Structural and functional alterations in the brain gray matter among first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients: a multimodal meta-analysis of fMRI and VBM studies Running title: Familial risk for schizophrenia and alterations in the brain Aino I. L. Saarinen, PhD1,2,3,*, Sanna Huhtaniska, MD, PhD4, Juho Pudas, MB3, Lassi Björnholm, MD3, Tuomas Jukuri, MD, PhD3, Jussi Tohka, MD, PhD5, Niklas Granö, PhD6, Jennifer H. Barnett, PhD7,8, Vesa Kiviniemi, MD, PhD9,10, Juha Veijola, MD, PhD3,10,11, Mirka Hintsanen, PhD1, Johannes Lieslehto, MD, PhD 12 1 Research Unit of Psychology, University of Oulu, Finland 2 Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland 3 Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Finland 4 Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Finland 5 A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland 6 Helsinki University Hospital, Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Finland 7 Cambridge Cognition, Cambridge, UK 8 Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 9 Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland 10 Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland 11 Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland 12 Section for Neurodiagnostic Applications, Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Bavaria, * Corresponding author: Aino Saarinen. Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Haartmaninkatu 3, P.O. Box 21, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland. E-mail:
[email protected], Tel.: +35844 307 1204. 1 Abstract Objective: Schizophrenia has one of the highest heritability estimates in psychiatry, but the genetically- based underlying neuropathology has mainly remained unclear.