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Oficio Nº Uga/088/2006 El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Reproducción de Oncidium poikilostalix (Kraenzl.) M.W. Chase & N.H. Williams (Orchidaceae), en cafetales en el Soconusco, Chiapas, México. TESIS Presentada como requisito parcial para optar al grado de Maestro en Ciencias en Recursos Naturales y Desarrollo Rural por Alfredo García González 2010 A mi familia, especialmente a mis padres, por todos estos años de cariño, dedicación y paciencia. Los quiero mucho. 2 Agradecimientos Primeramente a la Dra. Anne Ashby Damon Beale, por su ayuda y apoyo incondicional en todo momento y por haber confiando en mi para llevar a cabo este proyecto. Igualmente a mis asesores, Dra. Ligia Guadalupe Esparza Olguìn y Ms.E. Javier Valle Mora, quienes con sus ideas y opiniones hicieron posible la culminación de este trabajo. A mi familia, que siempre me apoyó, supo servirme de refugio cuando lo necesité y a quienes les debo en gran medida todo lo que soy y e logrado. Al Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Unidad Tapachula, por haberme abierto sus puertas y haberme dado una gran oportunidad. Al Concejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), por haberme dado el apoyo financiero que necesitaba para llevar a buen termino esta investigación. A Marcela mi novia (Te Amo), a sus papas (Doña Juanita y Don Miguel), a sus hermanas (Beatriz, Maria Elisa y Mariana) y a su tía (Doña Elisa), por el cariño y apoyo que me brindaron en todo momento y por haberme acogido en el seno de su familia, haciéndome sentir como en casa. A Javier y su familia (Doña Mari, Don Javier, Willi y Leisver), por todo el afecto y las atenciones de estos años. A todos aquellos amigos en Cuba o México, que de una forma u otra estuvieron presentes y me ayudaron a alcanzar mi meta. A la Ms.C. María Guadalupe Nieto López por ayudarme y permitirme incursionar en su pequeño mundo de la microscopia electrónica. A Nelson por su apoyo y colaboración en el trabajo de campo. Al Dr. Víctor Olalde Portugal, Dr. Francisco Alejo Iturbide y a todos los demás compañeros y amigos del laboratorio de Bioquímica Ecológica del CINVESTAV, Unidad Irapuato, por todo su tiempo y colaboración. Al Dr. Leopoldo Caridad Cruz López y al Dr. Jaime Gomez Ruiz, por sus valiosas recomendaciones como sinodales de esta investigación. 3 Sugerencia para citar este documento García-González, A. 2010. Reproducción de Oncidium poikilostalix (Kraenzl.) M.W. Chase & N.H. Williams (Orchidaceae), en cafetales en el Soconusco, Chiapas, México. Tesis de Maestría en Ciencias en Recursos Naturales y Desarrollo Rural. El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), México. 4 ÍNDICE Pág. RESUMEN ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 I. INTRODUCCIÓN ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 II. OBJETIVOS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 2.1. Objetivo general ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 2.2. Objetivos específicos ---------------------------------------------------------------- 12 III. MARCO TEÓRICO -------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 3.1. Las orquídeas en el mundo y en México ---------------------------------- 13 3.1.1. La familia Orchidaceae ----------------------------------------------------------- 13 3.1.2. La orquideoflora mexicana ------------------------------------------------------ 14 3.2. Reproducción de las orquídeas epífitas ----------------------------------- 17 3.2.1. Polinización ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 3.2.2. Los hongos micorrícicos y las orquídeas ------------------------------------ 19 3.3. Características generales de la región del Soconusco ------------ 21 3.3.1. Ubicación geográfica y caracterización -------------------------------------- 21 3.3.2. Geología y suelos ----------------------------------------------------------------- 23 3.3.3. Clima y vegetación ---------------------------------------------------------------- 23 3.3.4. Actividades económicas, demografía y usos del suelo ------------------ 25 5 3.4. El cafetal. Oportunidades para la conservación y el desarrollo económico --------------------------------------------------------------- 26 3.4.1. El café y su situación en México ----------------------------------------------- 26 3.4.2. El cafetal y las orquídeas -------------------------------------------------------- 27 3.4.3. El cafeto como forofito ------------------------------------------------------------ 30 3.4.4. Los árboles de sombra en el cafetal ------------------------------------------ 30 3.4.5. Cambios actuales en la cafeticultura mexicana, implicaciones y posibles soluciones ---------------------------------------------------------------- 32 3.5. Género y especie de orquídea objeto de estudio -------------------- 33 3.5.1. Género Oncidium y subtribu Oncidiinae ------------------------------------- 33 3.5.2. Oncidium poikilostalix (Kraenzl.) M.W. Chase & N.H. Williams -------- 34 IV. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS ----------------------------------------------------- 37 4.1. Sitios de estudio ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 37 4.1.1. Caracterización --------------------------------------------------------------------- 37 4.2. Metodologías aplicadas y datos obtenidos ------------------------------ 37 4.2.1. Parcelas experimentales --------------------------------------------------------- 37 4.2.2. Determinación de altura y DBH de los cafetos y árboles de sombra -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38 4.2.3.Micrositios de los cafetos y de los árboles de sombra (Zonación vertical) --------------------------------------------------- 39 4.2.4. Estadíos de vida -------------------------------------------------------------------- 42 4.2.5. Tasa de polinización --------------------------------------------------------------- 43 4.2.6. Lluvia de semillas ------------------------------------------------------------------- 43 4.2.7. Caracterización morfológica de las semillas --------------------------------- 43 4.2.8. Tinción de raíces para ver presencia de hongos micorrícicos ---------- 44 6 4.2.9. Aislamiento de hongos ------------------------------------------------------------ 45 4.2.10. Preparación de montajes en portaobjetos ---------------------------------- 45 4.2.11. Preparación de microcultivos fúngicos -------------------------------------- 46 4.3. Programas y análisis estadísticos empleados -------------------------- 46 4.4. Instrumentos y materiales empleados -------------------------------------- 47 4.4.1. Para el trabajo en el campo ----------------------------------------------------- 47 4.4.2. Para el trabajo en el laboratorio ------------------------------------------------ 48 V. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN --------------------------------------------------- 49 5.1. Aspectos generales de los dos cafetales estudiados --------------- 49 5.1.1. Ejido Fracción Montecristo (FM) ----------------------------------------------- 49 5.1.2. Ejido Benito Juárez El Plan (BJ) ----------------------------------------------- 51 5.2. Resultados por parcelas y sitio ------------------------------------------------ 52 5.2.1. Densidad de cafetos y árboles de sombra ---------------------------------- 52 5.2.2. Forofitos ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 55 5.2.3. Altura y DBH de cafetos y árboles de sombra ----------------------------- 59 5.2.4. Disponibilidad de los diferentes micrositios de los cafetos y de los árboles de sombra ---------------------------------------------------------------- 62 5.2.5. Número de orquídeas por parcelas y estadio de vida -------------------- 64 5.2.6. Número de orquídeas por Micrositios ---------------------------------------- 66 5.2.7. Significancia estadística de las diferencias entre parcelas y tipo de planta (cafeto o árboles de sombra) en FM y BJ --------------- 75 5.2.8. Número de orquídeas y su relación con factores físicos y ambientales ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 87 5.2.9. Número de orquídeas por estadios de vida --------------------------------- 90 5.2.10. Relación y asociación entre diferentes variables cualitativas --------- 96 7 5.2.11. Floración --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 99 5.2.12. Polinización y fructificación------ ---------------------------------------------- 112 5.2.13. Frutos dañados --------------------------------------------------------------------- 117 5.2.14. Lluvia de semillas ------------------------------------------------------------------ 121 5.2.15. Caracterización de la semilla --------------------------------------------------- 123 5.2.16. Hongos micorrícicos asociados a la germinación ------------------------- 124 VI. CONCLUSIONES ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 129 VII. REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ------------------------------------------ 131 8 RESUMEN Se estudió la reproducción y estructura poblacional de Oncidium poikilostalix (Kraenzl.) M.W. Chase & N.H. Williams (Orchidaceae), durante los años 2008 y 2009. Esta orquídea es nuevo reporte para México en 2008, encontrándose en el Soconusco, Chiapas, creciendo asociada a cafetales de sombra en áreas de los Ejidos Fracción Montecristo (FM) y Benito Juárez El Plan (BJ), municipio de Cacahoatán. Se trazaron tres parcelas de 625 m² (25 x 25 m) en cada uno de los dos cafetales donde se encontró O. poikilostalix.
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