For Symptomatic Chronic Internal Carotid Artery Occlusions
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UC Irvine UC Irvine Previously Published Works Title Outcomes of Multimodality In situ Recanalization in Hybrid Operating Room (MIRHOR) for symptomatic chronic internal carotid artery occlusions. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2r98k7n4 Journal Journal of neurointerventional surgery, 11(8) ISSN 1759-8478 Authors Jiang, Wei-Jian Liu, Ao-Fei Yu, Wengui et al. Publication Date 2019-08-01 DOI 10.1136/neurintsurg-2018-014384 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California J NeuroIntervent Surg: first published as 10.1136/neurintsurg-2018-014384 on 4 January 2019. Downloaded from Open Surgery ORIGINAL RESEARCH Outcomes of Multimodality In situ Recanalization in Hybrid Operating Room (MIRHOR) for symptomatic chronic internal carotid artery occlusions Wei-jian Jiang,1 Ao-Fei Liu,1 Wengui Yu,2 Han-Cheng Qiu,1 Yi-Qun Zhang,1 Fang Liu,1 Chen Li,1 Rong Wang,3 Yuan-Li Zhao,3 Jin Lv,1 Tian-Xiao Li,4 Ce Liu,1 Ji Zhou,1 Ji-Zong Zhao3 1Department of Vascular ABSTRact promising therapy for this disease; however, the Neurosurgery, New Era Stroke Background An in situ recanalization procedure of Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study (COSS) trial was Care and Research Institute, stopped early because of futility. Of note, although the PLA Rocket Force General endovascular therapy (ET) or carotid endarterectomy Hospital, Beijing, China (CEA) has been attempted in patients with symptomatic the 30-day stroke rate of the surgical arm in the 2Department of Neurology, chronic internal carotid artery occlusions (ICAOs), though COSS trial was significantly higher than that of University of California Irvine, the recanalization rates of both are low. the medical arm (14.4% vs 2.0%), the rates for Irvine, California, USA Objective To investigate the outcomes of Multimodality any stroke or death within 30 days plus the 2-year 3Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital In situ Recanalization for ICAOs in a Hybrid Operating risk of ipsilateral ischemic stroke beyond 30 days 1 Medical University, Beijing, Room (MIRHOR) at the same session. were almost the same (21.0% vs 22.7%). The data China Methods Symptomatic chronic ICAOs were classified strongly suggested that EC-IC bypass is effective 4 Department of Neurosurgery, into type A or B (short occlusion with or without a for stroke prevention beyond 30 days. The bypass Henan Provincial People’s efficacy appeared to hinge on the periprocedural Hospital and Henan Provincial tapered residual root [TRR]), and C or D (long occlusion Cerebrovascular Hospital, with or without TRR), and managed in a hybrid operating complication rate. Zhengzhou University, room with ET, CEA, or both, as needed. Primary efficacy Using a hybrid operating room (HOR), Shih et Zhengzhou, China outcome was technical success of recanalization with al performed combined procedures with CEA for Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 3. Secondary proximal internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion Correspondence to efficacy outcome was any stroke or death within 30 days and endovascular angioplasty for distal ICA occlu- Dr Wei-jian Jiang, Department sion in three patients successfully.4 The hybrid of Vascular Neurosurgery, (primary safety outcome) plus an ipsilateral ischemic New Era Stroke Care and stroke after 30 days. procedures may potentially reduce periprocedural Research Institute, the PLA Results Technical success was finally achieved in 35 complication rates from ET by removing athero- Rocket Force General Hospital, (83.3%) of 42 consecutively enrolled patients with ICAO, sclerotic plaque with CEA and reversing blood flow Beijing 100088, China; which was significantly higher than 35.7% (15/42, with temporary proximal occlusion by the CEA jiangweijian2018@ 163. com p<0.001) from the initial ET or CEA alone. Furthermore, technique. More importantly, the combined proce- W-J and J-ZZ contributed the success rate was in descending order: 100% dures can be performed in a HOR as a one-stage equally. (18/18) for type A and B occlusions, 75% (6/8) for type procedure. However, there have been no reports of http://jnis.bmj.com/ C occlusions, and 69% (11/16) for type D occlusions a large case series on the combined recanalization Received 30 October 2018 for ICAOs. The aim of this pilot study was to inves- Revised 29 November 2018 (p=0.017). Two secondary efficacy outcome events Accepted 4 December 2018 (5.1%) without mortality, including one (2.4%) primary tigate the outcomes of Multimodality In situ Reca- safety outcome, were observed during a mean follow-up nalization in a Hybrid Operating Room (MIRHOR) of 10.5 months. at the same session for symptomatic chronic ICAOs Conclusion The MIRHOR for symptomatic chronic with ET, CEA, or both, as needed. ICAOs at the same session significantly improves on 16 January 2019 by guest. Protected copyright. technical success, with low periprocedural complications METHODS and favorable clinical outcomes. The ICAO classification Patient selection appears valuable in predicting technical success. In this study, chronic ICAO was defined as an interval of ≥2 weeks between ICAO diag- nosis and procedure. Inclusion criteria were as follows: age >18 years; transient ischemic © Author(s) (or their INTRODUCTION attack (TIA) or ischemic stroke attributable to employer(s)) 2019. No Symptomatic chronic internal carotid artery occlu- the ICAO within 3 months; total ICAO docu- commercial re-use. See rights sion (ICAO) with hemodynamic cerebral ischemia mented by ultrasound, CT angiography (CTA), and permissions. Published by BMJ. has a high risk of recurrent stroke despite medical magnetic resonance angiography, or catheter therapy.1 Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for ICAO angiography at least 2 weeks before the revascu- To cite: Jiang W, Liu A-F, is relatively safe but achieves recanalization in larization procedure; patency of the ipsilateral Yu W, et al. only one-third of cases.2 Endovascular therapy middle cerebral artery (MCA) via the posterior J NeuroIntervent Surg Epub ahead of print: [please (ET) increases the rate of recanalization to about or anterior communicating artery (PComA or include Day Month Year]. two-thirds, but is associated with a significant risk AComA), or the ipsilateral ophthalmic artery or doi:10.1136/ of stroke.3 Extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass other external carotid-ICA collaterals (OAO); neurintsurg-2018-014384 as a flow augmentation strategy appeared to be a cerebral hypoperfusion in the territory of Jiang W, et al. J NeuroIntervent Surg 2019;0:1–9. doi:10.1136/neurintsurg-2018-014384 1 J NeuroIntervent Surg: first published as 10.1136/neurintsurg-2018-014384 on 4 January 2019. Downloaded from Open Surgery the ICAO on CT perfusion (CTP) imaging or MR perfu- saline solution irrigation. An assembly of 0.014" Pilot exchange sion-weighted imaging (PWI). Exclusion criteria were as microwire (Abbott Vascular, California, USA) and 3 mm×15 mm follows: concomitant ipsilateral MCA occlusion; infarct size Gateway balloon catheter (Stryker Neurovascular, Fremont, greater than one-third of the territory of the ipsilateral MCA; California, USA) was used to cross the occluded segment. After any bleeding disorder; contraindications to heparin, aspirin, the assembly was negotiated into the true lumen distal to the clopidogrel, iodine contrast, or general anesthesia; concom- occlusion, angiography was performed via the Gateway. When itant end-stage disease with a predicted survival of <1 year. the occlusion was type A or B, a FilterWire embolic protec- Baseline data and follow-up information of patients were tion device (Boston Scientific Corporation, Natick, Massachu- prospectively collected. Written informed consent was setts, USA) was used. The lesion was dilated by the Gateway obtained from all patients, including for the off-label use of after successful placement of the FilterWire, followed by implan- Enterprise stents (Codman & Shurtleff, Raynham, Massa- tation of a Wallstent (Boston ScientificCorporation) over the chusetts, USA). The study was approved by the institutional FilterWire after withdrawal of the Pilot microwire and Gateway. ethics committee. If the FilterWire failed to pass through the lesion at the first attempt, the occlusion was predilated by the Gateway while Preprocedure management tightly pressing the guiding catheter against the proximal end Brain MRI/PWI or CT/CTP, and catheter angiography were of the occlusion in order to occlude anterograde blood flow, performed to evaluate ICAO and hypoperfusion. Patients followed by placement of the embolic protection device. If the received aspirin 300 mg and clopidogrel 75 mg daily for at occlusion was too long to use a FilterWire, the guiding cath- least 5 days before the operation. Thromboelastography eter was advanced into the proximal end of the occlusion. A was used to evaluate platelet reactivity. If the inhibition ratio long Wallstent was then delivered across the occlusion over the of either arachidonic acid or ADP was <50%, indicating a Pilot microwire. After the distal and middle segments of the stent relative resistance to aspirin or clopidogrel, then cilostazol were opened to protect from embolization, the guiding cath- (Zhejiang Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Shanghai, China) eter was withdrawn from the occlusion, followed by complete 100 mg twice a day was added. Atherosclerotic risk factors release of the stent. Post-dilation with the balloon was applied in were managed according to the American Heart Association patients with residual stenosis