Skin Signs of Endocrine Disorders

4/13/2018

Skin signs of endocrine disorders

Anna Haemel MD Assistant Professor UCSF Dermatology

Skin and systemic disease: A framework Crohn’s disease DM1 • Directly related • Directly related (cutaneous Crohn’s) (scleredema adultorum) • Reactive condition • Reactive condition (neutrophilic dermatosis) (N/A) • Associated condition • Associated condition (alopecia areata) (dermatitis herpetiformis) • Treatment side effect • Treatment side effect (TNFi induced psoriasis) (insulin injection reaction)

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Overview

• Skin manifestations of • Skin manifestations of nonmalignant neoplastic endocrine endocrine d/o incl: conditions incl: – Thyroid – Genetic • Hyper • MEN syndromes • Hypo – Metabolic – Pancreas • Glucagonoma • Diabetes – Paraneoplastic – Androgen excess • Dermatomyositis • PCOS

Case 1: Textural changes to legs

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Case 1

• 1 year hx of textural changes to shins> upper extremities • Consult question: Does this patient have scleromyxedema? • Skin bx forearm – dermal mucinosis • Labs – SPEP/IFE/free light chains neg

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Case 1

• Prior hx Graves’, incl Graves’ ophthalmopathy – Significant proptosis – Significant ocular surface exposure OD>OS – No signs of optic nerve compromise – Intermittent diplopia that is not bothersome to the patient

Graves’ disease Cutaneous Features • Ophthalmopathy (30%) • Pretibial myxedema (4%) • Acropachy (1%)

• Stimulation of thyrotropin receptor results in mesenchymal tissue expansion • Correction of thyroid level has no effect on skin lesions

Transl Pediatr. 2017 Oct;6(4):300-312. Int J Dermatol. 2015 Aug;54(8):e280-6

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Thyroid Dermopathy Pretibial Myxedema • Accumulation of glycosaminoglycans • Bilateral, localized • Nonpitting infiltration • Nodules and plaques • Elephantiasis-like

• Usually have ophthalmopathy • Acropachy is variable

Transl Pediatr. 2017 Oct;6(4):300-312. Int J Dermatol. 2015 Aug;54(8):e280-6

Case 1

• Treatment approach – Ophtho consult for thyroid associated orbitopathy: Currently inactive • Encouraged current attempts to quit smoking – Skin directed therapy: • Topical/intralesional triamcinolone • Compression garments orders (sleeves, gloves, stockings)

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Case 1

Relative sparing at sites of compression/straps

Thyroid Acropachy

• Clubbing • Soft tissue swelling of hands and feet • Periosteal reaction of extremity bones • Thyroid acropachy is associated w severe Graves’ orbitopathy and need for orbital decompression

Transl Pediatr. 2017 Oct;6(4):300-312. Int J Dermatol. 2015 Aug;54(8):e280-6 Thyroid. 2003 Dec;13(12):1141-4.

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soft tissue swelling

onycholysis

Thyroid acropachy: periosteal bone formation at the metacarpophalanges and proximal phalanges

N Engl J Med. 2016 Jul 21;375(3):261.

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Hypothyroidism Myxedema = systemic mucinosis • Skin is cold, xerotic, pale • Coarse hair • Loss of outer third of eyebrow = madarosis • Puffy face • Broad nose • Thick lips and large tongue (macroglossia) • Drooping eyelids and periorbital swelling – MPS deposition • Cutis verticis gyrata • Carotenemia  yellow palms and soles

Transl Pediatr. 2017 Oct;6(4):300-312.

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Hyperthyroidism • Skin is warm, moist, and smooth • Palmar erythema • Facial flushing • Hair is thinned, downy • Hyperpigmentation • Hyperhidrosis • Nail changes – Plummer nails: concave with distal

onycholysis Transl Pediatr. 2017 Oct;6(4):300-312. Int J Dermatol. 2015 Aug;54(8):e280-6

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Hyperthyroidism Other Cutaneous Features • Vitiligo – 7% of patients with Graves’ disease – Increased in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis • Urticaria – Check thyroid antibodies in chronic urticaria

Transl Pediatr. 2017 Oct;6(4):300-312.

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Case 2: Referral for “morphea”

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Case 2

• Skin bx: thickening of the reticular dermis with a slight increase in the amount of interstitial mucin in the deep dermis • Dx: Scleredema adultorum – Sclerodermiform mucinosis – Glycosylation of proteins

Transl Pediatr. 2017 Oct;6(4):300-312.

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Scleredema adultorum • Painless non pitting swelling/induration starting on upper back/neck and can spread to upper torso • 2.5-14% of pts with DM; more common in men • Increased deposition of collagen due to irreversible nonenzymatic glycosylation of collagen/resistance to degradation • Very challenging to treat – PUVA, MTX, IVIG, other… Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2017 Dec;53(3):306-336.

Skin Signs of diabetes

Directly related Associated conditions • Scleredema • Candidiasis • Diabetic • Fungal infections cheiroarthropathy • Diabetic • Necrobiosis lipoidica dermopathy • Granuloma annulare? • Bullous diabeticorum • Psoriasis • Acanthosis nigricans

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• Diabetic dermopathy – Most common cutaneous marker of DM – 70% of adults w DM

Transl Pediatr. 2017 Oct;6(4):300-312.

• Bullous diabeticorum – Rare but specific (0.05% of pts) – Large noninflammatory monolocular bullae on dorsal foot/ankle

Image courtesy of Lindy Fox MD

Transl Pediatr. 2017 Oct;6(4):300-312.

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Acanthosis nigricans assoc w insulin resistance • AN is a sign of peripheral insulin resistance • Increased in groups with DM commonly (NA, Hispanics, AA’s) and in obesity • Elevated insulin levels bind to Insulin Growth Factor receptors on keratinocytes causing AN Transl Pediatr. 2017 Oct;6(4):300-312.

Skin Signs of diabetes

Directly related Associated conditions • Scleredema • Candidiasis • Diabetic • Dermatophytosis cheiroarthropathy • Diabetic dermopathy • Necrobiosis lipoidica • Bullous diabeticorum • Granuloma annulare ? • Acanthosis nigricans • Psoriasis

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• Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum – 0.3% to 1.6% of pts w DM – BUT 75% of cases of NLD occur in pts who have or will develop DM

Case 3: Severe adult female acne

• 28 YOF • Acne in teens, now recurrent again in late 20s • Irregular menses, excess hair growth, thinning scalp hair • A1c = 5.8%

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Photo courtesy of Kanade Shinkai MD, PhD

PCOS and skin • 72-82% of pts w PCOS have cutaneous signs of hyperandrogenism • Acne - 61% of pts w PCOS – not a reliable marker • Hirsutism – 53% of pts w PCOS – excellent marker • Acanthosis nigricans – 37% of pts w PCOS – excellent marker • Hirsutism and AN are both assoc w elevated free testosterone level and increased insulin resistance Schmidt T et al (2016) JAMA Derm, 152: 391-398

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Hirsutism - a specific sign in PCOS

Photo courtesy of Kanade Shinkai MD, PhD

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Acanthosis nigricans is specific sign in PCOS

Photo courtesy of Kanade Shinkai MD, PhD

Androgenetic alopecia - not a reliable marker of PCOS

Schmidt T et al (2015) JAMA Derm, Dec 23:1-8

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Treatment

• Weight loss • Dietary changes • OCPs • Metformin as needed for hyperglycemia • Spironolactone for hirsutism, acne

Dermatology & disorders of androgen excess • PCOS (most common) • CAH • Ovarian tumors • Adrenal tumors

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Case 4

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Necrolytic migratory erythema (assoc w glucagonoma) • Glucagonoma syndrome: NME skin ﬁndings, incr glucagon levels, diabetes/glucose intolerance • NME: Migratory plaques w superficial epidermal necrosis, central flaccid bullae, and crusted erosions – Favors flexural areas – Skin may respond to somatostatin analog (octreotide)

Int J Dermatol. 2018 Feb 16.

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Skin manifestations of neoplastic endocrine disorders – Metabolic/neuroendocrine • Glucagonoma – Paraneoplastic • Dermatomyositis – Genetic • MEN syndromes

Necrolytic migratory erythema (assoc w glucagonoma) • Pathogenesis: metabolic etiology involving excess glucagon, amino acid deficiency, zinc deficiency, and free fatty acid deficiency – Skin may impove w IV amino acid supplementation or zinc – Clinically appears similar to eruption of acrodermatitis enteropathica

Int J Dermatol. 2018 Feb 16.

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Skin manifestations of neoplastic endocrine disorders – Metabolic/neuroendocrine • Glucagonoma – Paraneoplastic • Dermatomyositis – Genetic • MEN syndromes

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Malignancy in dermatomyositis

• Most studies have found an increased risk of cancer with DM in up to 30% of patients • Ovarian cancer over-represented • Risk is highest in first 2 years, but remains elevated out to 5 years • Disease may improve with cancer treatment

Am J Clin Dermatol. 2015 Apr;16(2):89-98.

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Palmar fasciitis - polyarthritis: Assoc w ovarian cancer

Clin Exp Dermatol. 2017 Apr;42(3):328-330.

Skin manifestations of neoplastic endocrine disorders – Metabolic/neuroendocrine • Glucagonoma – Paraneoplastic • Dermatomyositis – Genetic • MEN syndromes

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MEN Type I: Wermer

• Endocrine: Parathyroid hyperplasia, islet cell tumors, pituitary adenomas • Skin: Facial angiofibromas, collagenomas, (sometimes) lipomas

Semin Oncol. 2016 Jun;43(3):335-40. Arch Dermatol. 2010 Jul;146(7):715-8

MEN IIA: Sipple

• Endocrine: Parathyroid hyperplasia, medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma • Skin: Macular and lichen amyloid, notalgia paresthetica

Semin Oncol. 2016 Jun;43(3):335-40.

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MEN IIA and lichen amyloid

Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2003 Aug;59(2):156-61.

MEN IIB: Multiple mucosal neuromas syndrome • Endocrine: Medullary thyroid cancer, pheochromocytoma • Skin: Multiple mucosal neuromas, marfanoid habitus, joint laxity

Semin Oncol. 2016 Jun;43(3):335-40

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Questions?