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Espécies De Corallimorpharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) No Brasil Número De Páginas 113

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Espécies De Corallimorpharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) No Brasil Número De Páginas 113 JONATHAN VILLELA ALMEIDA Espécies de Corallimorpharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) no Brasil São Paulo 2012 JONATHAN VILLELA ALMEIDA Espécies de Corallimorpharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) no Brasil Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção de Título de Mestre em Ciências, na Área de Zoologia. Orientador: Prof. Dr. André Carrara Morandini São Paulo 2012 Villela Almeida, Jonathan Espécies de Corallimorpharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) no Brasil Número de páginas 113. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Zoologia. 1. Corallimorpharia 2. Taxonomia 3. Corallimorphidae 4. Discosomatidae I. Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Biociências. Departamento de Zoologia. Comissão Julgadora: ________________________ _______________________ Prof(a). Dr(a). Prof(a). Dr(a). ______________________ Prof. Dr. André Carrara Morandini DEDICATÓRIA Aos meus pais, que me apoiaram em todas decisões que tomei. i EPÍGRAFE "Rir é correr risco de parecer tolo. Chorar é correr o risco de parecer sentimental. Estender a mão é correr o risco de se envolver. Expor seus sentimentos é correr o risco de mostrar seu verdadeiro eu. Defender seus sonhos e idéias diante da multidão é correr o risco de perder as pessoas. Amar é correr o risco de não ser correspondido. Viver é correr o risco de morrer. Confiar é correr o risco de se decepcionar. Tentar é correr o risco de fracassar. Mas os riscos devem ser corridos, porque o maior perigo é não arriscar nada. Há pessoas que não correm nenhum risco, não fazem nada, não têm nada e não são nada. Elas podem até evitar sofrimentos e desilusões, mas elas não conseguem nada, não sentem nada, não mudam, não crescem, não amam, não vivem. Acorrentadas por suas atitudes, elas viram escravas, privam-se de sua liberdade. Somente a pessoa que corre riscos é livre!" Lucius Annaeus Seneca ii AGRADECIMENTOS Ao Prof. Dr. Fábio Lang da Silveira pelo incentivo e idéia inicial do trabalho. Ao Prof. Dr. André Carrara Morandini pela amizade e orientação no andamento do projeto. A minha mãe Maria Angélica Villela, meu pai Armando José Almeida, minha tia Anna Maria Lenktaitis e meu primo Phillip Lenktaitis pelo apoio e constante incentivo para a realização dos meus projetos. A Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) pela bolsa concedida. A Chefia do Departamento de Zoologia (IB/USP), na pessoa dos Profs. Drs. Eleonora Trajano e Pedro Gnaspini, por permitirem o uso do espaço para a realização do projeto. Ao CNPq (490348/2006-8, 474672/2007-7, sob responsabilidade do Prof. Dr. Antonio C. Marques) e ao MCT/FINEP (3175/06, sob responsabilidade do Prof. Dr. Francisco A. Esteves) pela possibilidade de coleta no ES e Puerto Madryn (Argentina). Ao Prof. Dr. Gabriel N. Genzano (UNMdP, Argentina) pela coleta de parte do material em Puerto Madryn. A FAPESP (2010/50174-7, responsável A.C. Morandini) por custear parte das despesas laboratoriais. Ao CNPq (490158/2009-9) pelo custeio da viagem em que foram observados materiais do Zoologische Staatssammlung München (Alemanha). A Profa. Dra. Débora O. Pires, curadora da coleção de cnidaria do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ) pelo empréstimo de animais para o estudo. A Dra Aline Staskowian Benetti e ao Prof. Dr. Marcos Tavares, responsáveis pela coleção de invertebrados marinhos do Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP) pelo empréstimo de animais para o estudo. Ao Sr. Wyatt Patry do Monterey Bay Aquarium por ceder gentilmente espécimes da região da California (EUA). Ao Sr. J. van Egmond responsável pela coleção de cnidarios do Nederlands Centrum voor Biodiversiteit Naturalis (Holanda) pelo empréstimo de animais para o estudo. A Profa. Dra. Cristina Damborenea (Museo de La Plata, Argentina) e ao Dr. Fabian Acuña por ceder materiais para o estudo. Aos técnicos do departamento de Zoologia, Enio Matos e Phillip Lenktaitis, pela ajuda na realização dos procedimentos relacionados à histologia. Aos colegas Dr. Sérgio N. Stampar, Msc. Júlia Beneti & Msc. Renato Nagata pelo companheirismo, risadas e auxilio no desenvolvimento do trabalho. Ao mestre Ricardo Plentz, Sra. Débora Plentz, Srta. Amanda Valente e a todos os amigos do Taekwondo pelas palavras de encorajamento. iii RESUMO Os coralimorfários são definidos como cnidários antozoários com pólipos solitários ou clonais, sem esqueleto, sifonóglife ou bandas ciliadas nos filamentos dos mesentérios. Os coralimorfários formam um grupo taxonômico relativamente pequeno (compreendendo 45 espécies válidas) e pouco estudado. Eles ocorrem em todos os oceanos, desde regiões polares até equatoriais, e de regiões entre - marés até 5 km de profundidade. Na costa brasileira foram realizados poucos trabalhos sobre o grupo com o registro de 3 espécies, Discosoma carlgreni; Discosoma sanctithomae e Corynactis viridis. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: inventariar as espécies do litoral brasileiro, fornecendo descrições da morfologia externa e interna além de apresentar dados do cnidoma e aspectos da reprodução assexuada. O estudo se baseou em exemplares do litoral brasileiro recém coletados e espécimes depositados em museus (MNRJ e MZUSP). Também se utilizou como material comparativo exemplares preservados de museus da Holanda (NNM), Alemanha (ZSM), Argentina (MLP) e animais vivos da França e EUA. Animais recém coletados no litoral da Patagônia Argentina também foram utilizados. As espécies que ocorrem no litoral do Brasil são: Discosoma carlgreni (ES, BA), Discosoma sanctithomae (BA), Corynactis sp. (complexo de espécies Corynactis viridis, RS, SC, SP, RJ) e Pseudocorynactis sp. nov. (SP, RJ). Para os materiais recém coletados do litoral argentino existem duas espécies, Corynactis carnea (de amostras do infralitoral) e Corynactis sp. (de amostras do entre - marés). As espécies de Discosoma podem ser diferenciadas com base em características morfológicas externas. A morfologia externa e interna de exemplares do gênero Corynactis não é suficiente para a distinção das diferentes espécies, por haver sobreposição nos caracteres. O uso do cnidoma como ferramenta para a diferenciação dos exemplares de Corynactis estudados mostrou-se útil. Os gêneros Corynactis e Pseudocorynactis apresentam características morfológicas e biológicas distintas que permitem o reconhecimento dos dois clados. iv ABSTRACT The corallimorpharians are defined as anthozoan cnidarians with solitary or clonal polyps without skeleton, siphoglyphs or ciliated bands in the mesenterial filaments. The corallimorpharians form a relatively small taxonomic group (45 valid species) and poorly studied. They occur in all oceans, from polar to equatorial regions, and from intertidal to 5 km deep. Along the Brazilian coast only a few studies were performed about the group, counting 3 species: Discosoma carlgreni; Discosoma sanctithomae; and Corynactis viridis. The goals of this study were to: list the species of the Brazilian coast, providing external and internal morphological descriptions besides data on the cnidome and aspects of the asexual reproduction. The study was based on specimens from the Brazilian coast recently collected and from individuals deposited at museums (MNRJ and MZUSP). Specimens for comparisons were provided by museums from the Netherlands (NNM), Germany (ZSM), Argentina (MLP) and living specimens from France and USA. Additionally recently collected animals from the Patagonian coast of Argentina were also used. The species that occur in Brazil are: Discosoma carlgreni (ES, BA), Discosoma sanctithomae (BA), Corynactis sp. (species complex Corynactis viridis, RS, SC, SP, RJ) and Pseudocorynactis sp. nov. (SP, RJ). For the Argentinian coast there are two species, Corynactis carnea (subtidal samples) and Corynactis sp. (intertidal samples). The Discosoma species can be differentiated based on external morphological characters. The external and internal morphology of specimens of the genus Corynactis are not adequate for distinguishing the different species due to superposition of characters. The application of the cnidome as a tool to separate specimens of the studied Corynactis is considered useful. The genera Corynactis and Pseudocorynactis do have distinct morphological and biological characters that allow recognition of both clades. v ÍNDICE Dedicatória i Epígrafe ii Agradecimentos iii Resumo iv Abstract v Índice vi Capítulo 1. A ordem Corallimorpharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) 01 1.1. Introdução 01 1.2. Diversidade na Ordem Corallimorpharia 05 1.3. Biologia de Corallimorpharia (interações, reprodução e importância) 13 1.4. Posicionamento do grupo dentro de Cnidaria 16 1.5. Considerações a respeito do Cnidoma 18 Capítulo 2. Objetivos 22 Capítulo 3. Material e Métodos 23 Capítulo 4. Resultados 32 Espécies encontradas no Brasil Corynactis sp. 32 Pseudocorynactis sp. nov. 40 Discosoma carlgreni 47 Discosoma sanctithomae 53 Espécies de outras localidades utilizadas para comparação vi Corynactis californica 55 Corynactis chilensis 60 Corynactis sp. (morfotipo Argentina entre-marés) 65 Corynactis carnea (morfotipo Argentina infralitoral) 68 Corynactis viridis 74 Capítulo 5. Discussão 80 Capítulo 6. Conclusões 102 Capítulo 7. Referências Bibliográficas 103 vii Capítulo 1: A ordem Corallimorpharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) 1.1. Introdução Os membros do filo Cnidaria são metazoários definidos por possuírem uma série de características consideradas basais ou pouco derivadas. Algumas delas são: a organização tecidual diploblástica, simetria radial, tentáculos ao redor da abertura
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