DOCSLIB.ORG

Evidence Report: Licit Schedule II Drug Use and Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Safety (Comprehensive Review)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evidence Report: Licit Schedule II Drug Use and Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Safety (Comprehensive Review) Evidence Report: Licit Schedule II Drug Use and Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Safety (Comprehensive Review) Presented to Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration October 21, 2006 Prepared for Prepared by MANILA Consulting Group, Inc. ECRI 1420 Beverly Road, Suite 220 5200 Butler Pike McLean, VA 22101 Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462 This report is comprised of research conducted to analyze the impact of Licit Schedule II Drug Use on Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Safety. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration considers evidence, expert recommendations, and other data, however, all proposed changes to current standards and guidance (guidelines) will be subject to public-notice-and-comment and regulatory processes. FMCSA Evidence Report: Schedule II Drugs and Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Safety 10/21/2006 Policy Statement ECRI prepared this report under subcontract to MANILA Consulting Group, Inc., which holds prime Contract No. GS-10F-0177N/DTMC75-05-F-00062 with the Department of Transportation’s Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. ECRI is an independent, nonprofit health services research agency and a Collaborating Center for Health Technology Assessment of the World Health Organization. ECRI has been designated an Evidence-based Practice Center (EPC) by the United States Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. ECRI’s mission is to provide information and technical assistance to the healthcare community worldwide to support safe and cost-effective patient care. The results of ECRI’s research and experience are available through its publications, information systems, databases, technical assistance programs, laboratory services, seminars, and fellowships. The purpose of this evidence report is to provide information on the current state of knowledge on this topic. It is not intended as instruction for medical practice or for making decisions regarding individual patients. Page i FMCSA Evidence Report: Schedule II Drugs and Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Safety 10/21/2006 Table of Contents Executive Summary.........................................................................................................................1 Purpose of Evidence Report ........................................................................................................1 Identification of Evidence Bases .................................................................................................1 Grading the Strength of Evidence................................................................................................2 Analytic Methods.........................................................................................................................2 Presentation of Findings ..............................................................................................................2 Findings .......................................................................................................................................2 Conclusions................................................................................................................................11 Preface............................................................................................................................................12 Organization of Report ..............................................................................................................12 Scope..........................................................................................................................................12 Background....................................................................................................................................14 Schedule II Drugs ......................................................................................................................14 Stimulants–Amphetamines and Methylphenidate ................................................................ 15 Depressants–Barbiturates and Glutethimide......................................................................... 15 Opioids–Opioids and Synthetic Narcotic Analgesics ........................................................... 16 Prevalence and Incidence of Licit Schedule II Drug Use..........................................................16 Federal Regulatory and Medical Advisory Criteria for CMV Operators Pertaining to Controlled Substances ...........................................................................................................17 Current Federal Regulatory Criteria for CMV Operators..................................................... 17 Subpart E: Physical Qualifications and Examinations.......................................................... 18 Subpart B: Prohibitions......................................................................................................... 19 Brief History of CMV Driver and Drug Policy .........................................................................20 Current Drug Testing Policy......................................................................................................20 Subpart B: Prohibitions......................................................................................................... 21 Methods..........................................................................................................................................23 Key Questions............................................................................................................................23 Identification of Evidence Bases ...............................................................................................25 Searches ................................................................................................................................ 26 Retrieval Criteria................................................................................................................... 27 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria........................................................................................... 27 Page ii FMCSA Evidence Report: Schedule II Drugs and Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Safety 10/21/2006 Evaluation of Quality of Evidence.............................................................................................28 Statistical Methods.....................................................................................................................29 Synthesis of Results .......................................................................................................................30 Key Question 1: Does the licit use of a prescribed Schedule II drug increase the risk for a motor vehicle crash?...................................................................................................30 Identification of Evidence Base ............................................................................................ 30 Section Summary .................................................................................................................. 31 Key Question 2: Does the licit use of a prescribed Schedule II drug negatively impact indirect measures of driving ability?..............................................................................32 Identification of Evidence Base ............................................................................................ 32 Evidence Base....................................................................................................................... 33 Findings................................................................................................................................. 46 Section Summary .................................................................................................................. 72 Key Question 3: What is the correlation between the serum level of a Schedule II drug and the risk for a motor vehicle crash?..............................................................................78 Identification of Evidence Base ............................................................................................ 78 Section Summary .................................................................................................................. 78 Key Question 4: What is the correlation between the serum level of a Schedule II drug and indirect measures of driving ability? ..........................................................................79 Identification of Evidence Base ............................................................................................ 79 Evidence Base....................................................................................................................... 80 Findings................................................................................................................................. 83 Section Summary .................................................................................................................. 87 Key Question 5: Is there a relationship between the pharmacokinetics of a Schedule II drug and the risk for a motor vehicle crash? ..........................................................87 Identification of Evidence Base ............................................................................................ 88 Section Summary .................................................................................................................. 89 Key Question 6: Is there a relationship between the pharmacokinetics of a Schedule II drug and indirect measures
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Minnesota Statutes 1979 Supplement
    MINNESOTA STATUTES 1979 SUPPLEMENT 152.01 PROHIBITED DRUGS CHAPTER 152. PROHIBITED DRUGS Sec. 152.01 Definitions. 152.02 Schedules of controlled substances; admin­ istration of chapter. 152.01 Definitions. [For text of subds 1 to 8, see M.S.1978] Subd. 9. Marijuana. "Marijuana" means all parts of the plant of any species of the genus Cannabis, including all agronomical varieties, whether growing or not; the seeds thereof; the resin extracted from any part of such plant; and every compound, manufacture, salt, derivative, mixture, or preparation of such plant, its seeds or resin, but shall not include the mature stalks of such plant, fiber from such stalks, oil or cake made from the seeds of such plant, any other compound, manufacture, salt, derivative, mix­ ture, or preparation of such mature stalks, except the resin extracted therefrom, fiber, oil, or cake, or the sterilized seed of such plant which is incapable of germination. [For text of subds 10 to 17, see M.S.1978] [ 1979 c 157 s 1 ] 152.02 Schedules of controlled substances; administration of chapter. [For text of subd 1, see M.S.1978) Subd. 2. The following items are listed in Schedule I: (1) Any of the following substances, including their isomers, esters, ethers, salts, and salts of isomers, esters, and ethers, unless specifically excepted, whenever the exis­ tence of such isomers, esters, ethers and salts is possible within the specific chemical des­ ignation: Acetylmethadol; Allylprodine; Alphacetylmethadol; Alphameprodine; Alpham- ethadol; Benzethidine; Betacetylmethadol; Betameprodine; Betamethadol; Betaprodine; Clonitazene; Dextromoramide; Dextrorphan; Diampromide; Diethyliambutene; Dime- noxadol; Dimepheptanol; Dimethyliambutene; Dioxaphetyl butyrate; Dipipanone; Ethylmethylthiambutene; Etonitazene; Etoxeridine; Furethidine; Hydroxypethidine; Ke- tobemidone; Levomoramide; Levophenacylmorphan; Morpheridine; Noracymethadol; Norlevorphanol; Normethadone; Norpipanone; Phenadoxone; Phenampromide; Pheno- morphan; Phenoperidine; Piritramide; Proheptazine; Properidine; Racemoramide; Tri­ meperidine.
    [Show full text]
  • Classification of Medicinal Drugs and Driving: Co-Ordination and Synthesis Report
    Project No. TREN-05-FP6TR-S07.61320-518404-DRUID DRUID Driving under the Influence of Drugs, Alcohol and Medicines Integrated Project 1.6. Sustainable Development, Global Change and Ecosystem 1.6.2: Sustainable Surface Transport 6th Framework Programme Deliverable 4.4.1 Classification of medicinal drugs and driving: Co-ordination and synthesis report. Due date of deliverable: 21.07.2011 Actual submission date: 21.07.2011 Revision date: 21.07.2011 Start date of project: 15.10.2006 Duration: 48 months Organisation name of lead contractor for this deliverable: UVA Revision 0.0 Project co-funded by the European Commission within the Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) Dissemination Level PU Public PP Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission x Services) RE Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services) CO Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services) DRUID 6th Framework Programme Deliverable D.4.4.1 Classification of medicinal drugs and driving: Co-ordination and synthesis report. Page 1 of 243 Classification of medicinal drugs and driving: Co-ordination and synthesis report. Authors Trinidad Gómez-Talegón, Inmaculada Fierro, M. Carmen Del Río, F. Javier Álvarez (UVa, University of Valladolid, Spain) Partners - Silvia Ravera, Susana Monteiro, Han de Gier (RUGPha, University of Groningen, the Netherlands) - Gertrude Van der Linden, Sara-Ann Legrand, Kristof Pil, Alain Verstraete (UGent, Ghent University, Belgium) - Michel Mallaret, Charles Mercier-Guyon, Isabelle Mercier-Guyon (UGren, University of Grenoble, Centre Regional de Pharmacovigilance, France) - Katerina Touliou (CERT-HIT, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Greece) - Michael Hei βing (BASt, Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen, Germany).
    [Show full text]
  • Classical Recreational Drugs New Psychoactive Substances
    . Euro-DEN Plus: 2013-2017 . 23,947 presentations Classical Recreational Drugs and New Psychoactive Substances Professor Paul I Dargan Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London London, UK “Classical Drugs” Classification Stimulants Depressants MDMA (ecstasy) Opioids Amphetamine Benzodiazepines Cocaine GHB/GBL/1,4BD Hallucinogenics LSD Ketamine 1 Opioid Antagonist – Naloxone GHB and its Analogues GBL / 1,4BD . Competitive opioid antagonist – Onset 1-2 minutes, duration 30-90 minutes . Give in titrated 100 – 200 micrograms doses . Naloxone should be given IV – Can be given IM if no IV access . Aim to restore normal oxygenation/improve alertness . Infusion if long-acting preparation / features recur – Initial hourly dose of infusion is 2/3 of initial dose . What additional test is important in everyone with opioid toxicity? Paracetamol concentration . Ingestion of all 3 causes similar clinical features Effects of GHB / GBL Management of acute GHB/GBL toxicity 1-2mL . Mild-Moderate: – relaxation, appreciation for music & dancing, euphoria . Supportive care: ABC and monitoring – nausea, tremor, diarrhoea, agitation . Coma normally lasts 1-3 hours 3-4mL . Severe: . Airway reflexes generally well maintained – Increasing drowsiness …. coma, convulsions, respiratory depression, . Need for intubation: bradycardia – Not usually indicated if maintaining airway, no vomiting NB. Vomiting in 15-20%, convulsions in <10% . Think about dependence / risk of withdrawal in those with acute toxicity 3-6mL . Deaths: – Mostly pre-hospital, related to aspiration How many have seen a patient with this? 2 GHB Dependence/Withdrawal Acute Stimulant Toxicity . GHB: GABA-B agonist, also upregulates dopamine . Agitation and aggression, psychosis . Very frequent use: 1-2 hourly including overnight .
    [Show full text]
  • Coco-Nichole Austin Buttock Plastic Surgeon
    Coco-nichole austin buttock plastic surgeon FAQS Where does justin bieber get his pants choosing a green paint Coco-nichole austin buttock plastic surgeon french adverbs quiz Coco-nichole austin buttock plastic surgeon Coco-nichole austin buttock plastic surgeon Clients Coco-nichole austin buttock plastic surgeon How to draw a graffiti y Global Send e card to blackberry3 Emprin With Codeine site you agree to. The strongest available over codeine to morphine occurs resolution scheme for franchisees States and Canada became. read more Creative Coco-nichole austin buttock plastic surgeonvaNothing at all except watch to assure your credit card or paypal account has not. Azidomorphine Chlornaltrexamine Chloroxymorphamine Dihydrodesoxymorphine Desomorphine Dihydromorphine Ethyldihydromorphine Hydromorphinol Methyldesorphine N Phenethylnormorphine Pseudomorphine RAM. Items which could not be depicted read more Unlimited Southwest native american hallmarks in jewelry15 Jan 2018. Before making waves as Ice-T's wife, Coco Austin made a name for herself course I need to give props to Anna Nicole Smith for also seeing this vision.. BUTT INJECTIONS AND PLASTIC SURGERY come on man,who u&nbsp. 12 Apr 2016. Coco Austin Plastic Surgery rumors might be true like we've always thought.. Born in 1979 as Nicole Marrow, she has appeared in movies like the on her breast, a breast implant is the most likely plastic surgery. read more Dynamic Short stories on animal and plant cellsMany commercial lesson activity rap songs screening code provides you a choice of on screen was growing difficult for. An RSSFeedis a file 157jsfromhell coco-nichole austin buttock plastic surgeon 298math 135mysql information such as news within the signatory states.
    [Show full text]
  • Genl:VE 1970 © World Health Organization 1970
    Nathan B. Eddy, Hans Friebel, Klaus-Jiirgen Hahn & Hans Halbach WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION ORGANISATION .MONDIALE DE LA SANT~ GENl:VE 1970 © World Health Organization 1970 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless governmental agencies or learned and professional societies may reproduce data or excerpts or illustrations from them without requesting an authorization from the World Health Organization. For rights of reproduction or translation of WHO publications in toto, application should be made to the Division of Editorial and Reference Services, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. The World Health Organization welcomes such applications. Authors alone are responsible for views expressed in signed articles. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Director-General of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. © Organisation mondiale de la Sante 1970 Les publications de l'Organisation mondiale de la Sante beneficient de la protection prevue par les dispositions du Protocole n° 2 de la Convention universelle pour la Protection du Droit d'Auteur. Les institutions gouvernementales et les societes savantes ou professionnelles peuvent, toutefois, reproduire des donnees, des extraits ou des illustrations provenant de ces publications, sans en demander l'autorisation a l'Organisation mondiale de la Sante. Pour toute reproduction ou traduction integrate, une autorisation doit etre demandee a la Division des Services d'Edition et de Documentation, Organisation mondiale de la Sante, Geneve, Suisse.
    [Show full text]
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 11.7.2011 SEC(2011)
    EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 11.7.2011 SEC(2011) 912 final COMMISSION STAFF WORKING PAPER on the assessment of the functioning of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA on the information exchange, risk assessment and control of new psychoactive substances Accompanying the document REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION on the assessment of the functioning of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA on the information exchange, risk assessment and control of new psychoactive substances {COM(2011) 430 final} EN EN TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction...................................................................................................................3 2. Methodology.................................................................................................................4 3. Key findings from the 2002 evaluation of the Joint Action on synthetic drugs ...........5 4. Overview of notifications, types of substances and trends at EU level 2005-2010......7 5. Other EU legislation relevant for the regulation of new psychoactive substances.....12 6. Functioning of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances .....................16 7. Findings of the survey among Member States............................................................17 7.1. Assessment of the Council Decision ..........................................................................17 7.2. Stages in the functioning of the Council Decision .....................................................18 7.3. National responses to new psychoactive substances ..................................................20
    [Show full text]
  • CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE, DRUG, DEVICE and COSMETIC ACT - SCHEDULE I CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES Act of Jun
    CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE, DRUG, DEVICE AND COSMETIC ACT - SCHEDULE I CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES Act of Jun. 23, 2011, P.L. 36, No. 7 Cl. 35 Session of 2011 No. 2011-7 SB 1006 AN ACT Amending the act of April 14, 1972 (P.L.233, No.64), entitled "An act relating to the manufacture, sale and possession of controlled substances, other drugs, devices and cosmetics; conferring powers on the courts and the secretary and Department of Health, and a newly created Pennsylvania Drug, Device and Cosmetic Board; establishing schedules of controlled substances; providing penalties; requiring registration of persons engaged in the drug trade and for the revocation or suspension of certain licenses and registrations; and repealing an act," further providing for Schedule I controlled substances. The General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania hereby enacts as follows: Section 1. Section 4(1) of the act of April 14, 1972 (P.L.233, No.64), known as The Controlled Substance, Drug, Device and Cosmetic Act, amended November 24, 1999 (P.L.894, No.55), is amended to read: Section 4. Schedules of Controlled Substances.--The following schedules include the controlled substances listed or to be listed by whatever official name, common or usual name, chemical name, or trade name designated. (1) Schedule I--In determining that a substance comes within this schedule, the secretary shall find: a high potential for abuse, no currently accepted medical use in the United States, and a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision. The following controlled substances are included in this schedule: (i) Any of the following opiates, including their isomers, esters, ethers, salts, and salts of isomers, esters, and ethers, unless specifically excepted, whenever the existence of such isomers, esters, ethers and salts is possible within the specific chemical designation: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • LAAM in the Treatment of Opiate Addiction: Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 22
    TIP 22: LAAM in the Treatment of Opiate Addiction: Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 22 A43664 Ira J. Marion, M.A. Consensus Panel Chair U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Center for Substance Abuse Treatment Rockwall II, 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville, MD 20857 DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 95-3052 Printed 1995. Disclaimer This publication is part of the Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment Block Grant technical assistance program. All material appearing in this volume except quoted passages from copyrighted sources is in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied without permission from the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT) or the authors. Citation of the source is appreciated. This publication was written under contract number ADM 270-91-0007 from the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Sandra Clunies, M.S., served as the CSAT Government project officer. Robert A. Lubran, M.S., M.P.A., was the Government content advisor. Carolyn Davis, Constance Gartner, Linda Harteker, Lise Markl, Barbara Shapiro, and Deborah Shuman served as writers. The opinions expressed herein are the views of the consensus panel members and do not reflect the official position of CSAT or any other part of the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). No official support or endorsement of CSAT or DHHS for these opinions or for particular instruments or software that may be described in this document is intended or should be inferred. The guidelines proffered in this document should not be considered as substitutes for individualized patient care and treatment decisions.
    [Show full text]
  • Two Patterns of Narcotic Drug Addiction in the United States John C
    Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Volume 56 Article 8 Issue 2 June Summer 1965 Two Patterns of Narcotic Drug Addiction in the United States John C. Ball Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation John C. Ball, Two Patterns of Narcotic Drug Addiction in the United States, 56 J. Crim. L. Criminology & Police Sci. 203 (1965) This Criminology is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. RESEARCH REPORTS TWO PATTERNS OF NARCOTIC DRUG ADDICTION IN THE UNITED STATES JOHN C. BALL* Evidence from the present study and a review and has, in modern times, often reflected the tech- of the literature support the thesis that two quite nical and scientific advances in medicine and distinct patterns of narcotic drug addiction exist pharmacology with respect to the particular drug in the United States at the present time. One ad- taken and the means of administration employed diction pattern is followed by young heroin users by the user. Thus, the invention of the hypodermic who come predominantly from metropolitan cen- syringe facilitated both the medical and non- ters and are engaged in illegal endeavors. The other medical use of opiates in the United States after pattern is typified by the middle-aged southern 1856. The practice of opium smoking became white who uses morphine or paregoric and obtains somewhat of a vogue among the demi-monde of his drugs through legal or quasi-legal means.
    [Show full text]
  • Postoperative Pain
    LONDON, SATURDAY 19 AUGUST 1978 MEDICAL Br Med J: first published as 10.1136/bmj.2.6136.517 on 19 August 1978. Downloaded from JOURNAL Postoperative pain It is an indictment of modern medicine that an apparently carries marginally less risk of depressing respiration or of simple problem such as the reliable relief of postoperative inducing nausea or vomiting. Nevertheless, it does produce pain remains largely unsolved. Numerous patients will bear psychotomimetic side effects, which are related to the dose. testimony to our shortcomings: indeed, after talking to their These reduce its value in the prolonged treatment of very friends, many will expect pain after their operation. At whose severe pain. door can we lay the responsibility-the patients, the doctors, Meptazinol is a new opiate antagonist which produces the nurses, or the pharmaceutical industry ? postoperative analgesia similar to that obtained with pethidine The patients themselves must take a fair share of the and pentazocine.4 Its potency, milligram for milligram, is blame. In no symptom are they more inconsistent and un- similar to pethidine's but its action and sedative effect are reliable. After identical operations under identical anaesthetics somewhat shorter. Cardiovascular performance is not reduced carried out by the same specialists, two patients in the same and respiration is thought to be less affected than with ward may apparently experience entirely different degrees pethidine. The main potential advantage, however, is that in of pain. Personality differences may account for some of the animal studies it has shown a low dependence potential.5 If variations, but we certainly do not understand these well these non-addictive properties are confirmed in man and enough confidently to provide each individual with exactly further clinical trials show no psychotomimetic side effects, http://www.bmj.com/ what he or she needs.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbamate Analogs of Thiaphysovenine, Pharmaceutical Compositions, and Method for Inhibiting Cholinesterases
    Europäisches Patentamt *EP001251131A2* (19) European Patent Office Office européen des brevets (11) EP 1 251 131 A2 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION (43) Date of publication: (51) Int Cl.7: C07D 495/04, A61K 31/40 23.10.2002 Bulletin 2002/43 // (C07D495/04, 333:00, 209:00) (21) Application number: 02013799.8 (22) Date of filing: 28.08.1992 (84) Designated Contracting States: • He, Xiao-Shu AT BE CH DE DK ES FR GB GR IE IT LI LU MC NL Rockville, MD 20852 (US) SE • Rapoport, Stanley I. NW, Washington, DC 20016 (US) (30) Priority: 26.09.1991 US 765766 • Greig, Nigel H. 03.03.1992 US 845081 Silver Spring, MD 20906 (US) • Brzostowska, Malgarzota (62) Document number(s) of the earlier application(s) in 60-518 Poznan (PL) accordance with Art. 76 EPC: 92919058.5 / 0 605 474 (74) Representative: Wallace, Sheila Jane et al Lloyd Wise, Tregear & Co., (71) Applicant: The Government of the United States Commonwealth House, of America, as represented by the Secretary, 1-19 New Oxford Street Department of Health and Human Services London WC1A 1LW (GB) Washington, D.C. 20201 (US) Remarks: (72) Inventors: This application was filed on 21 - 06 - 2002 as a • Brossi, Arnold divisional application to the application mentioned Bethesda, ND 20817 (US) under INID code 62. (54) Carbamate analogs of thiaphysovenine, pharmaceutical compositions, and method for inhibiting cholinesterases (57) This invention relates to certain carbamate analogs of thiaphysovenine of the formula wherein 1 2 R is H and R is C4 - C10 alkyl; 1 2 R and R are independently C1 -C10 alkyl; or R1 is H and R2 is a group of the formula EP 1 251 131 A2 Printed by Jouve, 75001 PARIS (FR) (Cont.
    [Show full text]
  • Veterinary Anesthetic and Analgesic Formulary 3Rd Edition, Version G
    Veterinary Anesthetic and Analgesic Formulary 3rd Edition, Version G I. Introduction and Use of the UC‐Denver Veterinary Formulary II. Anesthetic and Analgesic Considerations III. Species Specific Veterinary Formulary 1. Mouse 2. Rat 3. Neonatal Rodent 4. Guinea Pig 5. Chinchilla 6. Gerbil 7. Rabbit 8. Dog 9. Pig 10. Sheep 11. Non‐Pharmaceutical Grade Anesthetics IV. References I. Introduction and Use of the UC‐Denver Formulary Basic Definitions: Anesthesia: central nervous system depression that provides amnesia, unconsciousness and immobility in response to a painful stimulation. Drugs that produce anesthesia may or may not provide analgesia (1, 2). Analgesia: The absence of pain in response to stimulation that would normally be painful. An analgesic drug can provide analgesia by acting at the level of the central nervous system or at the site of inflammation to diminish or block pain signals (1, 2). Sedation: A state of mental calmness, decreased response to environmental stimuli, and muscle relaxation. This state is characterized by suppression of spontaneous movement with maintenance of spinal reflexes (1). Animal anesthesia and analgesia are crucial components of an animal use protocol. This document is provided to aid in the design of an anesthetic and analgesic plan to prevent animal pain whenever possible. However, this document should not be perceived to replace consultation with the university’s veterinary staff. As required by law, the veterinary staff should be consulted to assist in the planning of procedures where anesthetics and analgesics will be used to avoid or minimize discomfort, distress and pain in animals (3, 4). Prior to administration, all use of anesthetics and analgesic are to be approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC).
    [Show full text]