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Optimal Corrosion Control Treatment Evaluation Technical Recommendations for Primacy Agencies and Public Water Systems

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Optimal Corrosion Control Treatment Evaluation Technical Recommendations for Primacy Agencies and Public Water Systems Optimal Corrosion Control Treatment Evaluation Technical Recommendations for Primacy Agencies and Public Water Systems Office of Water (4606M) EPA 816-B-16-003 March 2016 (Updated) Disclaimer This document provides technical recommendations to primacy agencies and public water systems (PWSs) in determining the most appropriate treatment for controlling lead and copper and complying with the corrosion control treatment (CCT) requirements of the Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) that are in place at the time of document publication. The statutory provisions and EPA regulations described in this document contain legally binding requirements. This document is not a regulation itself, nor does it change or substitute for those provisions and regulations. Thus, it does not impose legally binding requirements on EPA, states or the regulated community. This document does not confer legal rights or impose legal obligations upon any member of the public. While EPA has made every effort to ensure the accuracy of the discussion in this document, the obligations of the regulated community are determined by statutes, regulations or other legally binding requirements. In the event of a conflict between the discussion in this document and any statute or regulation, this document would not be controlling. The general descriptions provided here may not apply to a particular situation based upon the circumstances. Interested parties are free to raise questions and objections about the substance of these technical recommendations and the appropriateness of the application of these technical recommendations to a particular situation. EPA and other decision makers retain the discretion to adopt approaches on a case-by-case basis that differ from those described in this document, where appropriate. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for their use. This is a living document and may be revised periodically without public notice. EPA welcomes public input on this document at any time. This Page Intentionally Left Blank Table of Contents Chapter 1 : Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Purpose and Audience .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Document Organization ........................................................................................................ 2 1.3 How to Use this Document ................................................................................................... 3 Chapter 2 : Background Information .............................................................................................. 4 2.1 Regulatory Actions to Control Lead and Copper in Drinking Water ..................................... 4 2.1.1 Lead and Copper Regulation .......................................................................................... 4 2.1.2 Control of Lead Content in Plumbing Components ....................................................... 6 2.2 Sources of Lead and Copper ................................................................................................. 8 2.2.1 Corrosion and Metals Release ....................................................................................... 8 2.2.2 Lead and Copper-Containing Material ......................................................................... 10 2.3 Water Quality Factors Affecting Release of Lead and Copper ........................................... 11 2.3.1 pH, Alkalinity and DIC................................................................................................... 12 2.3.2 Corrosion Inhibitors ..................................................................................................... 13 2.3.3 Hardness (Calcium and Magnesium) ........................................................................... 14 2.3.4 Buffer Intensity ............................................................................................................ 14 2.3.5 Dissolved Oxygen ......................................................................................................... 15 2.3.6 Oxidation-Reduction Potential .................................................................................... 16 2.3.7 Ammonia, Chloride, and Sulfate .................................................................................. 17 2.3.8 Natural Organic Matter ................................................................................................ 18 2.3.9 Iron, Manganese, and Aluminum ................................................................................ 19 2.4 Physical and Hydraulic Factors Affecting Release of Lead and Copper .............................. 20 2.4.1 Physical Disturbances................................................................................................... 20 2.4.2 Hydraulic Factors ......................................................................................................... 20 2.4.3 Water Use .................................................................................................................... 21 2.4.4 Water Temperature ..................................................................................................... 21 Chapter 3 : Corrosion Control Treatment for Lead and Copper ................................................... 22 3.1 Available Corrosion Control Treatment Methods .............................................................. 22 3.1.1 pH/Alkalinity/DIC Adjustment ..................................................................................... 23 3.1.2 Phosphate-Based Inhibitors ......................................................................................... 25 OCCT Evaluation Technical Recommendations for Primacy Agencies and Public Water Systems i 3.1.3 Silicate Inhibitors.......................................................................................................... 26 3.2 Technical Recommendations for Selecting Treatment Alternatives .................................. 26 3.2.1 Technical Recommendations for Reviewing Water Quality Data and Other Information (STEP 1)..................................................................................................... 28 3.2.2 Technical Recommendations for Evaluating the Potential for Scaling (STEP 2) .......... 30 3.2.3 Technical Recommendations for Selecting One or More Treatment Option(s) (STEP 3) 31 3.2.4 Technical Recommendations for Identifying Possible Limitations for Treatment Options (STEP 4) ........................................................................................................... 42 3.2.5 Technical Recommendations for Evaluating Feasibility and Cost (STEP 5) ................. 45 3.3 Setting the Target Dose and Water Quality ........................................................................ 45 3.3.1 pH/Alkalinity/DIC Adjustment ..................................................................................... 46 3.3.2 Phosphate-Based Inhibitors ......................................................................................... 47 3.3.3 Silicate Inhibitors.......................................................................................................... 49 Chapter 4 : Review of Corrosion Control Treatment Steps under the LCR .................................. 50 4.1 Corrosion Control Treatment Steps for Systems Serving ≤ 50,000 People ........................ 51 4.1.1 System Serving ≤ 50,000 People Makes OCCT Recommendation (STEP 2) ................. 53 4.1.2 Primacy Agency Determines Whether a Study Is Required for System Serving ≤ 50,000 People (STEP 3) ................................................................................................. 53 4.1.3 Primacy Agency Designates OCCT for System Serving ≤ 50,000 People (STEP 4) ....... 54 4.1.4 System Serving ≤ 50,000 People Conducts Corrosion Control Study (STEP 5) ............ 55 4.1.5 Primacy Agency Designates OCCT for Systems Serving ≤ 50,000 People (STEP 6) ...... 61 4.2 Corrosion Control Steps for Systems Serving > 50,000 People .......................................... 64 4.2.1 Systems Serving >50,000 People Conduct a Corrosion Control Study (STEP 1) .......... 65 4.2.2 Primacy Agency Reviews the Study and Designates OCCT for System Serving > 50,000 People (STEP 2) ............................................................................................................. 66 Chapter 5 : Requirements and Technical Recommendations for OCCT Start-Up and Monitoring ..................................................................................................................................... 67 5.1 CCT Start-up ........................................................................................................................ 67 5.1.1 Start-up of pH/Alkalinity/DIC Adjustment ................................................................... 68 5.1.2 Start-up of Phosphate-Based Corrosion Inhibitors ...................................................... 68 5.2 Follow-up Monitoring during First Year of Operation ........................................................ 68 5.2.1 Follow-up Lead and Copper Tap Monitoring ............................................................... 69 OCCT Evaluation Technical Recommendations for Primacy Agencies and Public Water Systems ii 5.2.2 Follow-up WQP Monitoring ........................................................................................
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