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The Raute Community and the Challenges to Maintain Their Indigenous Ecological Knowledge and Practice

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The Raute Community and the Challenges to Maintain Their Indigenous Ecological Knowledge and Practice The Raute Community and the Challenges to Maintain their Indigenous Ecological Knowledge and Practice January 2017 Yasin BANU The Raute Community and the Challenges to Maintain their Indigenous Ecological Knowledge and Practice A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences the University of Tsukuba in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Environmental Studies (Doctoral Program in Sustainable Environmental Studies) Yasin BANU II List of Acronyms ADB Asia Development Bank BBC British Broadcasting Company CBS Central Bureau of Statistics CFUG Community Forest User Group CEDA Centre for Economic Development and Administration ICARRD International Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development INGO International Non-Government Organization IWGIA International Work Group For Indigenous Affair IK Indigenous Knowledge NEFDIN National Foundation for Development of Indigenous Nationalities ILO International Labour Organization NEFIN Nepal Federation of Indigenous Nationalities NGO Non-Government Organization INGO International Non-Governmental Organization PMO Prime Minister’s Office UNDP United Nation Development Program UNICEF United Nation International Children Emergency Fund VDC Village Development Committee i Glossary Nepalese English Akashbeli Dodder Amala Gooseberry Ban devi Forest goddess of wealth Ban jhakri Forest god Barro Sweet flag calamus Uttis Cedar Salla Pine tree Hande A small but very hard thorny bush Bhyakur Deltoid yam Ciraito Chireta Harro Chebulie Hasiya Sickle Halhale Curly doek Jamun Black plum Tiju Indian persimmon Kafal Bayberry Niguro Fiddlehead fern Skus A kind of green vegetable like gourd Tuni Cedrella tree ii Acknowledgements Without the support, encouragement, co-operation and guidance of different individuals and organizations, this research would have never been accomplished. Since the inspiration of her research came from Raute people, the author would like to dedicate this thesis to them. First and foremost, the author would like to extend her sincere gratitude to Raute chieftains Surya Narayan, Man Bahadur, Dil Bahadur and Ain Bahadur who kindly cooperated with her during her field stay, sharing the information of their livelihood patterns. Many other members of the Raute group gave her their kind support and hospitality. The author would like to extend her sincere gratitude to her esteemed supervisor Professor Kenichi Matsui, for his valuable time, intellectual support, critical comments, and concrete suggestions to accomplish this thesis. She has highly benefitted from the ideas he shared with her for conducting fieldwork on nomadic hunting-gathering group. Likewise, the author owes her thanks to Professor Kazuo Watanabe, Professor Mitsuru Hirota, Professor Maki Tsujimura, Professor Zhongfang Lei and Professor Helmut Yabar for their guidance for making this thesis more constructive, reliable and valid. Mr. Pradeep Shrestha, the previous Chief District Officer (CDO) of Kalikot District in 2015, helped the author to conduct fieldwork among the Raute and also to get documents about the name list of the nomadic Raute from the Dailekh District office. The author would like to acknowledge help she received from her colleague and all professors and administrative staff of the Environment Diplomatic Leader Education Program at the Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, the University of Tsukuba. Finally, she is immensely indebted to her brother Mr. Sajiwan Raj Basnet, who inspired her to come to Japan and study environment sciences. iii Abstract Among 59 indigenous groups in Nepal, the Raute continue to subsist on seasonal forest-based harvesting activities although they have faced many obstacles to their cultural survival. They have strongly disliked modern amenities and stayed away from modern influence. According to the Census data in 1992 and 2015, the population of the Raute rapidly decreased from 2,878 to 140. Even though many researches have studied about the Raute, no clear explanation has been offered about this rapid decline of the Raute. Nor have they suggested any political actions that might restore the population. In light of these concerns, this study identified the current population of the Raute. Contrary to the Census, this study found that the Raute population has not changed. This study also analyzed the knowledge of the Raute community about biodiversity conservation in the forest. The spatial and temporal availability of plant resources require the Raute to move extensively throughout their traditional territory. It clarified that Raute women take advantage of their broad knowledge about forest ecosystems in collecting wide varieties of edible plants. Furthermore, the study recommends that the government of Nepal and NGOs encourage the Raute people to participate in forest management projects such as CFUGs that promote alternative economic and livelihood opportunities for the Raute as they face a number of challenges such as deforestation, climate change, displacement, and the encroachment of settler population into their traditional territory. Raute knowledge should be helpful for the biodiversity conservation of the Nepalese forest. Keywords: Population, Biodiversity, Indigenous knowledge, Forest Resources iv Table of Contents List of Acronyms ......................................................................................................................... i Glossary……… .......................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... …….iii Abstract……….. ........................................................................................................................ iv Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... v List of Tables .......................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... vii Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Research Objectives ........................................................................................................ 2 1.3. The Significance of Studying the Raute .......................................................................... 2 1.4. Methodology .................................................................................................................... 3 1.5. Literature Review ............................................................................................................ 3 1.6. The structure of the Thesis .............................................................................................. 5 Chapter 2: Biodiversity and Indigenous People ......................................................................... 6 2.1. Forest Biodiversity and Management in Nepal ............................................................... 6 2.2. A History of Indigenous Peoples in Nepal ...................................................................... 9 2.3. Relationship between Biodiversity and Indigenous Peoples in Nepal .......................... 13 2.4. A History of the Raute ................................................................................................... 14 2.5. The Characteristics of the Nomadic Lifestyle of the Raute .......................................... 15 2.6. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 19 Chapter 3: Policy Implementation among Indigenous Peoples in Nepal: A Case Study of the Raute Community ................................................................................................... 20 3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 20 3.2. Policy Implementation ................................................................................................... 20 3.3. Indigenous Peoples in Nepal ......................................................................................... 20 3.4. Policies for Indigenous Peoples in Nepal ...................................................................... 22 3.5. Professional Diversity of Indigenous Peoples in Nepal ................................................ 24 3.6. Impacts of Policies on the Raute Livelihoods ............................................................... 27 3.7. Impact of Forest Law on the Raute ............................................................................... 28 3.8. The Policy Changes the Nomadic Raute into Modernization ....................................... 29 v 3.9. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 31 Chapter 4: Indigenous Ecological Knowledge and Practice of the Raute Women .................. 32 4.1. Indigenous Ecological Knowledge of Women for Biodiversity Conservation ............. 33 4.2. Traditional
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