ways The Structure subregional office under the guidance whole and in this sense it has failed. from much of New England. It des• of a subregional representative coun• The major impediment to improving perately needs continuing contacts with REGIONAL OFFICE cil. . our structure has been to a large ex• SDS activities all over the region. tent the result of a misconception. The newsletter with well-written chap• 1) Purpose 1) Purpose Reasonably we fear the introduction ter reports would serve an important a) Center for communication a) Coordinate action on sub- and development of a Parkinsonian bu• purpose in this sense. In summary and information regional programs and issues reaucracy, a structure wliich by de• the regional office would serve Maine b) Assist in chapter organiza• b) Assist Chapter development finition is the antithesis of a grass in an important way be constantly de• tion and development c) Organize debates and speak• roots movement. Unreasonably, how• veloping contacts for them, publicizing c) Literature purchase for re• ers for the subregion ever, we often equate organizational their needs, putting them in touch with sale and for free campus distri• d) Organize conference on to• efficiency with bureaucracy. Some persons working on similar projects bution wherever necessary. pics of purely subregional in• would argue that what our region does all over the region (e.g. labor or• d) Regional conference organi• terest not have and desperately needs is or• ganizing), and offering them financial zation e) Fund raising ganizational efficiency and that in fact backing when necessary and possible e) Major fund raising effort we are already burdened with an in• from an emergency fund which could for the region 2) Personnel be established. efficient bureaucracy. 21 Personnel a) Office Manager (paid) The following proposal should meet There are obviously many more a) Office Manager (paid) b) Fund raiser (volunteer) the needs of an efficient organization services that fit the needs of each c) Campus traveler (for local for the New England Region without campus in a different way. With the b) Fund raiser (paid) traveling and chapter assis• developing beyond the control of each proper structure and sufficient per• c) Campus traveler (paid) tance) individual and each chapter. This de• sonnel, backed by a well-organized d) Newsletter Editor and Of• d) Newsletter Editor (Only if pends, however, on a distinction to fund-raising effort the region could fice Assistant (paid) a felt need not fulfilled by the be made explicit which has been only not only service the chapters all over regional newsletter) Implicit, if that, in the past. The New England but chapters could be SUBREGIONAL STRUCTURE distinction is between service and or• developed on the poorer campuses with This depends upon the subregion. 3) Composition ganizing. Organizers, must be in per• regional financing until they could sup• Unless a better organization is- sug• a) Campus chapters sonal contact with whatever group is port themselves. gested there whould be four subregions: b) High School chapters being organized. Service, on the other The proposal then is to structure 1) Eastern Mass., (2) Western Mass., c) Adult chapters or issue hand, need not be personal. The size groups of the area to be serviced is limited the region on three levels. Within 3) Connecticut and Rhode Island, and only by the capability of the servic• each level there are specific purposes 4) Maine, New Hampshire and Ver• d) At large chapters ing group to remain efficient and to and when necessary there should be mont. In the Eastern Mass. subregion continue to serve the needs of its paid staff members. there is already a demand for an of- e) Dudley Street Action Center constituents. At present the regional office serves M CHAPTERS both functions (organizing and service) These would include all chapters and as a result can serve neither in the subregion. Chapters would be adequately. Service, then, should be defined in the same manner as within the primary function of the regional the national organization. Each chapter office and its organizing function would would structure itself as it saw fit be carried out almost entirely by the sds & regions: and would fund raise from the group campus traveler. immediate to it (e.g. college chapters from the university community, adult chapters from the adults participating Service Function son froncisco view and their friends). If no such fund The service functions that the re• raising potential exists in terms of gional office could perform are un• a chapters constituency (e.g. Dudley limited. To select as an example the 1. Office. There should be several C. Regional offices. District offices Street) it would be done through the University of Maine chapter Euid how levels of offices or functional units. should encourage and help regional fund raiser for the subregion, or if the office could provide service to it A. Specialized-national. There are offices get started and develop. By necessary the regional fund raiser but will suggest only some of these ways, several functions that would best be necessity these offices would be with the personnel of the chapter. the chapter is a relatively week chap• kept on the national level: New Left smaller, probably far more dependent The purpose of the chapter would ter in terms of size and exists on Notes; central office of the Radical on volunteer staff, more involved with be determined by that chapter. a particularly hostile academic and Education Project; publication unit to campus chapter coordination and devel• socio-political environment. A simple handle such as PHS, Freedom Draft opment to die exclusion of other func• A DEMOCRATIC BODY but important need is free literature cards, bulk reprints and so forth that tions and more localization. It seems imperative that if the New for distribution to members and to economy dictates be centralized al• D. Projects. Here I include ERAP England Region is going to be an admi• "hangers-on". The chapter feels this though this doesn't argue for a huge projects and other types of commiuiity nistrative area, as was originally in• could be important in education the outlay of cash for capital equipment or specialized projects. For example, tended and as has been proposed in membership and the campus as well but probably skilled use of existing the SDS Store Front/New School would the outline just presented, that It must as greatly assisting organizing efforts business enterprises much as NLN is be included. Hopefully, these would be also have a decision-making structure on the campus. done. encouraged, set up, help to be staffed, which permits maximum participation In considering university reform U. I would put the national office in funded to some extent by the district of aU concerned individuals in the area. I Maine is denied the luxury of consi• this category in that it handles certain office of the region it is in (helped, of There should be a regional council derations such as philosophy of the specialized functions that can best be course, by regional offices). Projects which would consist of a representa• curriculum as being studied at MIT handled on the national level: maybe, would be autonomous in the sense that tive from each chapter (it's not ne• In a seminar. The academic atmos• but not necessarily, NLN; maybe, but ERAP projects now are. cessary but desirable that he be the phere is so hostile that the chapter not necessarily, publications: national 2. Decision making. The question of same for each meeting). The council members are intimidated in many ways: fund raising; liaison with international who is to make decisions is extremely would meet every four to six weeks attempts have been made (almost suc• unions of students; handling whatever difficult and not one that can be solved depending upon the necessity of such cessfully) to cancel a student loan; coordination is needed between dis• at the present time. By necessity, the a meeting. to speak out against the war in Viet tricts offices (or whatever they will be district offices are constantly in the In an organization which calls itself Nam the members must go to a free called); carrying out national programs process of developing new constituen• Students for a Democratic Society it speech area carefully placed in the if necessary; setting up or insuring cies and in that sense organizing rather is ironic to have to argue that there most remote comer of the campus; that national meetings take place; fill• than servicing an existing membership. is a need for democratic structure. ROTC members have seriously threat• ing gaps left by other offices. In what way should an existing college In the past many of the chapters ened SDS members with sufficient ac• membership influence or determine outside the Boston area have been loath tion on some of the threats to lead B. District offices or supra-regional what work is being done with high school to commit themselves to such a struc• one member who lives alone to sleep or sub-national. Offices should be form• students or adults? From what area do ture. This probably is based on two ed or helped to further develop in four you draw a governing council for the premises. First travel to Boston is an with a Bowie knife by his bed. or five locations that could effectively work that a district office is doing? University reform in such a context service the entire country. These inconvenience or an improbability. This demands outside assistance. This could offices should attempt to duplicate for Probably the national council and the might be dealt with by rotating such be forthcoming in a number of ways. their region all the functions now per• convention should be maintained fairly a meeting around the region. Prominent New England professors formed hy the NO, REP, and ERAP much as it now exists. The question is Second and probably more important could be selected to speak at the NO, etc. Literature should be printed whether those two groups ehould be the chapters see no reason to meet campus against the repressive aca• and distributed by these offices. A retained to service the campus division to discuss an office \rtiich has served demic life. Efforts could be made regional newsletter, similar to the one of SDS or whether they should begin the Boston area primarily and provides all over the region to highlight the put out by the San Francisco office to be thought of as bridging constituen• little more than a newsletter for the campus repressionsinnewspapersboth should come out bi-weekly. Attempts cies in some fashion. It's really not rest of the region. Presuming the collegiate and other witii well-written should be made to workathighschools, realistic to expect junior high school structure as outlined in the proposal muck-raking articules. Finally admass college, and adult levels. Responsibility chapters to be on an equal footing above it would seem this premise regional demonstration could be held should be assumed for establishing with the old guard of SDS. I guess should no longer exist. at the campus to protest the treat• large scale summer projects. Ideology I would prefer maintenance and slow The proposal implies and demands ment of student dissenters and the and research projects and conferences evolution of an imperfect structure than significant increase in funds available SDS chapter. The regional office could should be sponsored. Contact with the experimentation of radically new ones. to the region through a major fund- operate as a coordinating center for region should be the responsibility of The openness and fluidity of the NC raising effort. These funds will be chapters on subregions assisting U. the district offices. To a large extent and the convention have much to speak utilized for the region both in terms of Maine. they should be a creature of the National for them, but I would think that by the of services, as suggested above, and in Council. In addition, the chapter which exists (ctmtimied on page 7) (continued on page 6) 4 NEW LEFT NOTES MAY 6, 1966 ED. Note: Pages (our and five are reproduced fromlhe Move• ment, Publication of Son Francisco SNCC. We ore reproducing these pages because they contain informationrevolenttothe new phase of the Delano form workers strike, which we feel that SDS should hove for support activities. The National Farm Workers Association asks you: Please Don't Buy TREE-SWEET FRUIT JUICES S&W FINE FOODS

These are products of the DiGiorgio Corporation, the largest grower of grapes in the Delano area. It has em• ployed farm workers at miserable wages for years, 3,000 farm workers have been on strike in Delano since September, 1965. Thousands more marched in the Pil• grimage to Sacramento, The Schenley Corporation broke down and negotiated. But the DiGiorgio Corporation will not grant UNION RECOGNITION and COLLECTIVE BAR• GAINING -- rights that should be taken for granted. Instead it has made a fraudulent offer of elections among scab workers to see if they want a union. The strikers have already voted with their bodies, by going on strike. They have voted continuously for eight months. Those workers now working for DiGiorgio are scabs who went to work while other men starved for their rights. Therefore, the NFWA is calling for a nationwide boy• cott of all DiGiorgio products, including S&W FINE FOODS and TREE-SWEET FRUIT JUICES, until DiGiorgio recog• nizes the NFWA as the sole bargaining agent for the Di• Giorgio workers. The DiGiorgio Corporation has a heart -- right in its pocketbook. YOU can hurt it there. Help the boycott! Help us succeed as we did against Schenley's!

George BalUs photo DiGIORGIO ARMED GUARD, Herschel Nunez, On April 21, Nunez assaulted Delano striker Manuel Rosas, beating him The DiGiorgio Struggle on the side of the head with his nightstick. Rosas was hos• Members of the National Farm Workers' going on, and even if there was one, it pitalized with 10 stitches. The incident broke up discussions Association have been on strike against the wasn't hurting 'them!. More grapes were of elections that were going on at the very same moment DiGiorgio Corporation's 4.600 acre Sierra picked this year, they said, than ever be• between the DiGiorgio Corporation and the NFWA. Ranch since September 15, 1965. They are fore. Meanwhile, scabs began showing up asking for union recognition and a wage raise from farther and farther away -wlnosfrom from $1,25 an hour and 10^ a box of grapes, Stockton, Mexican nationals, even Arabs — -to $1.40 an hour and 25^ a box. Since they and the corporation began changing the have won neither union recognition nor the markings on its grape trucks and boxes to Organizing Committee and the NFWA, The strike or bring economic pressure such wage raise, they are asking for your help confuse the boycott workers. Pruning sea• Independent Farm Workers' Association, as a boycott either before, during or AFTER In a consumers' boycott of DiGiorgio pro• son came; the growers continued to deny as Senator Robert Kennedy proved in the negotiations, even if the negotiations broke ducts. that the picket line had any effect; and the recent farm labor hearings in Visalia, is down, Hie striking workers were not permitted DiGiorgio Corporation sued the National not a workers' union at all, but a company in short, MGlorgio demanded that the to vote for or against a union before they Farm Workers' Association for damages union controlled by the DiGiorgio Corpora• union accept ahead of time certain things walked off the job. Once they had walked off, and loss. tion and its labor contractors, AWOC, the that no union would agree to once it had the DiGiorgio Corporation began to bring The strike is costly to the strikers and second proposed party to the elections, had sat down to the bargaining table. in strike-breakers from other areas to work it must be won. To dramatize their prob• not been on strike against DiGiorgio. Only Holding a free election, even among for more than the snrikers had been getting lem, as the civil rights movement has done, the NFWA can represent the workers, but scabs, would be a problem in itself. TVes- themselves. When the strikers picketed the the striking workers set out on a 300-mile the DiGiorgio Corpwratlon has refused to passing ordinances have always kept union Sierra Vista Ranch to run back the scabs pilgrimage and organizing march up the recognize the NFWA. organizers off the DiGiorgio land and away they were met with police harassment, San Joaquin Valley to Sacramento, TVe- There were more problems. Although the from the homes of farm workers living threats of arrestfortrespassingif they went mendous support developed during the 3- NFWA supports the use of elections in there. How could the union campaign? The on the land to speak to the scabs, and phy• day march and by the end of it, Schenley's, labor disputes before a strike, none of its day after DiGiorgio called for elections he sical obstructions such as noise or clouds the second largest Delano grower, had members are working for DiGiorgio any held a meeting of all the scabs working for of dust from tractors run by supervisors agreed to recognize NFWA and negotiate a more — they are all on strike. In the "Di• him. Anti-union speeches were made and while the scabs were in the field. wage raise. Unions and newspapers all over Giorgio elections" they won't even be able the men were served free candy and soda When the NFWA, with the help of the In• the country had come out in support of the to vote! pop. Was a union represented freely at this ternational Longshoremen's and Ware• strikers' demands. Governor Brown had And even more problems. Before the meeting? On Thursday, April 21, a DiGior• housemen's Union, stopped the loading of seriously embarrassed himself by not show• elections, all parties entering would have gio guard drew a gun on a woman striker DiGiorgio grapes at the docks in San Fran• ing up to meet the marchers at the Capitol to agree to certain conditions. If they won, who was trying to speak to the scabs, cisco and Oakland, the corporation asked Easter morning. they would have to submit to compulsory threw her to the ground and hit another for a court injunction against union Inter• And then DlGiorgioofferedelections.Elec• arbitration of any future disagreement by an picket on the side of the head, requiring ference with its products. The injunction was tions to determine what union, if any, would arbitration board of one company and one ten stitches ^ee photo above). Is this free refused. represent the workers in the DiGiorgio union representative, and acourtapptointee. speech? As the unpicked grapes rotted on the fields. According to DiGiorgio, three The union would have to stick to the de• Our only alternative is to keepthepress- vines and as the scabs mishandled the grapes "unions" would be parties to the elections cision of this group — a rule rejected by ure on the DiGiorgio Corporation with a they did pick, the growers, DiGiorgio in• — the Kern-Tulare Independent Farm Work• all labor unions. Whether they won or not, boycott and strike until it makes an honest cluded. Insisted that there was no strike ers' Association, the Agricultural Workers' none of the unions would be allowed to offer of union recognition and negotiations. NEW LEFT NOTES AAAY 6, 1966 5

Boycott Instructions The Facts on DiGiorgio:

1. Call an emergency meeting of your group to form an ad hoc committee to aid the farm workers' strike. Delegates from interested and sympathetic groups: civil rights, The "Kublai Khan of Kern County" church, union. . .should also be invited, 2. Send a delegation to the Retail Clerks Union, Inform them of the boycott, and ask their As Seen by a Grower Historian cooperation. They might (unofficially) advise a large chain-store not to buy DdGiorglo products. This union could also collect all canned foods returned by the chains and send The DiGiorgio Wine Company is owned by duce auctioneering stems from Its founder's them to the NFWA office in Delano for families of strikers. the famed DiGiorgio Fruit Corporation, one early perception that the small grower and 3. Send a delegation to the management of selected chains and ask them officially not to of those legendary free enterprise success city jobber who supplies the small retailer buy DiGiorgio products. You may tell the management that you intend to use a consumer stories so characteristic of the United both need a free, open and honest market. informational boycott: but you're forbidden by law to use threats of coercion or a general States and embracing the fabulous career This led to the company owning a controll• boycott of the store. Students should try to persuade their school cafeterias not to serve of the late Joseph DiGiorgio, farmer, ing interest in five major U.S. auction DiGiorgio products. grower, entrepreneur extraordinary and companies. 4. Set up — AS SOON AS POSSIBLE—an informational consumer picket in front of founder of the great corporation that bears In 1919 Joe DiGiorgio acquired eighteen selected chains. This kind of informational picket means you hand out leaflets to all cus• his name, square miles of farmland in southern San tomers entering the store and ask them to respect the boycott, Giuseppe (Joe JDlGiorglo, who died in 1951 Joaquin Valley, now officially deslgnacedas IN ADDITION to this kind of picket line we would also like to see some lines with signs at the age of 77, rose from a lemon packer DiGiorgio, California. Hie land was wrested and placards urging customers not to buy these products, on his father's small farm at Sicily to the from the desert with the aid of pumped 5. IT IS VERY lMPORT.\NT"in order to create the kind of persuasive tension that is dynamic direction of a mulUmillion dollar water, DiGiorgio remarking: "Fruit is needed in Delano — to make every effort to publicizethis boycott through the newspapers, agricultural organization to become as the nothing but water and labor and more labor radio and TV in your area, press and the trade hailedhim:"The Kublai and freight." 6. This intensive and short-term effort to inform the consumer-publie can be the best Khan of Kern County" and "The Paul He foresaw that the Prohibition was way to build future support for California farm workers who are fighting for their right Bunyan of Agriculture," doomed. In 1932, driving past the Italian of collective bargaining, IT IS UP TO YOU. Young Peppino, as he was called by his Swiss Colony at Asti, Sonoma County, he 7. We are forbidden by law to boycott stores merely because they handle DiGiorgio family, decided to leave the Sicilian semin• stopped and decided to get into the business. products. Picket lines cannot encourage general boycotts by consumers of a store or by ary where he was enrolled, to seek his This he did with such success that whMi employees of stores carrying DiGiorgio products. fortune in America, Armed only with a National Distillers bought Italian Swiss small consignment of his family's lemon Colony in 1942, DiGiorgio owned 37,5%. Viva la causal crop, the fourteen year old boy landed in DiGiorgio has many other interests in• New York vidiere he found work with an cluding a resort area in Borrego Valley National Farm Workers Association, Box 894, Delano importer and fruit jobber at $8 a week. near Palm Springs, the Del Vista Winery After a few years he moved to Bakimore, at Delano and lumber mill operations in Another "DiGiorgio Election" where he went into the jobbing business for Oregon, While the Del Vista Winery was himself. His chief interest at the time was sold, at a handsome profit in 1945, the next In an interesting interview in the Los and the "third and it's rotting. We're in bananas, for which Baltimore was the chief year a modem winery, with a storage Angeles Times, August 15, 1937, which the shipping business and it's got to move. port. He obtained a loan from the Maryland capacity of 9,500,000 gallons was con• appeared under the title "I Work, You How can you have a union? K you think National Bank and acquired his first cor• structed at DiGiorgio (Cat,), permitting Work; the Land Works," Mr, (Joseph) you can, go ahead and try it. If this farm porate enterprise, the Monumental Trading further expansion of bulk wine production. DiGiorgio set forth his views on labor goes to helT your jobs go, too," Tlieem- Company, At the age of 21, he became a The senior DiGiorgio had no children organization. It seems some organizers ployees then "voted" and, after the vote director of the bank. but trained his nephews in the operation appeared at his factory and said, "Mr, was taken, announced the result. "Mr, In 1904 Joe DiGiorgio founded the Balti• of the business. Following his death he DiGiorgio, we're going to unionize your DiGiorgio, we have voted," "That's a good more Fruit Exchange, cornerstone of the was succeeded to the presidency by Joseph farm." "You're going to what?" he de• American way," DiGiorgio replied. "Do DiGiorgio auction business. In 1911 he pur• S. DiGiorgio while the brothers Philip manded. "My men are free men. You aren't you give your pay to those fellows in the chased the Earl Fruit Co., a long estab• and Joseph A. and another cousin, Robert going to do anything here they don't want city, or not?" To quote from the interview, lished California shipper, and seven years DiGiorgio, are vice presidents of the giant done!" So concerned was Mr. DiGiorgio- "A smile flashed across the man's sun• later acquired some Florida citrus land, enterprise, Robert also being president of about the "freedom" of his employees, burned face. 'The men say nothin' doing,' forerunners of the vast DiGiorgio holdings the DiGiorgio Wine Company, that he promptly called a meeting and "Good,' said DiGiorgio, 'on the DiGiorgio in California and Florida, — from Guide to California Wines by addressed his men on the subject of unioni• farms we grow croos — and men]'" Not everything went Joe's way. He fought John MelviUe, 1%0, zation, "You know that one day the ftrult Is — from Factories in the Field, by Carey the United Fruit Company, giant of the green," he orated, "and the next it's ready. McWilliams, 1939. banana industry, for his share ui uus profitable business In a running battle that was to last a quarter of a century but the DiGiorgio Corporation Today going was rough. On the verge of bank• ruptcy he saved himself through a bold TTie DiGiorgio Corporation's sales were BOYCOTT CHECK LIST arrangement whereby he supplied Jamaican $132,389,000 in 1964. Its net income in that growers with Cuban and Mexican bananas year was $2,536,000, Its net income doubled S&W FINE FOODS MacGills so they could fulfill their committments between 1960 and 1964. TREE-SWEET FRUIT JUICES Verbena in the event of ioss by hurricane. In return The corporation's assets are $65,049,000, they provided him with the necessary banana They include about 24,000 acres of land in Indian River White Rose bottoms (Jand) to make shipments to Eng• grapes, citrus fruits,plums,pears,aspara• Blue Flag Redi-Tea land and other European centers. gus, potatoes, cotton, grain and other crops, Blue Parrot Pique The DiGiorgio firm's eminence in pro• — from FARM LABOR, V, 3, No, 3, Broadway Premier C&T Premium Sun Vista Foods Doughtery Sunny land Golden Peak Jolly Farmer DiGiorgio and His Cronies: Hi-Color ofgio nil L'tilitlea los Angeles Tuif Club Diglofgio Prult Corp. Southern California Edison Co. 'TSPF'ICEIIS Harry J, Bauer, Dir. Prentis ^:^le. Pit. Pacific Gas & Electric Co. :essinE ' Carl F. Wente, Dir.- S.IW:J. Blunlela Tlae. PaoftPres. Petroleum J.S.DiGicrglo, Dif. Union Cll Co. R. DiGiorgio, Dir. ibert DiGiorgio, Dir. P.DiGiorgio, Dir.. Prentis Kale, Dir. r.p, Hudson, Dir. Petroleum Eijuipinent R,S. McPoi^t, Dir... Suppliers Association Treesweet Products . E.S. Dulin. Dir. K.P. Hudson, Secretsry/ J,S. DiGiorgio, Dif. t'aoufactuf ing P. DiGiorgic, Dir. lockheei Aircraft Corp. R. DiGiorgio, Dir. E.S. Dulin, Dir. Biiladelphia Terninals lorm-^^atner, Corp. .auction Corporation E.S. Dulin. Div, Chrnn. C.J. Nosser, Jr. Dir, i.r. Fuller h Co, J.S. DiGiorgio, Dir. W.P. _Pul1er-Brawner, Pres, S, DiGiorgio, pir. Piberboafd Paper Products AJi. Halley, V-P NePw. DiGiorgioyork ''ruit, Auctiopir. n :alifocnia Ink Co. C.J. Nosser, Jr., Pres. A.H. Hal lev. V-P J.S, DiGiorgio, B. DiGiorgio, Dir (^hiS. n ' Finance P. DiGiorgio, qji^ Hill Investnent Co. Pacific Vegetable Oil Co./ A.E.Sbarboro. Dir. Prentis Hale, glr. Investment Co, of America Pcrenost Dairies, Inc. ..E.S, Dul in. Dir. Carl P. Dir. ' Interamerica Corp. Keatt, A.E. Sbarboro Banking Anerlean K'utual Fund, Inc. Bank of America /E.S. Dulin, Dir. Carl P, Wente, V-I 'Firstamerica Corp. Prentis Hale, Dir.^ -Katry J. Bauer, Dir. R. DiGiorgio, Dir. A.E, Sbarboro, Dir. Insurance Bank of California ^Industrial Indemnity Co, Bcawner, DIrr' ^E.S. Dulin, Dir. California Bank Pacific National Fire Harry J, Bauer, Dir.'' Insurance Company Federal Reserve Sank of. -A.E. Sbarboro, V-P San Prancisco. Pirenan's Fund Ins. Co, E.S. Dulin, Adv. rati p. Wente, Dir. Rea Heal Estate Retail Trade spring Street R«alty Co. ,Bcaduay44ale Stores Harry J. Bauer, Pres. Prentis Hale, Chmn. Hale Brotl-.ers Realty Co. Robert DiGiorgio, Dir. Prentis Hale, Pres. Emporiura-Capwell Co. kterchants National Realty Co. Prentis Hale, Dir. A,E, Sbarboro, Dir. M.P. Puller^rawner, Dir. 6 iWfW LEFT NOTES MAY 6, 1966 new england regional developnnent

more than the local chapter or It is not unreasonable, however, to An interim regional council could (continued from page 3) group (e.g. a conceited regional anticipate emergency situation in which be established which would meet during direct subsidy to needy chapters. In effort to assist the University it might be desirable to draw on the the summer only if necessary. The order to determine which chapters and funds. For the most part this should council would consist of representa• intercEunpus activities demand subsidi• of Maine) include the way in which the proposed tives of all chapters active in the re• zation, some democratic body is es• 4) To provide a forum for bringing gion during the summer. Chapter .in sential. forth unvoiced but constructive structure might be applied to the sum• this sense would be defined as any This is only one reason for a regional differences and a process for mer and the important question of project which has five or more mem• representative council. There are o- resolving conflict. acquisition and distribution of funds. bers actively working during the sum• thers unrelated to the specific struc• 5) To promote concern for the move• Summer Structure: Since few col• mer in addition to any summer school tural proposal of this article, but of ment as a whole and avoid pa• leges are in session during the sum• chapters which may exist. In order to equal or greater importance. These rochialism. mer a regional structure per se is be fair to the region as a whole such include: superfluous. The Judy Cdlins concert, a council should not be operative un• 6) To facilitate strategic decision however, will probably create a sub• less it would have at least ten mem• 1) To promote maximiun participa• making (e.g. a concerted re• stantial regional treasuiy which might bers representing at least ten projects gional effort to meet an imme• be distributed to summer projects. and therefore representing at least The convention could decide to allocate fifty people. tion diate need such as the resump• funds to summer projects but only 2) To facilitate personal communi• tion of bombing in Viet Nam) if project proposals are presented in The alternatives then for regional cation between geographically IMPLICATIONS a form which would allow the conven• structure during the summer are either dispersed chapters and issue There are several implications in tion to evaluate them for subsudization. none, or an unrepresentative admini• groups the proposal for regional structure strative committee. This discussion which should be spelled out. These In the future, a regional council could does not, however, exclude the possi• 3) To provide process available for dp this better. bility or the need for a subregional It might be best, however, to plan structure to carry through the summer. making decisions widch affect -to reserve those funds for strengthening A Boston Area Coordinating commit• the region and individual chapters next tee would be desirable and necessary dr fall. There will be muc^ activity in and other subregions may be planning New Haven and other places. Each of enough activity to warrant similarly these are limited in scope as they, some summer subregional structure. for the most part, terminate as pro• The proposal for regional structure jects in the fall. In addition these also does not include the consideration projects should be able and encouraged of maintaining publication and distri• to fund raise during the summer for bution of the regional newsletter to all their needs. Thus the best solu• all members at their summer address. tion might be to await the fall and This would be considered separately allow the funds to accumulate interest, in the plenary. be discouraged since the funds would Acquisition and Distribution of Funds: not be used for the entire region. Central to the proposed regional struc• On the other hand the region, at the ture is financing. For this the necessity convention may feel it desirable to of having a full time fund raiser is establish an interim regional council clear. There is a great untaH)ed po• Voluntee rs in the NO helping to mail NLN to deal with such emergencies. tential for funds in the Boston area alone. The regional office was only able to begin to tap these sources during the spring. There is probably Part I: Analysis. The experimental electoral politics. The problem then a similar source in New Haven and project described in this article re• becomes one of education and moti• possibly elsewhere. Fund raising in• presents a confluence to two topics vation. What, if anything, would moti• cluded not only individual contacts but long discussed in SDS: electoral poli• Chicago cipa vate a comfortable white middle-class organizing a list of contacts so that tics and working with middle class family to move actively against the a system of yearly contributions would adults. The project was undertaken not establishment? Perhaps self-interest be established allowing for a contin• because it was felt that the white issues. Perhaps middle class idealism. uous source of income year round. middle class was the Achilles heel Perhaps nothing. The fund raiser would also work Of American capitalism, nor that sub• But certain prerequisites are clear. on one or two concerts a year. This stantial amounts of our time should jobs, or whatever, have come to under• People have to be presented with a could be too demanding on his time be spent at this kind of work, but stand that their concern can only be sensible sounding program that can but he would be in a position to find rather it is dictated by a necessity effected through more basic and sweep• conceivably change things. Institutions someone to take the responsibility for to enrich our political experience. Be- ing social change. must be constructed which allow the such a concert. He would be in charge yound our work with marginal groups The second, and most repeated error average man on the block to be a part of making certain that literature is in the society - students, rural Ne• has been the continuing pattern of of the decision making process and sold at all opportunities (The in^ior- groes, urban poor - most SDSers have throwing up a candidate at the last mo• thus have a stake in the success of tance of this is evident when it is noted limited experience with the vast bulk ment to "give the voters an alternative." the program. Neighbors have to get that profit from literature sales is one of the American middle and working Even when the token candidate is able to know each other and learn together. of the few constant sources of income classes with whose passive consent to get on the ballot, he usually gets This is how commimity of interest now drawn upon by the regional of• the establishment governs. about) .5% of the vote -- there having is built. fice). He would be responsible for been no serious previous effort to contact with chapters making certain The project, the 49th Ward Com• explain to people why an alternative And the outcome must include the that all possible occasions (such as mittee for Independent Political Action, is needed and \^at it would mean. basic mechanism for electoral c^ra- speeches, debates, movies, etc.) have (CIPA), is seeking as an initial tar• This whole syndrome is then com• tions: directly elected precinct cap• collections taken. Foundations could get to elect an independent, radical pounded by the notion that the higher tains, poll watchers, canvassers, etc. be contacted for funds for certain alderman on a platform of domestic the office, the more exciting becomes Men and women working for a program purposes such as the proposed free and foreign Issues in a white, mid• the "third alternative." - not patronage. The result must be university of the community school dle class ward. A ward, the smallest Third, the inevitable result of re• a kind of "bottom-up" politics where in Roxbury. It would be iir^3ortant for political subdivision of the city of peated electoral failures is the failure the bottom of the slate carries the him to establish a group of indivi• Chicago, consists of 50,000 people, to develop a committed and radicalized tc^. Folks vote for their candidate duals v/ho would be willing in the those of us nu rtured in "movement constitutency - the only real basis for alderman because they know him event of a sudden unexpected need or politics" with its emphasis on the in• for independent electoral politics. At personally and wrote his platform; strained finances, to hold a party or tense involvement of a minority (us• best, liberal and reform movements he spoke to them at their precinct some sort of get-together with "well- ually a small minority!) of people, are able to "sneak through" candidates meeting in one of their homes. They off" friends for the purpose of fund- are suddenly called upon to do some- w4io, after being elected, cannot speak vote for the assembly and state sena• raising for SDS. A pledge system could "ffiing entirely different. Basically out on issues for fear of being turned torial candidates because their elected also be established if there were some• "electoral politics" calls for developing out of office. And they will never be representatives wrote their platforms one to look over such a system and a very non-intense involvement among able to speak up or vote their con• and they heard them speak at the local keep it operating. a majority of people. And immerging science until they are elected by a church or highschool. And they vote from the heady atmosphere of the move• constituency that actually understands someday for a real people's candidate Most importantly the fund raiser ment, having won the alliegence of and su^iorts their program. There for Congress because he is their man. would be working with the subregional one ward of 50,(KX) people, need only are no short cuts. He isn't sneaking into office . . . he's and chapter fund raisers directly and repeat the process in 25 other wards being put there. indirectly to develop the full potential in order to gain a voting majority of The fourth problem relates to a basic Finally, it may be of some interest of sources available to each. one in the city council. That is the confusion about the purposes of in• to compare the conceptual framework In order to maintain the structural nitty-gritty meaning of seeking poli• dependent politics. Too often, developed of this project with that of the New efficiency I have outlined it would be tical power. independent constituencies have been York Committee for Independent Poli• important that all fund raising efforts sidetracked into playing a balance of tical Action. The two projects share involve some percentage to the Re• Certainly the notion of independent power role between the major parties. the basic orientation of developing con• gional treasury. This for example might political action is not a new one. Yet That is, endorsing the better of two stituency, building electoral mecha• be 15 or 30 of subregional fund the repeated failure of independent po• bad guys has replaced the basic acti• nisms, and avoiding premature electo• raising, or the profit from literature litics in Chicago (and in America as vity of actually electing independent ral contests. The differences lie in sales on campuses. This is necessary a whole) should cause us to ask why candidates. the fact that NY CIPA is organizing not to maintain a bureaucracy but it has failed. Several reasons can be The' term "independent", of course, in a mi^^d working class neighbor• rather to allow the region the service pin-pointed; refers to the candidate's basic poll- hood with a strong en^)hasis on self- the poorerchapters and subregions ade• The first has been the running of tics and accountability to his consti• interest issues, and operates con• quately. Most in^jortant it would allow single-issue candidates (such as the tuency. The electoral format, that is, sciously as an attempt to build a the" regional treasury to act as a back• 1962 peace candidacies) and the impos• whether one runs as a Democrat, Re• popular broad-based socialist party. up for subsidization of the poorer sibility of such campaigns in hetero• publican, or Independent, is a tactical diapters or more important to be able geneous communities. Single issues question. NEXT WEEK: Part II: The techniques to offer immediate funds where neces• generally at^eal to a very narrow The basic problem presented by an of reaching 50,000 disinterested peo• sary anywhere in the region. All these constituency in the community, and area like Chicago's 49th Ward is the ple about the concern* of the move• funds would be allocated only dirough "single issue people," regardless of fact that it contains no social move• ment. regional council decision. whether their concern is peace, schools ment on which to base independent C. Clark Kissinger NEW LEFT NOTES MAY 6, 1966 7 nyc comments on oglesby absence of organized consciousness in ing some of the darkest days of the is to conduct those activities which the labor movement capable of present• depression when no less than serve to increase the chances for (continued from page 1) ing genuine alternatives to surrender. 10,000,000 workers were unemployed; education. That's the heart of radical when some sections of American labor The left simply must get away from when the strike movements in auto, electoral perspectives in the coming were openly and agressively opting for governments in France and Italy and steel and rubber were at their apex; months. Unless it is seen as a means a third party (Spring, 1936). Belgium with surprising regularity. simplistic economic determinism in of drawing new people into the move• The present period presents a unique All this despite the fact that the accounting for working class quies• ment by virtue of the opportunity this opportunity to transcend liberal con• American-induced post-war economies cence. The ideology of militant anti- particular forum gives us to explicate sciousness among industrial as well as of these countries have served to Communism has played a large, on the nature of power within American professional and other workers. There strengthen the perceived benificent fea• independent role in determining work• corporate capitalism and its uses in are indications that, at last, American tures of Capitalism. ing class political backwardness in the terms of specific issues such as the corporations are on the verge of im• The American situation flows from U. S. war or poverty, then it becomes simply plementing the technological revolution characteristics of the American labor (2) The new left will acquire an ideology another way to strengthen liberalism which has been available on the drawing movement and corporate response to with great pain. First it will have to (and the liberals who adopt our boards for some time. The relative its militancy-not primarily from the give up its most precious anti-ideologi• rhetoric). The Radical Education Pro• brutality of the quality of the policies economic conditions enjoyed by the cal possession, liberal pragmatism. ject has stated the case for ideology of change are revealed in the dock and workers (if material self-interest The radical education project paper admirably and marks a turning point newspaper strikes in New York, the governed radical consciousness then shows clearly that the problem of for SDS in this regard. numerious plant shutdowns contemplat• the whole new left phenomenon would be ideology is not just one of acquiring (3) Happily we are starting to "go ed within the next several years in the inexplicible in the light of its middle strategy expressing overt po itical political" and SDS seems to be in the Oil and steel industries and elsewhere. class roots). Hamish Sinclair has point• attitudes or positions. It is chiefly a van of this movement. Our aim should Moreover, the white collar holacust is ed out that the American labor move• matter of the outlook; a way of looking be the development of a national, popu• not far behind. Computerization in ment grew in the thirties by "invitation" at all social and personal problems lar socialist party down the road after large offices has already begun and its from the Corporate sponsored New Deal which radical activists possess. political movements of local insurgency pace is likely to quicken. government rather than by its own inde• Individualism, the hallmark of liberal have taken sufficient root to make this We need not draw broad conclusions pendent ideological polities or militan• consciousness combined with the notion objective real. The article in NLN on from these straws in the wind. But the cy as in Europe. that practicality governs action (poli• electoral politics which describes the terms of the 'buy off will alter con• Sinclair may have overstated the tics here is the art of the 'possible', CIPA organizations in New York makes siderably if welfare institutions are not case, but its kernel remains valid. i.e. liberal politics) has been primarily the major point about this: unless geared to handle these dislocations The Wagner act enabled the trade union responsible for the fact that many electoral politics is seen within a long shortly (thus the intense discussion movement to grow in alliance with its creative and dedicated people who have term perspective of building permanent among many high corporate leaders class enemy, the Corporations. The correctly perceived the need to act constituencies for such ideology that we about the guaranteed annual income). quasi-juridicial procedures established against injustice in the society and open• can develop, then it is hardly worth the The war economy in general, and the to facilitate the unionization of workers ly rejected the substance of old left money and forces required to run a Viet Nam war in particular makes served also to strengthen the system dogmas, also resulted in a wholesale shotgun "peace" campaign. More, it is neither alternative certain. Rational of domination. The ideology of corpor• rejection of the political value of ideas the quality of the program, and not calculations by those executives who ate liberalism, according to which "pro• themselves. We have tended to glorify the candidate which makes coalitions understand where there needs to be a gress for the workers" could be attained spontenaiety and inspiration; we have with liberals not desirable. While they great 'leap forward' in corporate re• within the structure of State-Capitalist deified activism. can agree on limited issues, their out• sponse to the issue of job security, relations was accepted as the mode of look on electoral politics is not the same runs counter to the shorter term existence of the so-called "left" within The substance of radical activity in as ours. That's why "independent" is interests of the powerful military- the unions-the CIO. John L. Lewis and this period is radical education: the crucial at this time. corporate war producers who are in the Sidney Hillman, erstwhile revered as task of expanding consciousness of van against any shift in our current militant labor leaders by the old left ordinary people as well as activists Coalitions are perfectly all right national priorities. The essential ir• are among the outstanding individuals to understand the "root causes" under• around limited issues or candidacies rationality of the system asserts itself responsible for bringing the workers lying events as well as the rational providing the left is strong enough here. in to camp under the rhetoric position basis of our vision. We act in order to (measured by its constituency) to deter• of American Capitalism during and expand our base for educational work. mine the character of the coalition's What prevents a more strategically after World War 2 made this incorpora• Since, as Ron Aronson has pointed out demands and program. Otherwise we radical response from American work• tion much easier. Forgotten however, in his article "The Movement and its simply serve to organize for our ideo• ers to these developments is primarily is the fact that the 'invitation' was ex• Critics" (Fall Studies) the levers of logical opponents. not ttheir own apathy flowing from tended and subsequently accepted dur• power within our society are largely material prosperity. It is rather the inaccessible to us, our alternative now Stan Aronowitz sds & regions: son froncisco view that it will encompass such a movement gram has yet to develop. Administra• region by region, as was the case in (continued from page 3) at least by providing the cadre. This tion of NC programs has virtually been the Midwest starting in the early 1960's. convention we should provide means means that it is necessary to branch non-existant) West of the Mississippi Hopefully, the establishment of dis• through which high school students and out and reach constituencies that we do and I assume in the South, it is difficult trict offices can make this possible. adults can also come together to talk not reach through existing program or to understand exactly what the role of Again, district offices would very much about common problems and perhaps organizational structure. Almost all of the NO has been outside of the publica• be the creatures of the national organi• set up a national CDS or SDS high school out effort is directed toward the 40 per tion of NLN, which reaches the West zation, rather than the creation of what• division either as part of a newly cent who are undergraduate students. Coast a good 10 to 14 days late. ever collection of people in a given area viewed SDS or as completely autono• 2. In the early 1960's, SDS was not a Membership and chapter correspon• saw themselves as SDS. Staff would mous units similar to ERAP. national organization, but rather two dence increasingly comes to this office come from throughout the country and Central to this whole conception is a regional ones that held joint meetings. and to the one in LA from an ever- hopefully would be people with some belief that next year will be one much The bases were New York and Ann larger area that stretches back to New lengthy experience with SDS, even if more of consolidation and organization• Arbor. But more important were the Mexico and Colorado. If members and this means only one per office. District al growth rather than one of new politi• diverse interests that were able to chapters receive literature in the West offices would, to the extent possible, cal direction and national program. interact within the relative small area. it is through this office. develop within a predetermined model This simplifies decision making prob• In addition to the purely college campus What has happened is that for the or set of responsibilities and functions. lems as it becomes far more adminis• chapter people, diere were the PREP, people on the West Coast the San Fran• The goal would very much be having trative than political. the ERAP, the research oriented, the cisco office has become a district office the entire country serviced and 3. Resources. A high priority should ideological, the high school students of in the sense that I have outlined before. "organized" by offices and staff who be the hireing of national fund raisers NYC, faculty members, etc. All of whom This has been as much a result of the shared a perspective, a sense of direc• whose responsibility would be to the were friends and in fairly close com• impossibility of a national office based tion, and an idea of what functions they entire organization rather than the munication. The NO was only a part of in Chicago to provide the same services should be performing. maintainence of any one of fice. this operation and perhaps not even the for the entire country as it could when Resource allocation should be made by most critical. it was little more than a regional or This idea recognizes that there is a body composed of the president and Since that period, the expansion that district office, as any conscious design something in SDS that we would like to representatives from different district has taken place into other areas has on the part of the office staff. The see spread throughout the country, but offices, the national office, and other lacked the depth and breath that could functions that it can reasonably be ex• that ttiis is only possible within the national functional units. This body's be found in the Middle West £ind Atlantic pected to perform are in varying context of a structure consciously de• primary duty would be to evaluate the states. For the most part, it has only degrees those that it is now doing. signed to implement the plan. Saying it financial situation of different units been an extension of the college chapter 4. The debate that has been waged on doesn't make it so. District offices as £md proposed units and work out a sys• portion. Regional structures have very and off during the last year between the so described provide the only sure tem of shares with no floor to any one much reflected this. They have been polit bureau people and the confedera- means of transmitting decisions made office. Each office would have an indi• formed by college students to serve tionists is basically an unreal one and by the national organization about its vidual responsibility to do fund raising college chapters. For this reason, SDS with little value. The alternatives that own nature and structure down to the above and beyond that which it could in these new areas is very much dif• are posed interest me very little. At local level in such a way that it means expect to receive from this allocation. ferent from the SDS that began in Ann this stage, it is impossible to imagine anything. At present, the national This would put the national office on Arbor and New York. A couple of ele• that a national office or a national coun• organization has no way of insuring much the same footing as the district ments can probably be identified: it is cil that even now finds it extremely dif• that decisions it makes about direction, offices. These shares would be evaluat• far more activist; much less evolution ficult to impliment small-scale national purpose, values, programs, are any• ed at least four times a year and more, of strategy and thought; a far more programs or to maintain contact with thing more than empty words. The if necessary. narrow focus, i.e. mostly college stu• the membership can suddenly trans• regional offices that are springing up dents; more single issue or a string of form itself into a highly efficient polit do not answer this need for a number Rationale and all that single issues oriented. bureau with chapters falling into line of reasons: they are creatures of the Over the last 10 or 11 months, a number behind its political directions. At the local scene; understaffed, underfunded, of things has become more or less clear 3. The national office has not served same time, I have little interest in limited equipment; no direct ties to the in my mind about the present state of as a national office since last Fall. working to establish an organization national organization; vary greatly SDS and where it seems to be headed: The functions that it has performed that is little more than a confederation from region to region; can never hope 1. At a minimum, SDS will be central have not reached beyond the immediate of all those people who for one reason but to cover only a small portion of the to the development of an independent Midwest and to some extent Eastern or another, like to call themselves SDS. U. S. Almost by definition localized; radical movement in the United States states. (During the Fall, there were no I want to see the growth of SDS to largely college based. ... if there is to be one. More and more mailings from the national office, no follow along much the same lines, frequently, I am beginning to believe NLN, no Bulletins. The literature pro• Ken McEldowney 8 NEW LEFT NOTES MAY 6, 1966 some notes on Chicago comments participatory democracy on ogiesby which employs hundreds of commu• There are, in general, two kinds of nizing efforts will be tied together on (continued from page I) nists. They run the unions, and the democracy. One is direct democracy: a regional or state, and then national, To justify expectations of radical officials of these unions, in terms of people decide directly on matters of basis; but the vision of how that will change a concrete .analysis of social the routine to which they have been interest to them. The second is re• hai^en is very foggy. Those who ad• conditions and the dynamics of the necessarily devoted for many years, presentative democracy: people elect vocate electoral politics as the em• social forces in the country would be develop habits of work and leadership representatives to make decisions in bodiment of that vision are little heard necessary. And such an analysis would far more comparable to George Meany their stead. I think that what the New ~ for, I think, the following reason. have to be complete, not one-sided. than to Cesar Chavez. Although the Left has been calling participatory de• 2. I am coming to be actively op• Parts of Italy are drowned in misery, Communists don't control most of the mocracy is really direct democracy, posed to representative democracy but how can you analyze Italian po• city governments, what I say above and that our preference for that kind (RD) as a political system. Not neutral litical perspectives if you point to the about the coops and unions is valid of political system, and our often im• toward it, but opposed. RD is virtually misery, and neglect to mention that the for almost all the cities. plicit distaste for, and sometimes fear bound to encourage manipulation and country's growth rate in the past ten Compared to the other countries in of, representative democracy, say a elitism as political style - certainly years was the highest in Western the Common Market, Italy is poor. good bit about our usually unstated that has been the result in the U. S. Europe, and that the real income of Compared to Eastern Europe, Latin ideology and strategy. To wit: RD depends too greatly on charisma the average worker has doubled in the America, Africa and Asia, Italy is an and ad faominum methods (this is as last 10 vars? advanced industrial country and an 1, Direct (or participatory) demo• true in relation to well-educated as to The fact is that Oglesby is so anx• advancing one. Italy has a larger per• cracy seems clearly to imply a highly uneducated people); by its nature it ious to see a left turn dtat he mis• centage of its active population in in- decentralized social system, where is periodic and separated from the understands the present base of the agriculture. Its north is throughly mo• economic and political units whose Italian C.P.'s organization. This party dem, while its south remains very decisions affect individuals (and which everyday reality of the activities being is unquestionably more democratic and backward. The problem that all the don't?) are small enough that indi• governed; and there are many oppor• more open than any other Communist parties of the Italian left face is - viduals can have direct involvement in tunities for representatives to set diem- Party. It is at present at^a halfway how do you advance toward greater their decision-making processes. There selves up as a separate class (or part point between Stalinist monolithism and control by the common man over every has been, within the New Left, very or one) and to perpetuate themselves, real internal democracy-the form this aspect of his life, and how do you little discussion of decentralization as as individuals and as a class. More takes is that, on the one hand, different deal effectively and rapidly with the fundamentally, RD encourages the approaches are expressed by party endemic misery, unemployment and a strategy for social change; but de• sense of powerlessness and non-con• leaders in speeches and articles, though hunger of the south, within the context centralization is pretty clearly what trol of one's life now felt by Americans in very restrained and indirect forms, of a generally viable economic system we really want. This opens a vast (and people everywhere, with a few but on the other hand factions are not that has been providing a rising stan• Pandorra's box of problems about how exceptions); this in turn makes people allowed and the party congress still dard of living for most of the popu• to decentralize a system where poli• want to 'leave it to the experts', and ends up adopting unanimous theses on lation? In a sense, all proportions tical and especially economic power not only in politics. Thus, RD is even everything. But within what social con• duly considered, the problem is similar is so highly centralized as in the U.S. more pernicious \^4ien connected to text is this party, with its 1,500,000 to that of the U. S., where power is - and, indeed, how people can govern an oligarchic economic system. The members evolving? The context is that used harmfully in many ways, where 'radical liberal' solution of refer• of participation in the day to day life this power rests on the private own• themselves in what is always referred endum, initiative, and recall is at best of a rapidly developing advanced in• ership and control of vast aggregates to as a complex age. Nonetheless, it an amelioration: without direct demo• dustrial society, and indeed admini• of capital, but where again, despite is necessary to begin working at this cracy the people have at best only stration by Communists of a good part many inequities, there is no question tough set of problems. formal power. of the society! Go to a big city like that a sustained economic advance has The second implication of direct Bologna, with a Communist-controlled taken place, and that this undoubtedly (or participatory) democracy has been Nonedieless, huge political entities city council. The Communists run the affects the attitudes of the industrial more explicitly stated: that it is im• exist (not only countries: New York city government. Hundreds of their workers. If a radical movement is portant to organize from the bottom City is ahugepoliticalentity), and some members hold city administrative jobs built in the U. S., it will be done within up, in local communities around issues way of democratizing, to the extent (patronage?). They run an enormous this reality, not by making believe of importance and relevance to mem• possible, the political life of such en• cooperative movement, which controls things are otherwise. And the same is bers of those communities. (I see no tities must be sought. Aside from the half the retail trade of the city, and true for Italy. reason not to include suburbia among rather obvious necessity to have good local communities as well as urban people in the government - a pro• Perhaps the conclusion is - Radical ghettos) Undoubtedly, in the back of position scarcely amenable to institu• Education Project, si. Oglesbian Im- our minds, there is a notion that even• tionalization - the only amelioration supa project pressionisrn, no. tually all the local community orga- of the undemocratic nature of repre• sentative democracy I can think of is The Student Union for Peace Action Saul Mendelson the following, and my third, point. (SUPA), our brothers and sisters to 3. Anyone who performs the function the north of us in Canada, will have of representative should spend by far several summer projects. TheNeestow SUMMER ADDRESS CHANGE these materials); support work (public Please notify the national office (as the largest portion of his/her time in P reject in Saskatchewan working with well as your chapter and region) of direct contact, and working, with the Indiana and Metis has summer plans; relations and speaking, etc.). Other your summer plans. Completion of the people he/she is suRiosed to repre• including research in the field (about plans include a school for social theory, form below will ensure that you re• sent, in connection widi the activity he/ educational facilities, medical treat• university refore, research, and office- ceive New Left Notes over the sum• she is supposed to represent them ment); community materials (rewriting and-organizing work. mer, as well as information about SDS about " especially economic activity, histories and statistical reports for For more information, write SUPA activities in your area. but also the functions of policing, wel• field use; experimenting with audio• summer projects, 658 Spadina Ave., fare, justice, etc. As can be seen, visual aids); summer schools (using Toronto 4, Ontario, Canada. this is closely related to the decen• NAME tralization implied by direct (parti• PRESENT ADDRESS cipatory) democracy. 4. A last note, on the form of de• eosfiond strikes... cision-making. Part of direct demo• Summer address or person thru whom cracy is the importance of the integrity (continued from page 1) radicalize and democratize that organi• you can be reached of the community itself. The usual form A few Progressive Labor (PL) youth zation while making contributions to of decision-making, at least in bodies organizers have recently sent in SDS SDS's work. And SDS has always had formally considered to be decisioh- membership cards as a result of PL's a membership overlap with the Socialist making bodies, is voting and majority decision to dissolve the May 2 Move• Party. Big deal. decision. However, I think the alter• ment and recruit out of SDS instead The important point is that Congres• nate form of consensus - widely used, (lucky us). A small number of Young sional subversion hearings are now and by the New Left - more perfectly Socialist Alliance members belong to have always been directed at splitting recognizes and enhances the commu• SDS, but most of YSA's activity has and excising the left from the Ameri• Will you be: working full time? nity's integrity and unity. Again, this been directed at breaking up the N(X. can body politic, and the brunt of such means problems, especially when there A small number of SDS members be• attacks will eventually fall on the new part time seems to be, within a community or long to the CP and have worked to left as well as the old. involved group, an irreconcilable difference of in movement summer projects? interest or principle on an issue. But the voting/hiajority method too NEW LEFT NOTES If your plans are not set, easily leads to, or reflects, factiona• 1103 E. 63rd Af^ilication to mail would you be interested in serving as lism and lack of community. The con• Chicago, 111. 60637 at Second Class pos• an area summer coordinator for SDS? sensus method should be the basic one Return Requested tage rates pending (Previous SDS expjerience is required. employed, but it needs discipline to in Chicago, 111. There is some possibility of a small go with it (not a quality the New stipened.) ' Left is renowned for). Discipline means Please use the space balow for addi• knowing when to stop talking on an tional comments as to activity, etc.. issue, and when a disagreement, or you would be interested in, type of even a principle, is less in^jortant work you will be doing, e.tc. If you than the sense of community itself will be attending summer school, can or the need to move on to the action you distribute basic literature to fel• being discussed. Indeed, unless people low students? Also, let us know if in the New Left develop discipline, it Senter fitt you will have the same address in will not matter what forms of decision• the fall. making are adopted: there will still 2U5 S St. be anarchism (of the bad variety), 20008 formalism, or lack of genuine involve• ment of all in decision-making - all Please detach and return to national phenomena abundantly displayed by New office or chapter secretary. Chapters Leftists. should submit this information collec• tively if possible. Donald McKelvey