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Contextual and Indigenous Theology: Constructing Common Ground for the Church in Multi-Cultural Nepalese Context

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Contextual and Indigenous Theology: Constructing Common Ground for the Church in Multi-Cultural Nepalese Context Contextual and Indigenous Theology: Constructing common ground for the church in Multi-cultural Nepalese context Jeevan Magar Supervisor Professor Dr. Marion Grau MF Norwegian School of Theology, Religion and Society, AVH5010: Thesis for Master in Theology (60 ECTS), spring 2019 Word count: 34,837 ii Acknowledgment All glory and honor belong to living God, for his unconditional grace and everlasting mercy throughout my study. My heart burst out with the joy of the Lord in the accomplishment of this thesis. My deeper gratitude goes to late Rev. Dr. S. Sodemba encouraging in my theological journey from the beginning of my young age. I express my heart full thanks to professor Dr. Marion Grau for supervising my thesis with all requiring help and heart touching advice. Also, I am thankful to the entire administrative and academic body of MF Norwegian School of Theology. Special thanks to my beloved wife, for her kind support from the beginning of my theological studies. Consequently, I thank my loving children along with all family members, relatives, friends and entire family member of Himalaya Pentecostal Church Nepal for lifting me up through the words of encouragement and prayer, that has drawn my attention for the completion of my thesis. Finally, I acknowledge immeasurable help of the pastors, evangelists, and believers of the churches in Nepal who have been contributed their prayer and support directly and indirectly to complete my study and this thesis work. Also, I thank MF Librarians team for their friendly support in library work in order to complete my thesis. iii Abstract Nepal is not a home for monoculture, ethnicity, and religion but it has varieties of diversity. We can easily imagine that the varieties of languages (123 spoken languages) itself give the clue of the diverse way of revering deities and their worship pattern. However, one thing is common that the majority of people are religious and they are devoted to their gods and goddesses. Also, these people have their cultural practices like traditional dress, (different from other ethnic groups) musical instrument, the way of worshipping gods, celebrating the festival and conducting ceremonies. In the Nepali Context, as far as people are living in normal life, they do not want to be Christian because becoming Christian is to bear hatred, rejection, isolation and sometimes unexpected persecution too. Why? The only reason is that people consider Christianity is (foreign) religion of others. They imagine that in order to become Christians they must renounce their own culture, lose their own identity, and betray their people. They think becoming Christian is to lose original identity, culture, and tradition. In this context, the primary question is, how as a church/Christian can we construct an inclusive method (local/contextual theology) for presenting the Gospel giving people a sense of their own cultural identity? Moreover, how the church would create a friendly and homely environment to the people from the diverse ethnic and cultural background? Constructing local/contextual Theologies is an essential task for the Nepalese Christian community. It is the right time to construct local theology that is suitable in our context. Other hand, the issues of Ethnic identity, national identity, religious identity, and cultural identity has been rising very loudly. Another hand, modern technology, urbanization, globalization, world economic system, migration, and world education system has been pulling the attention of the new generation. In this dichotomy how we formulate Nepalese Christian Theology is challenging at the same time, it is essential to give clear Christian biblical and ethical guidelines by constructing local theology. Nepal is not only a home for multi-ethnic, multi-linguistic and multi-cultural people; also it is a home for many religions. We need to change seeing all other religions as evil and Christianity as only superior religion. Inter-religious dialogue and interreligious hospitality are essential not only for religious harmony but, it is also for fulfilling the mission of God iv being involved in the act of love. Nepalese Christian must take the initiative to extend the hearts and hands of hospitality because we are saying, Christianity is the superior and true religion, but Hindus and other religious people are saying, Christianity is foreign religion or religion of west. In this context, Parable of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:25-37) and dialogue between Jesus and Samaritan woman (John 4:1-42) would be suitable passages to construct the theology of interreligious hospitality and interreligious dialogue. Becoming a multi-ethnic church, showing the spirit of hospitality and exercising religious tolerance is a vital task of the Nepalese church. An individually as well as collectively as a church we must have a spirit of hospitality and religious tolerance because Christianity in Nepal is the religion of minority and we are living among the pluralistic religious community. v Abbreviations A.D. (Anno Domini) in the year of the Lord B.C. Before Christ BEC Believers Eastern Church B.S. (Bikram Sambad) Nepali Yearly Calendar CBS Central Bureau of Statistics CE Common Era CWM Council for World Mission DAWN Disciplining a Whole Nation ed., eds. Editor Editors e.g. (Exempli gratia) for example esp. Especially etc. (et centera) and others of the same class, and so forth FABC Federation of Asian Bishops‘ Conference f., ff. And the following page(s) fig., figs figure, figures FNCN Federation of National Christian Nepal GDP Gross Domestic Products GFA Gospel For Asia INF International Nepali Fellowship INGO(s) International Non-Governmental Organization(s) NCF National Churches Fellowship NCFN National Churches Fellowship of Nepal NCS Nepal Christian Society NGO Non-Governmental Organization(s) NIV New International Version NRSV New Revised Standard Version OM Operation Mobilization p., pp. Page, pages UMN United Mission to Nepal vi V., vv. Verse, verses Vol. Volume WCC World Council of Churches WMC World Mission Conference www. World Wide Web vii Table of contents 1 Chapter One: General Introduction ................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Background and Identification of Research Problem ................................................. 5 1.3 Research Question/s .................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Research Objectives .................................................................................................... 6 1.5 Motivation ................................................................................................................... 6 1.6 Methodology and Structure ......................................................................................... 7 1.7 Observation as a Method ............................................................................................. 8 1.8 Scope and limitation .................................................................................................. 10 1.9 Ethical Considerations............................................................................................... 11 2 Chapter Two: Contextual Background ............................................................................ 12 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 12 2.2 A brief history, Socio-political and Economic Condition of Nepal .......................... 13 2.2.1 Land and People ................................................................................................. 15 2.2.2 Culture and Society ............................................................................................ 17 2.2.3 Economic condition ........................................................................................... 19 2.3 Brief Historical Background of Christianity in Nepal .............................................. 20 2.4 Manifestation and Existence of the Churches ........................................................... 21 2.5 Persecution and church growth ................................................................................. 23 2.6 Arrival of Denominations.......................................................................................... 26 2.7 Influence of the Churches in Society ........................................................................ 26 2.7.1 Positive Influence............................................................................................... 27 2.7.2 Negative Influence ............................................................................................. 27 2.8 The idleness of the Churches for Social Activities ................................................... 28 viii 2.9 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 28 3 Chapter three: Theoretical Approaches ........................................................................... 30 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 30 3.2 Understanding of Mission ......................................................................................... 30 3.3 Gospel and culture ....................................................................................................
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