KRONOLOGI & SEJARAH PENTING NEGARA 1786 – 2003 1786 Sir Francis Light tiba dari Britain dan memperoleh Pulau Pinang daripada Sultan Kedah. 1819 Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles membuka pelabuhan perdagangan bebas untuk Britain di Singapura. 1824 Perjanjian Inggeris-Belanda ditandatangani. Belanda secara rasmi menyerahkan Melaka kepada Inggeris. 1826 Singapura, Melaka dan Pulau Pinang disatukan di bawah pentadbiran Inggeris dengan panggilan Negeri-negeri Selat. 1832 Singapura dijadikan ibu negeri bagi Negeri-negeri Selat. 1841 menjadi Rajah Putih atau Rajah . 1881 Syarikat Berpiagam Utara menubuhkan pejabat di Borneo Utara (sekarang Sabah). 1888 Borneo Utara, Brunei dan Sarawak menerima perlindungan British. 1896 British menubuhkan Negeri-negeri Melayu Bersekutu terdiri daripada Perak, Negeri Sembilan, Selangor dan Pahang. 1905 Maktab Melayu Kuala Kangsar ditubuhkan bertujuan menyediakan pendidikan kepada bakal-bakal pentadbir dalam kerajaan British. 1915-1941 Tanda-tanda awal semangat nasionalisme mula dirasai bila British mengamalkan dasar pecah dan perintah. 1922 Maktab Perguruan Sultan Idris dibuka di Tanjung Malim, Perak. 1931 Sekolah Pertainian Tanah Melayu dibuka di Serdang, Selangor. 1941-1945 Perang Dunia Kedua merebak ke Tanah Melayu dengan ketibaan dan pendudukan Jepun yang penuh ketakutan, kesengsaraan dan tragedi. 1945 Jepun menyerah kalah, menandakan berakhirnya Perang Dunia Kedua. British kembali ke Tanah Melayu. 1946 British merencanakan Kesatuan Tanah Melayu (Malayan Union) tetapi dibantah keras orang-orang Melayu. 1946 Datuk Onn Jaafar mengasaskan Persatuan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu (UMNO). 1948 Perjanjian Persekutuan Tanah Melayu ditandatangani. Permulaan zaman Darurat, iaitu pemberontakan pengganas komunis selama 12 tahun.

Page 2 1948 Institusi pengajian tinggi awam pertama di Tanah Melayu, Universiti Malaya dibuka di Kolej Perubatan Raffles, Singapura. 1952 UMNO dan Persatuan Cina Tanah Melayu (MCA) berganding dalam pilihan raya bandaran pertama di Kuala Lumpur. 1953 Parti Perikatan yang menggabungkan UMNO, MCA dan Kongres India Sa- Tanah Melayu (MIC) ditubuhkan. 1954 Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra mengetuai rombongan ke Britain untuk menuntut kemerdekaan, namun tidak begitu berjaya. 1955 Pilihan Raya pertama bagi Semenanjung Tanah Melayu diadakan dengan lancar dan berakhir dengan kemenangan besar bagi Perikatan. Tunku Abdul Rahman dipilih menjadi Ketua Menteri Persekutuan Tanah Melayu yang pertama. 1956 Tunku Abdul Rahman sekali lagi mengetuai rombongan ke London untuk mengadakan rundingan kemerdekaan. Britain bersetuju memberikan kemerdekaan. kepada Tanah Melayu pada 31 Ogos 1957. 1956 Sekembali dari London, Tunku Abdul Rahman mengumumkan tarikh kemerdekaan di Padang Bandar Hilir, Melaka. 1956 Suruhanjaya Reid ditubuhkan untuk merumus dan memperhalusi draf Perlembagaan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu. Perikatan menyerahkan memorandum yang dipanggil Pakatan Murni, yang mengusulkan tolak ansur antara kaum di negara ini. Memorandum ini menyentuh lima perkara utama iaitu kedudukan Raja-Raja Melayu, kedudukan agama Islam, kedudukan bahasa Melayu, kedudukan istimewa orang Melayu dan kerakyatan sama rata.. 1957 Tanah Melayu mencapai kemerdekaan daripada British. Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra menjadi Perdana Menteri pertama manakala Dato’ Abd Razak Hussein menjadi timbalannya. 1957 Majlis Raja-raja berkenan memilih gelaran “Yang di-Pertuan Agong” bagi Ketua Negara Persekutuan Tanah Melayu, dan Yang Dipertuan Besar Negeri Sembilan Tuanku Abdul Rahman Ibni Almarhum Tuanku Muhammad dipilih menjadi Yang di- Pertuan Agong pertama. 1959 Yang di-Pertuan Agong merasmikan kampus Universiti Malaya di Kuala Lumpur. 1961 Tunku Abdul Rahman mengusulkan penubuhan Malaysia, yang merangkumi Semenanjung Tanah Melayu, Singapura, Brunei, Borneo Utara dan Sarawak. 1963 Kelahiran negara baru yang diberi nama Malaysia, meliputi Semenanjung Malaysia, Singapura, Sabah (dahulunya Borneo Utara) dan Sarawak. 1965 Singapura keluar dari Malaysia lalu menjadi sebuah negara merdeka. 1969 Rusuhan kaum tercetus di Kuala Lumpur selepas Pilihan Raya Persekutuan. Keadaan darurat diisytiharkan dan Majlis Gerakan Negara (MAGERAN) ditubuhkan,

Page 3 diketuai Dato’ Abd Razak. Di bawah MAGERAN, keamanan dipulihkan dan urusan seharian kembali seperti sedia kala di ibu negara. 1970 Tunku Abdul Rahman meletakkan jawatan. Dato’ Abd Razak mengambil alih sebagai Perdana Menteri Kedua. 1970 Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia dibuka di Kuala Lumpur. 1970 Dasar Ekonomi Baru diperkenalkan bagi mewujudkan keseimbangan ekonomi di kalangan rakyat. 1971 Tunku Abdul Rahman dipilih menjadi Setiausaha Agung Pertubuhan Persidangan Islam (OIC) yang pertama. 1976 Tun Abd Razak meninggal dunia di London. Dato’ Hussein Onn menggantikan tempatnya sebagai Perdana Menteri Ketiga. 1981 Dato’ Hussein Onn meletak jawatan dan melantik Dato’ Seri Dr Mahathir Mohamad sebagai Perdana Menteri keempat. 1985 Malaysia memulakan peralihan ekonomi dari yang berasaskan pertanian ke ekonomi berasaskan industri kilang. Kereta nasional pertama, Proton Saga dikeluarkan dari kilang pembuatan di Shah Alam. 1996 Malaysia melancarkan satelit pertamanya, Malaysia East Asia Satellite (MEASAT) dan siaran TV satelit pertama. 1997 Sistem Transit Rel Ringan (LRT) pertama negara dilancarkan di Kuala Lumpur. 1997 Menara Berkembar Petronas di Kuala Lumpur setinggi 425m muncul sebagai bangunan tertinggi di dunia. 1998 Kegawatan ekonomi melanda dunia, namun Kuala Lumpur berjaya menjadi ibukota negara Asia pertama menjadi tuan rumah Sukan Komanwel. 1999 Putrajaya mengambil alih peranan Kuala Lumpur sebagai Pusat Pentadbiran Kerajaan Persekutuan. 1999 Sistem transit rel ringan automatik tanpa pemandu terpanjang di dunia, Putra- LRT dilancarkan di Kuala Lumpur dan kawasan sub-bandarnya. 1999 Litar Antarabangsa Sepang dibuka; Malaysia menganjurkan Grand Prix Formula Satu buat kali pertama, yang ditaja syarikat minyak negara, Petronas. 2000 Malaysia menyambut alaf baru sambil melangkah keluar dari kemelesetan ekonomi dengan daya dan gaya tersendiri. 2003 Malaysia menjadi tuan rumah kepada Sidang Kemuncak XIII Pergerakan Negara-negara Berkecuali (NAM) di Kuala Lumpur. 2003 Malaysia menjadi tuan rumah kepada Sesi Ke-10 Sidang Kemuncak Pertubuhan Persidangan Islam (OIC) di Putrajaya.

Page 4 2003 Dato’ Seri Dr Mahathir Mohamad menyerahkan kepimpinan Malaysia kepada Dato’ Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi dalam satu peralihan kuasa yang berjalan lancar.

francis light

Pulau Kesatu in Penang History was also known in the 15th century by Admiral Cheng Ho because Tamils traded pinang (areca nut). The Portuguese, who stopped at Batu Feringgi (Foreigner's Rock) or present day term Batu Ferringhi to refill their ships with fresh water saw Pulo Pinaom on their maps. On August 1786, Francis Light, a trader for the East India Company planted a British flag. He named the once Pulo Pinang, Prince of Wales Island in honour of the heir to the British throne. Penang then became part of India in Penang History. The cape was formerly known as Tanjong Penaigre as the hardy ironwood called penaga, which Francis Light induced the early settlers to clear.

Captain Francis Light landed in Penang. Photos courtesy from David Teoh

Locals would called Georgetown, Tanjong till today. In Penang History, it was said he made the early settlers clear the north eastern cape George Town by firing a cannon full of coins into the forest. He then taught them to make cannon balls. Penang or Pulau Kesatu was once part of the Malay sultanate of Kedah. Despite Kedah early efforts to gain peace with the Siamese King by giving Bunga Emas between 1821 to 1906, Pulau Pinang (the land of the betel nut) was exchanged for military protection from the Siamese and the Burmese armies who were threatening Kedah. A total of 32 Bunga Emas and Perak was presented throughout the period, each about 1.5m in height. Cannon balls in Penang. Photos courtesy from David Teoh

The Sultan did not know that Captain Francis Light promised military protection without the approval of the East India Company. When East India Company failed to help Kedah when it was attacked by Siam, the Sultan tried to retake the island in 1790. All efforts failed, and the Sultan was forced to cede the island to the Company for 6,000 Spanish dollars yearly. With Province Wellesley added to Penang, it was increased to 10,000 dollars in 1800. To this day, an annual honorarium of 10,000 ringgits continues to be paid by the Malaysian Federal Government to the state of Kedah. In 1826, Penang, along with Malacca and Singapore, became part of the Straits Settlements under the British administration in India, moving to direct British colonial rule in 1867 in Penang History.

Early Pulau Kesatu Locals. Photos courtesy of David Teoh

The traders in early Penang History bought pepper, clove, nutmeg, gambier, ivory and more stuff of the archipelago for selling to the early settlers traders of Europe, America, Arabia, India and China ships. The Chinese would mostly purchased areca nuts, bird's nest and tin. The British traded wool, chintzes and opium for spices. By the mid 19th century, the tin rush created the influx of Chinese coolies into the Malay states of Perak, Selangor and Johor. In 1867, the control of the Straits Settlement was transferred from India to the Colonial Office in Singapore, and then Suez Canal was opened in 1869, helped speed up Penang's recovery. Read about the intrigues of the Taochiews of Province Wellesley in Johor history.Troubles between the locals Malays sultans and Chinese triads of the Ghee Hin and Hai San increased British intervention with the signing of Treaty of Pangkor. As part of the Malay history Penang was founded way back in the early 15th century by Nahkoda Ragam. Read about Bayan Lepas , Gertak Sanggul and Pulau Kendi and how it was linked to this legendary Malay seafarer Penang by now became the export centre for northern states with the development of the Federated Malay States Railway. At the turn of the century, the regional trade had expanded enough to encourage the leading European companies in Singapore to establish branches in Penang.

Pulau Kesatu Early Malay Kampong. Photos courtesy of David Teoh

The first world war, then in Europe saw commodity crashes destroyed families in the 1920s and 30s. Then came the Second World War where more fortunes were lost. Sar Nie Peh Koay Jie in Hokkien, (3 years and 8 months), World War II saw bombs dropped on the city and being occupied by the Japanese from December 1941 until September 1945 was the longest most difficult period for everyone round the world. With the Second World War going on, Chinese ran into the jungle to hide and then formed a Malayan People's Anti- Japanese Army under Chin Peng. Chin Peng was the liaison officer between the MPAJA and Lord Mountbatten, the leader of the British South- East Asian Command (SEAC). After the war, reconstruction of Penang and the election of City Councillors was introduced. In 1946 it became part of the Malayan Union, before becoming in 1948 a state of the Federation of Malaya, which gained independence in 1957 and became Malaysia in 1963. Penang joined the new country as a state. And Georgetown is the commercial centre for Penang State. The island was a free port until 1969. Despite the loss of the island's free-port status, from the 1970s to the late 1990s the state built up one of the largest electronics manufacturing bases in Asia, in the Free Trade Zone around the airport in the south of the island. As Penang is part of Malaysia, our history is older than Francis Light. Here you can learn about ancient Malaya, Early Hindu Age, About Islam and the golden age then colonial Malaya, later Malaysia. Another great place to visit is Cool Iceland, read Thrandur site on his mother land. We too can visit Iceland as most people in Iceland do understand English though English is not their first language. http://www.ctl.utm.my/merdeka/calon/merdeka5/sejarah.html

Ancient Malay Government

The ancient Malay Sultanate of Melaka was a sultanate whose rein of government was entirely in the hands of the rulers and the Malay officials. The Malay rulers of Melaka originated from Singapore that was after the defeat of the Malay kingdom of Singapore by the Siamese. The Malay Sultanate of Melaka lasted for little over a century, stretching from the end of the fourteenth century to the early part of the sixteenth century that is from 1394 to 1511. Under the reign of the Malay rulers, Melaka was not only a prosperous trading town but also the center for the spread of Islam for the whole of the Malay Archipelago. After the decline of the Seri Vijaya and Majapahit Empires at the end of the fourteenth century, it was Melaka, which raised and maintained Malay rule in the Malay Archipelago. Political stability and a just legal system attracted traders from all over the Archipelago to Melaka. Traders from China, Indian sub-continent, Pegu in Burma and Arabia came to Melaka to trade. James Brooke, a soldier-trader-explorer, arrived in Singapore in May 1839 on his way to explore Borneo. Just before his arrival, some British seamen had been shipwrecked in Brunei and hade been well treated by a relative of the Sultan of Brunei, Raja Muda Hussin. Governor Bonham of the Straits Settlements and the British merchants asked Brooke to take letters of thanks and some gifts to the Raja. Raja Hussin was in Sarawak at this time trying to put down a rebellion against the Sultan of Brunei. The Sultan asked Brooke to help him and Brooke soon put an end to the rebellion. In gratitude the Sultan of Brunei made Brooke Raja of Sarawak in September 1841. Raja Brooke worked hard to stamp out and bring law and order to the coasts of North Borneo. As a result the population doubled within a few years of his trade. When coal was discovered in Labuan, Raja Brooke advised the British Government to annex Labuan from the Sultan of Brunei so that it could be used as a coaling station by the steam ships voyaging in Eastern Seas.

In 1847, James Brooke was knighted and made Governor of Labuan and British Consul-General in North Borneo. He retired from Borneo in 1863 and went to live in England. When he died in 1868, his nephew succeeded him as Raja. In 1888, Sarawak was made a British Protectorate. The Brooke dynasty ruled Sarawak for a hundred years that is from 1841 till 1941 when the Japanese occupied Malaya. Sarawak was ceded to Great Britain by Sir Charles Vyner Brooke on 1st July 1946 when it became a crown colony. [edit] Early life Sir James stayed at home in India until he was sent, aged 12, to England and a brief education at Norwich School from which he ran away. Some home tutoring followed in Bath before he returned to India in 1819 as an ensign in the Bengal Army of the British East India Company. He saw action in Burma until seriously wounded in 1825, and sent to England for recovery. In 1830, he arrived back in Madras but was too late to rejoin his unit, and resigned. He remained in the ship he had travelled out in, the Castle Huntley, and returned home via China. [edit] Sarawak He attempted to trade in the Far East, but was not successful. In 1833, Brooke inherited £30,000, which he used as capital to purchase a 142-ton schooner, The Royalist [1] . Setting sail for Borneo in 1838, he arrived in Kuching in August to find the settlement facing a Bidayuh uprising against the Sultan of Brunei. Offering his aid to the Sultan, he and his crew helped bring about a peaceful settlement. Having threatened the Sultan with military force, he was granted the title of Rajah of Sarawak on 24 September 1841[2], although the official declaration was not made until August 18, 1842. Brooke began to establish and cement his rule over Sarawak: reforming the administration, codifying laws and fighting piracy, which proved to be an ongoing issue throughout his rule. Brooke returned temporarily to England in 1847, where he was given the Freedom of the City of London, appointed governor and commander-in-chief of Labuan, British consul-general in Borneo and was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath. His Highness became the centre of controversy in 1851 when accusations of misconduct against him led to the appointment of a royal commission in Singapore. Its investigation did not confirm the charges, but the accusations continued to haunt Sir James. During his rule, Brooke faced threats from Sarawak warriors like Sharif Masahor and Rentap, but remained in power. Having no legitimate children, in 1861 he named Captain John Brooke Johnson-Brooke, his sister's oldest son, as his successor. Two years later, while John was in England, James deposed and banished John from Sarawak because John criticised him. He later named another son of the same sister, Charles Anthoni Johnson Brooke , who did indeed succeed him.

H [edit] Early life Sir James stayed at home in India until he was sent, aged 12, to England and a brief education at Norwich School from which he ran away. Some home tutoring followed in Bath before he returned to India in 1819 as an ensign in the Bengal Army of the British East India Company. He saw action in Burma until seriously wounded in 1825, and sent to England for recovery. In 1830, he arrived back in Madras but was too late to rejoin his unit, and resigned. He remained in the ship he had travelled out in, the Castle Huntley, and returned home via China. [edit] Sarawak He attempted to trade in the Far East, but was not successful. In 1833, Brooke inherited £30,000, which he used as capital to purchase a 142-ton schooner, The Royalist [1] . Setting sail for Borneo in 1838, he arrived in Kuching in August to find the settlement facing a Bidayuh uprising against the Sultan of Brunei. Offering his aid to the Sultan, he and his crew helped bring about a peaceful settlement. Having threatened the Sultan with military force, he was granted the title of Rajah of Sarawak on 24 September 1841[2], although the official declaration was not made until August 18, 1842. Brooke began to establish and cement his rule over Sarawak: reforming the administration, codifying laws and fighting piracy, which proved to be an ongoing issue throughout his rule. Brooke returned temporarily to England in 1847, where he was given the Freedom of the City of London, appointed governor and commander-in-chief of Labuan, British consul-general in Borneo and was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath. His Highness became the centre of controversy in 1851 when accusations of misconduct against him led to the appointment of a royal commission in Singapore. Its investigation did not confirm the charges, but the accusations continued to haunt Sir James. During his rule, Brooke faced threats from Sarawak warriors like Sharif Masahor and Rentap, but remained in power. Having no legitimate children, in 1861 he named Captain John Brooke Johnson-Brooke, his sister's oldest son, as his successor. Two years later, while John was in England, James deposed and banished John from Sarawak because John criticised him. He later named another son of the same sister, Charles Anthoni Johnson Brooke , who did indeed succeed him. He ruled Sarawak until his death in 1868, following three strokes over a period of ten years. He is buried in Sheepstor church near Burrator, Plymouth, as are his successors. [edit] Personal life Throughout his life, Brooke's principal emotional bonds were with adolescent boys, though his biographer and contemporary Spenser St. John gives an account of his love for and brief engagement to the daughter of a Bath clergyman. He also left a son (see below). Among his more notable relationships with boys was the one with Badruddin, a Sarawak prince, of whom he wrote, "my love for him was deeper than anyone I knew." Later, in 1848, Brooke fell in love with 16 year old Charles T. C. Grant, grandson of the seventh Earl of Elgin, who reciprocated [3][4]. Victorian interpetations of these events differ from the accounts here cited. Brooke was influenced by the success of previous British adventurers and the exploits of the British East India Company. His actions in Sarawak were clearly directed to both expanding the British Empire and the benefits of its rule, assisting the local people by fighting piracy and slavery, and securing his own personal wealth to further these activities. His own abilities, and those of his successors, provided Sarawak with excellent leadership and wealth generation during difficult times, and resulted in both fame and notoriety in some circles. His appointment as Rajah by the Sultan, and his subsequent knighthood, is evidence that his efforts were widely applauded in both Sarawak and British society. Although he died unmarried, he did acknowledge one son. Neither the identity of the son's mother nor his birthdate is clear. The son was brought up as Reuben G. Walker in the Brighton household of Frances Walker (1841 and 1851 census, apparently born ca.1836). By 1858 he was aware of his Brooke connection and by 1871 he is on the census at the parish of Plumtree , Nottinghamshire as 'George Brooke', age '40', birthplace 'Sarawak, Borneo.' He was married (in 1862 [1]) and had seven children, three of whom survived their infancy; the oldest was called James. He died, travelling steerage to Australia, in the wreck of the SS British Admiral [2] on 23 May 1874.; a memorial to this effect - giving a birthdate of 1834 - is in the churchyard at Plumtree [3]. It has also been claimed that he married[citation needed], by Muslim rites, Pangeran Anak Fatima, daughter of Pangeran Anak Abdul Kadir and granddaughter of Omar Ali Saifuddin II , Sultan of Brunei. It is further said that he also had a daughter. However, as Rajah James died officially unmarried and without issue, his title passed to the second son of his sister, the heir he ultimately chose. [edit] Fiction Fictionalised accounts of Brooke's exploits in Sarawak are given in Kalimantaan by C. S. Godshalk and The White Rajah by Nicholas Montserrat. Brooke is also featured in Flashman's Lady , the 6th book in George MacDonald Fraser's meticulously researched Flashman novels; and in Sandokan: The Pirates of Malaysia (I pirati della Malesia), the second novel in Emilio Salgari 's Sandokan series. Additionally, Brooke was a model for the hero of Joseph Conrad's novel Lord Jim. e ruled Sarawak until his death in 1868, following three strokes over a period of ten years. He is buried in Sheepstor church near Burrator, Plymouth, as are his successors. [edit] Personal life Throughout his life, Brooke's principal emotional bonds were with adolescent boys, though his biographer and contemporary Spenser St. John gives an account of his love for and brief engagement to the daughter of a Bath clergyman. He also left a son (see below). Among his more notable relationships with boys was the one with Badruddin, a Sarawak prince, of whom he wrote, "my love for him was deeper than anyone I knew." Later, in 1848, Brooke fell in love with 16 year old Charles T. C. Grant, grandson of the seventh Earl of Elgin, who reciprocated [3][4]. Victorian interpetations of these events differ from the accounts here cited. Brooke was influenced by the success of previous British adventurers and the exploits of the British East India Company. His actions in Sarawak were clearly directed to both expanding the British Empire and the benefits of its rule, assisting the local people by fighting piracy and slavery, and securing his own personal wealth to further these activities. His own abilities, and those of his successors, provided Sarawak with excellent leadership and wealth generation during difficult times, and resulted in both fame and notoriety in some circles. His