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A Handbook to the Ticks of Canada (Ixodida: Ixodidae, Argasidae)

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A Handbook to the Ticks of Canada (Ixodida: Ixodidae, Argasidae) A Handbook to the Ticks of Canada (Ixodida: Ixodidae, Argasidae) By Evert E. Lindquist Terry D. Galloway Harvey Artsob L. Robbin Lindsay Michael Drebot Heidi Wood Richard G. Robbins With illustrations by King Wan Wu and Barry Flahey Maps by Tom Naughten Biological Survey of Canada Monograph Series No. 7 (2016) Published by the BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA ©2016 All illustrations in this book are copyright by individual authors, and their unauthorized use is prohibited. For further information contact the Biological Survey of Canada. The Biological Survey of Canada is an incorporated not-for-profit group devoted to promoting biodiversity science in Canada. It develops and coordinates national initiatives in systematics, biodiversity surveys, and publication of knowledge products. The monograph series of the Biological Survey of Canada comprises invited, fully reviewed publications relevant to the biodiversity of Canada. ISBN: 978-0-9689321-8-6 doi: 10.3752/9780968932186 A Handbook to the Ticks of Canada (Ixodida: Ixodidae, Argasidae) i This handbook is dedicated to John D. (”Jack”) Gregson (17 June 1910–29 October 2006): father of Canadian tick taxonomy and ecology, and lifelong advocate for Canada’s natural heritage. Photograph courtesy of Petrina Gregson. ii E. E. Lindquist, T. D. Galloway, H. Artsob, L. R. Lindsay, M. Drebot, H. Wood, and R. G. Robbins List of Contributors This handbook was assembled through the efforts of seven authors and three illustrators, each of whom contributed to different components of the handbook. Author Bios: Evert E. Lindquist is an honorary research associate with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), in Ottawa. His research encompasses the systematics of diverse groups of mites, symbiotic relationships between mites, insects, nematodes and fungi, and biodiversity of targeted mite taxa in selected ecosystems. As distinguished visiting lecturer, he taught the agricultural acarology course at Ohio State University for 18 years. Terry D. Galloway is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences at the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg. His research career has concentrated on veterinary and aquatic entomology, with recent focus on arthropods parasitic on vertebrates in Canada. Harvey Artsob is the Former Director of the Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens programme at the National Microbiology Laboratory of the Public Health Agency of Canada in Winnipeg. Much of his research has focused on surveillance for the occurrence of various zoonotic disease agents. His particular interests include arboviruses (California serogroup viruses, Powassan, West Nile and dengue), hantaviruses, and Lyme disease. L. Robbin Lindsay is a research scientist at the Public Health Agency of Canada’s National Microbiology Laboratory in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Robbin has been involved in ticks and tick-associated pathogen surveillance, diagnostic testing and research since 1989 and began his career studying the factors that limit blacklegged ticks on the Long Point peninsula in southern Ontario. Michael A. Drebot is Director of Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens at the Public Health Agency of Canada’s National Microbiology Laboratory in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Michael’s research interests include the study of emerging mosquito and tick-borne pathogens such as West Nile and Powassan viruses. Heidi Wood is Chief of the Rabies, Rickettsia and Related Zoonotic Diseases section at the Public Health Agency of Canada’s National Microbiology Laboratory in Winnipeg. Heidi’s section focuses on arthropod-borne rickettsioses, Q fever and rabies virus. Richard G. Robbins is a recently retired Senior Civilian Entomologist at the Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Energy, Installations and Environment, Washington, D.C. He has authored or coauthored over 100 peer-reviewed scientific papers on ticks and tick-borne diseases, as well as five books and several book chapters, and served for seven years as an instructor at the Acarology Summer Program, Ohio State University. Authors contributing to each chapter of the handbook are as follows: Introduction – E.E. Lindquist and T.D. Galloway; General natural history – E.E. Lindquist; External structures – E.E. Lindquist; Collecting, preserving and studying ticks – R.G. Robbins; Medical and veterinary importance of ticks in North America – H. Artsob, M. Drebot, H. Wood, L.R. Lindsay, and T.D. Galloway; Identification and natural history of the ticks of Canada – E.E. Lindquist, T.D. Galloway and L.R. Lindsay; Illustrations – K.W. Wu and B. Flahey; Maps – T. Naughten. A Handbook to the Ticks of Canada (Ixodida: Ixodidae, Argasidae) iii Table of Contents List of Contributors ..........................................................................................................ii Introduction to the ticks of Canada ................................................................................ 1 General natural history .................................................................................................... 3 External structures and terms for describing and identifying ticks ............................ 5 Collecting, preserving, and studying ticks .................................................................... 32 Medical and veterinary importance of ticks in North America .................................. 36 Diseases of microbial etiology ........................................................................................ 37 Bacterial diseases ........................................................................................................37 Lyme borreliosis ..........................................................................................................37 Southern tick-associated rash illness (STARI) .........................................................38 Avian borreliosis .........................................................................................................38 Tick-borne relapsing fever .........................................................................................39 Ehrlichioses .................................................................................................................40 Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) ..............................................................41 Bovine anaplasmosis ...................................................................................................42 Anaplasma ovis ............................................................................................................43 Canine infectious cyclic thrombocytopenia ..............................................................43 Mycoplasma haemocanis ............................................................................................43 Q fever .........................................................................................................................43 Tularaemia...................................................................................................................44 Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) ...................................................................45 Rickettsia parkeri rickettsiosis ....................................................................................48 Potential tick-borne bacterial pathogens ..................................................................48 Other Rickettsia species ..............................................................................................48 Bartonella species ........................................................................................................49 Borrelia miyamotoi ......................................................................................................49 Coinfections acquired from Ixodes ticks...................................................................50 Protozoan parasitic diseases ........................................................................................... 50 Cytauxzoonosis ...........................................................................................................50 Babesiosis .....................................................................................................................51 Viral diseases ................................................................................................................... 51 Colorado tick fever ....................................................................................................51 Powassan encephalitis ................................................................................................52 Diseases of non-microbial etiology................................................................................. 53 Anaemia ......................................................................................................................53 Tick paralysis ..............................................................................................................54 Skin lesions ..................................................................................................................56 Hypersensitivity reactions ..........................................................................................56 iv E. E. Lindquist, T. D. Galloway, H. Artsob, L. R. Lindsay, M. Drebot, H. Wood, and R. G. Robbins Dermacentor albipictus and moose ............................................................................57 Tick resistance .............................................................................................................57
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