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Examining the Influence of Modified Tennis Equipment on Young University of Northern Colorado Scholarship & Creative Works @ Digital UNC Dissertations Student Research 7-13-2016 Examining the Influence of Modified eT nnis Equipment on Young Players’ Enjoyment, Perceived Competence, and Intention to Participate in Tennis in the State of Kuwait Abdullah Akbar Follow this and additional works at: http://digscholarship.unco.edu/dissertations Recommended Citation Akbar, Abdullah, "Examining the Influence of Modified Tennis Equipment on Young Players’ Enjoyment, Perceived Competence, and Intention to Participate in Tennis in the State of Kuwait" (2016). Dissertations. 360. http://digscholarship.unco.edu/dissertations/360 This Text is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research at Scholarship & Creative Works @ Digital UNC. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholarship & Creative Works @ Digital UNC. For more information, please contact [email protected]. © 2016 ABDULLAH AKBAR ALL RIGHTS RESERVED UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN COLORADO Greeley, Colorado The Graduate School EXAMINING THE INFLUENCE OF MODIFIED TENNIS EQUIPMENT ON YOUNG PLAYERS’ ENJOYMENT, PERCEIVED COMPETENCE, AND INTENTION TO PARTICIPATE IN TENNIS IN THE STATE OF KUWAIT A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Sport and Exercise Science Abdullah Akbar College of Natural and Health Science School of Sport and Exercise Science Exercise Science July 2016 This Dissertation by: Abdullah Akbar Entitled: Examining the Influence of Modified Tennis Equipment on Young Players’ Enjoyment, Perceived Competence, and Intention to Participate in Tennis in the State of Kuwait has been approved as meeting the requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Sport and exercise Science in College of Natural and Health Sciences in Department of Sport and Exercise Science Accepted by the Doctoral Committee Robert Brustad, Ph.D., Research Advisor Megan Stellino, Ed.D., Committee Member Dianna Gray, Ph.D., Committee Member Angie Henderson, Ph.D., Faculty Representative Date of Dissertation Defense Accepted by the Graduate School Linda L. Black, Ed.D. Associate Provost and Dean of The Graduate School & International Admissions ABSTRACT Abdullah Akbar. Examining the Influence of Modified Tennis Equipment on Young Players’ Enjoyment, Perceived Competence, and Intention to Participate in Tennis in the State of Kuwait Children’s sport needs to be designed in ways that is developmentally-appropriate to maximize the possibilities that participants will have positive experiences that will result in sustained interest and motivation. The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to compare the impact of playing with modified or traditional tennis equipment on children’s perceptions of enjoyment, perceived competence, and intentions to continue participation in the sport of tennis in the State of Kuwait. Focus group interviews were used to understand children’s perceptions of their tennis experiences through the utilization of the modified and traditional tennis equipment. The quality of children’s skill acquisition was also examined. Quantitative analyses were computed through repeated measures analysis of variance (RM ANOVA) to determine changes in children’s enjoyment, perceived competence, and intention to continue to participate in tennis from pretest to posttest. The findings indicated that children in the modified tennis equipment group improved significantly more in their tennis enjoyment, perceived competence, and intention to continue to play tennis than did the children in the traditional tennis equipment group. Differences in children’s skill acquisition was examined through the Mann-Whitney U iii and revealed significant improvements in forehand and backhand performance for the children in the modified tennis equipment group from pre-test to post-test. Qualitative findings were consistent with the quantitative results. Children in the modified tennis equipment group reported high levels of enjoyment, perceived competence, and intention to continue to play tennis in the future. Conversely, children in the traditional tennis equipment group expressed less interest in tennis and had lower enjoyment, perceived competence, and intention to continue to play tennis in the future. The findings from this study provide empirical evidence that developmentally appropriate sports equipment can be beneficial for youth and can contribute to positive outcomes in terms of more favorable competence perceptions and increased motivation to play sport. In addition, the use of modified tennis equipment was found to be beneficial in contributing to actual skill performance. Further exploration of the potential benefits of developmentally appropriate equipment is needed. iv DEDICATION It is immensely difficult to find the right words to express our appreciation for the people who dedicated their time, effort, and emotions to help us accomplish our dreams. To do this requires the existence of exceptional people who assist not only in achieving dreams, but also in celebrating them. Cherished moments exist in having wonderful people who are willing to share their true feelings of happiness for our own success. Thank you to my precious mother and father for dedicating your lives to invest in mine. Thank you to my family for living my dream with me, including both the difficult and happy moments. Between this dissertation’s tremendous words and ink there dwell feelings of appreciation for all people who believed in my humble ability. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Learning does not occur accidentally. We learn to seek knowledge to improve our lives. Knowledge needs to be provided from experts and experienced people who are willing to share their precious time and effort to see other people succeed. This work would not be accomplished without amazing people like my committee members. Each esteemed member shared with me priceless knowledge and valuable expertise that I will appreciate all my life. Thank you to my advisor, Dr. Robert Brustad, for believing in me. You are an amazing and wise person who always encouraged me to do my best. I cannot forget my other committee members who I appreciate for their astonishing support and kindness. This work would not be possible without all of you, and the credit is all yours. Thank you. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ……………………...…………………………..……… 1 Purpose of this Study Research Questions Significance of this Study Need for this Study Limitations of this Study Summary II. LITERATURE REVIEW …………………………………...………….….. 19 The Benefits of Sport Participation Positive Youth Development Motivational Theories of Youth Sport Participation Competence Motivation Theory Self-Determination Theory Developmentally Appropriate Sport Modifications III. METHODOLOGY ……………..……………..……………………………. 52 Participants Research Design Intervention Instruments and Protocols IRB Approval Data Analysis IV. RESULTS ……………………………………...…………………………... 67 Demographic Description Descriptive Statistics Research Question 1 Research Question 2 Research Question 3 Research Question 4 vii V. DISCUSSION ………………………………………...……………………. 98 Findings Related to Research Questions Summary and Future Directions REFERENCES …………………………………………………………………... 109 APPENDIX A: Situational Questionnaire……………………………………….. 137 APPENDIX B: Focus Group Interview Guidelines ………………………….…. 139 APPENDIX C: Tennis Australia’s Fundamental Technique Checklist …...……. 142 APPENDIX D: Teachers Interview Guidelines..……………………………....… 144 . APPENDIX E: IRB Consent Form—Parents ..………………………………..… 147 APPENDIX F: IRB Consent Form—Coaches ………………………..…………. 150 APPENDIX G: Translated Questionnaire and Interviews Questions……………. 153 APPENDIX H: Research Involving Human Participants for University of 157 Northern Colorado Institutional Review Board Approval Letter ……………..… viii LIST OF TABLES Number 1 Means and Standard Deviations for Enjoyment for the Modified and Traditional Tennis Equipment Groups …………………………. 72 2 Means and Standard Deviations for Perceived Competence for the Modified and Traditional Tennis Equipment Groups ………….……. 80 3 Means and Standard Deviations for Intention to Continue to Play Tennis for the Modified and Traditional Tennis Equipment Groups ……………………………………………………………….. 90 ix LIST OF FIGURES Number 1 USTA Description of the Quickstart’s Three Stages …………………. 54 2 The Situational Questionnaire Procedure ………..………....…………. 68 3 Physical Education Teachers Interview Procedure …………………… 69 4 Type of Observational Data…………………….……………..……….. 69 5 Means for Groups on Tennis Enjoyment….……………………..…….. 71 6 Group Means for Perceived Competence …...………………………… 80 7 Group Means for Intention to Continue to Play Tennis ...…....……….. 89 x 1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Athletic participation is linked to benefits in psychological, physical, and social well-being (Fraser-Thomas & Côté, 2006). There is an extensive range of psychological benefits, including greater self-esteem, increased overall self-worth, more positive self- image, lower levels of stress and anxiety, and a lower incidence of psychopathology for young people who participate in sport (Hills, King, & Armstrong, 2007). Sport involvement also improves concentration, attention, memory skills, and academic achievement (National Federation of State High Schools, 2003). The benefits can also include enhanced social skills and decision-making skills (McCallister, Blinde, & Weiss, 2000). In order for children to benefit from athletic participation, they must
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