International Journal of Pharma Research & Review, April 2015; 4(4):28-40 ISSN: 2278-6074

Review Article

Nanotechnology: An Advance Tool for Nano- Preparation

*Nirvesh Chaudhri, Girish C. Soni, S. K. Prajapati

Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi-284002, Uttar Pradesh India. ABSTRACT Nanotechnology represents one of the most capable technologies of the 21st century. Recently Nanotechnology is emerging in the field of cosmetics and it offers a revolutionize treatment of several skin diseases. It is proved effective in attaining safe and targeted delivery of active medicaments as well cosmetic ingredients. Use of carrier system in nanotechnology has added advantage of improved skin penetration, depot effect with sustained release drug action. The trend toward therapeutic cosmetics will lead to a better understanding of modern ingredients and their assessment techniques. To obtain skin care formulations with real consumer-perceivable benefits and to optimize sensory attributes, formulators are resorting to technology that until recently was exclusively used in cosmetic products. Various formulations comes under special delivery systems like Vesicular, Particulate systems, emulsions type Particulate type and other delivery systems along with their applications are shown in this article. The applications of nanotechnology and nanomaterials can be found in many cosmetic products including , hair care products, make up and . Many modern cosmetic or sunscreen products contain nano-sized components. Nanomaterials are now being used in leading cosmetic products, most commonly as chemicals used to give the protection in . This review paper looks into some of the nanotechnologies used in the cosmetic industry and provides an overview of current activity in this area. Thus, novel cosmaceutical delivery systems reviewed here possess enormous potential as next- generation smarter carrier systems.

Keywords: Application, nanocarriers, nano-cosmetics products, nanomaterials, safety data

Received 19 Feb 2015 Received in revised form 06 March 2015 Accepted 08 March 2015

*Address for correspondence: Nirvesh Chaudhri, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi-284002, Uttar Pradesh India. E-mail: [email protected] ______INTRODUCTION Nanotechnology is nothing but the so that they take on new properties fundamental understanding about how compared to their larger form. The materials react or works at nano scale (i.e. technology has the potential to transform at atomic, molecular or subatomic level) in many of the everyday consumer products the creation and utilization of structures, that we use and a wide range of products devices and systems that have novel are already on the market. Nano-cosmetics properties and functions. Nanotechnology is one area of particular interest as new deals with manipulation of structures of types of products can be made using nano matter in the size range of 1-100 materials. UV filters used in sunscreens nanometers. Particles of these size ranges produced in nano form, these materials are called as nanoparticles which are having could be more hazardous and behave one or more external dimensions or an differently in the body compared to larger internal structure, on the nanoscale and forms. could exhibit novel characteristics Nanotechnology entered the field of compared to the same material without cosmetics and health products nearly 40 nanoscale features [1]. years ago with liposome moisturizing Nanotechnology is a key technology leading creams. The increased usage of to product innovation. Nanotechnologies nanomaterials in cosmetic products is use materials on an incredibly small scale indicative of the huge potential

Nirvesh Chaudhri et.al, IJPRR 2015; 4(4) 28 International Journal of Pharma Research & Review, April 2015; 4(4):28-40 ISSN: 2278-6074 nanotechnology represents for the Advantages: cosmetics industry and its consumers. A  Use of nanotechnology in cosmetics is number of nanomaterials types are already aimed to make fragrances last longer, in use, including nanoemulsions and sunscreens more effective and anti-ageing nanoparticles of minerals present in our creams. natural environment, such as titanium  To optimize manufacturing conditions for dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), alumina, skin care formulation, a multi component silver, silicon dioxide, calcium fluoride and system. copper. The unique properties and  To prevent hair from turning grey and behaviour of nanomaterials mean that also for prevention of in treatment of hair nanotechnologies could profoundly loss & used to preserve active ingredients, transform industry and everyday life [2]. such as vitamins and anti-oxidants, and Nanoemulsions, for example, are their lightness and transparency. transparent and have particular rheological  To improve the UV protection in properties that have yet to be obtained by combination with organic sunscreens other formulation methods. This allows such as 2- hydroxy-4-methoxy them to increase the content of nutritious benzophenone this allows a reduction of oils while preserving not only the the concentration of the UV absorber. transparency but also the lightness of  Nano materials used as UV filters in formulas. Certain mineral nanoparticles, sunscreen products do have to be such as TiO2 and ZnO, are highly efficient independently assessed, but we found UV-filters, able to reflect and scatter the nano zinc oxide in use, although it has not visible part of solar radiation while yet been fully assessed [5]. absorbing UV light. Given these properties, Another advantage is the small-sized they are extensively used in sunscreens. droplet with its high surface area allowing Other examples of nanocosmetic products effective transport of the active to the skin. on the market include body firming lotion, Furthermore, nanoemulsions gain bronzer, exfoliant scrub, eye liner, and increasing interest due to their own styling gel, etc. Nanoemulsions have bioactive effects. This may reduce the recently become increasingly important as transepidermal water loss (TEWL), potential vehicles for the controlled indicating that the barrier function of the delivery of cosmetics and for the optimized skin is strenghthened. Nanoemulsions are dispersion of active ingredients in acceptable in cosmetics because there is no particular skin layers. Due to their lipophilic inherent creaming, sedimentation, interior, Nanoemulsions are more suitable flocculation, or coalescence that is observed for the transport of lipophilic compounds with macroemulsions. It is relatively recent than liposomes. Nano-pigments are custom but fast growing field of application: built to stay on the surface of the skin and emulsion-based wet wipes for such are a major component of some sunscreens. applications as baby care and make-up The third class of non-enhanced cosmetics removal [6]. includes fullerenes or fullersomes that are Disadvantages: used as cages for active ingredients. Only  Smaller particles have a greater reactivity, two companies claim to use fullerenes in are more chemically reactive and produce their cosmetics. Some fullerenes, greater numbers of reactive oxygen specifically carbon based, might be species. hazardous when inhaled and they may  It may result in oxidative stress, oxidize some cells. In addition, they can be inflammation, and consequent damage to absorbed transdermally, i.e., through the proteins, membranes and DNA. skin. Nano-emulsions have attracted  Nanomaterial has proved toxic to human considerable attention in recent years as tissue and cell cultures, resulting in potential vehicles for the controlled increased oxidative stress and cell death. delivery of cosmetics and personal care  Photo-activated Nanoparticles titanium products [3, 4]. dioxide has been demonstrated to cause

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oxidative damage to DNA in cultured from oil-in water concentrate suited to human fibroblasts. minimizing trans-epidermal water loss,  Photo-activated enhanced skin protection and penetration nanoparticles were toxic to skin of active ingredient. It would be useful for fibroblasts and nucleic acids and to sun care products, moisturing and anti- human colon carcinoma cells. ageing creams. It helps to give skin care  Inhaled ultrafine particles induce formulations a good skin feels [8]. pulmonary inflammation when the Nanoparticles particles are quartz, minerals, dust, coal, Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are silicate, and asbestos. These can induce nanometre sized particles with a solid lipid pulmonary fibrosis, cytotoxicity, and even matrix. They are oily droplets of lipids malignancy [6, 7]. which are solid at body temperature and ADVANCES IN COSMETIC FORMULATION stabilized by surfactants. TECHNOLOGY Nanoparticles of silver are now used in There are number of innovative cosmetic toothpastes, soaps and face creams, food delivery systems used in cosmetic products. packaging, clothing, household appliances, Nanoemulsion disinfectants and wound dressings. Silver The aesthetic properties, i.e. low viscosity nanoparticles have a potent ability to kill and transparent visual aspects of bacteria. Other examples of nano cosmetic nanoemulsion with droplet sizes below products on of the Earth as far as starting 200nm, its high surface area allowing that “[their] research demonstrates that effective transport of the active ingredient nanoparticles have entered just about every to the skin make them especially attractive personal care product on the market, for their application in cosmetics. including deodorant, the market include Nanoemulsions are acceptable in cosmetics body firming lotion, bronzer, exfoliant because there is no inherent creaming, scrub, eye liner, and styling gel. Friends sedimentation, flocculation or coalescence soap, toothpaste, that are observed with macro emulsion. The shampoo, hair conditioner, antiwrinkle incorporation of potentially irritating cream, , foundation, face surfactants can be avoided by using high powder, lipstick, blush, eye shadow, nail energy equipment during manufacturing. polish, perfume and after-shave lotion [9]. Nanogel technology to create miniemulsion

Figure 1: Nanostructure Lipid Carrier Nanocrystals Nanocrystals are crystals having size less (hesperidin). Rutin and hesperidin are two, than 1μm. They are aggregates comprising poorly soluble, plant glycoside antioxidants several hundred to tens of thousands of that could not previously be used dermally. atoms that combine into a "cluster". Typical Once formulated as nanocrystals, they sizes of these aggregates are between 10- became dermally available as measured by 400 nm. Nanocrystals of poorly soluble antioxidant effect. The nanocrystals can be drugs can also be incorporated in cosmetic added to any cosmetic topical formulation, products where they provide high e. g. creams, lotions and liposomal penetration power through dermal dispersions. Nanocrystals may be able to application. The first cosmetic products reduce the dose to be administered, provide appeared on the market recently; Juvena in a sustained drug release and increase 2007 (rutin) and La Prairie in 2008 patient compliance [10, 11].

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Dendrimers release from the inner core. However, drugs Dendrimers are unimolecular, mono- are incorporated both in the interior as well disperse, micellar nanostructures, around as attached on the surface. Due to their 20 nm in size, with a well-defined, regularly versatility, both hydrophilic and branched symmetrical structure and a high hydrophobic drugs can be incorporated into density of functional end groups at their dendrimers [13]. L’Oréal have a patent for a periphery. A dendrimer is typically formulation containing hyper branched symmetric around the core, and often polymers or dendrimers which form a thin adopts a spherical three dimensional film when deposited on a substrate. This morphology. One of the very first formulation could be used for a wide dendrimers, the new kome dendrimer, was variety of cosmetics e.g. mascara or nail synthesized in 1985. Dendrimers have also polish. They have also developed a been considered for use in the cosmetic formulation comprising of a tanning agent industry [12]. and dendrimers for artificial skin tanning. Several patents have been filed for the Unilever have a patent for hydroxyl- application of dendrimers in hair care, skin functionalized dendrimers from polyester care and nail care products. Dendrimers units to create formulations for use in have been reported to provide controlled sprays, gels or lotions [14].

2D Graphical Diagram 3D Chemical Structure Figure 2: G4 PAMAM Dendrimer vitamins and anti-oxidants, and their NANOMATERIALS USE IN COSMETICS lightness and transparency. PREPARATION  Fullerenes – new types of materials can Nanotechnology manipulates materials on be produced using nanotechnology, such an incredibly tiny scale so nano materials as carbon fullerenes. It is claimed that are used in cosmetics to give them new these tiny carbon spheres have anti-aging characteristics. Nanotechnology has the properties. potential to be used in different ways in the  Other materials used in nano-size – a cosmetics sector, creating nano materials whole range of materials can be used in with different properties and therefore nano size in order to give them different different risks and benefits [15]. properties when compared with their The types of nano materials that are larger form. We found, for example, an used include: ‘energizing’ moisturiser using nano gold  Sunscreens – UV filters, such as titanium and products using nano silver because of dioxide and zinc oxide, are used in nano its anti-bacterial properties. form rather than bulk form to make the  Nano titanium dioxide is also widely used sunscreen transparent rather than white. in sunscreens, although the EU’s scientific It is also claimed that they are more committee wants to re-assess its safety effective when used in nano form [16]. when used on sunburnt and other  Nano emulsions and nanosomes – used to damaged skin several other companies preserve active ingredients, such as are using nano materials. It also indicated

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that while some of the big brands are intact stratum corneum is considered highly restricting their use of nano materials to unlikely because of the matrix of nano emulsions and UV filters in corneocytes, lipid bilayers within the sunscreens, many smaller companies are intercellular spaces and the physiological using a more diverse range of nano environment below the stratum corneum materials [17]. containing high levels of proteins. If the skin ROUTES OF EXPOSURES is damaged, and the normal barrier 1) Dermal absorption disrupted, then the probability of entry of Three pathways of penetration across the particles may be substantially increased. skin have been identified: intercellular, Follicular openings are compatible with transfollicular and transcellular. The particulate dimensions [18, 19]. passive transport of nanomaterials through

Figure 3: Skin permeation

2) Respiratory tract The alveolar macrophages reside as free APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY cells within the alveolar air spaces, from IN COSMETICS where they may migrate to the bronchioles 1) Nanoemulsion for cosmetics and then, via the mucociliary escalator, to NEs have recently become increasingly the lumen of the conducting airways. The important as potential vehicles for the alveolar macrophage plays an important controlled delivery of cosmetics and for the role in the response of the lung to inhaled optimized dispersion of active ingredients dusts and in the development of in particular skin layers. Due to their inflammatory lung disorders. Their lipophilic interior, NEs are more suitable for essential function is phagocytosis and the transport of lipophilic compounds than clearance of particulates and micro- liposomes. NEs gain increasing interest due organisms. The type II cell is a secretary cell to their own bioactive effects. This may and is considered to be the progenitor cell reduce the trans-epidermal water loss for type I cells [20]. (TEWL), indicating that the barrier function 3) Intestinal tract of the skin is strengthened. Several cosmetic Particulate uptake occurs not only in the products are available that use gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), but nanoemulsions, including Korres’ Red Vine also in the normal intestinal enterocytes. Hair sunscreen [21]. 4) Eye Several companies supply ready to use The eye only provides only a small surface emulsifiers for creating stable area for potential exposure but be indirect nanoemulsions for cosmetic applications, exposure to Nanomaterial may occur including Nanocream® from Sinerga and through it by cosmetics intended for use in Nano Gel from Kemira. Nanoemulsions are the vicinity of the eye or from other types of transparent due to the droplets tiny size cosmetic products. and they also remain stable for a longer

Nirvesh Chaudhri et.al, IJPRR 2015; 4(4) 32 International Journal of Pharma Research & Review, April 2015; 4(4):28-40 ISSN: 2278-6074 period of time. They are mostly used in emulsions have typical particle radii of deodorants, sunscreens, shampoos, and between 0.5 and 10 micrometers which skin and hair care products. The causes their typical white appearance, and nanoemulsions are easily valued in skin usually show viscosities of over 1,000 m care because of their good sensorial Pas. They are kinetically stable, and can be properties i.e. rapid penetration, merging manufactured with help of a homogenizer. textures and their biophysical properties Because their particles are relatively large, especially, hydrating power. A significant however, comparable viscosity systems are improvement in dry hair aspect (after unstable and cream up. Alternatively, O/W several shampoos) is obtained with a microemulsions are easy to produce prolonged effect after a cationic because of their thermodynamic stability. nanoemulsion use [22]. They are translucent, and their typical NanoGel One of the example includes New particle radii range between 10 and 40 Jersey –based TRI-K Industries and its nanometers [24]. patent company Kemira have launched a 3) Vitamin and gold loaded nanofibre new Nano-based gel aimed at enhancing the facial mask for topical delivery efficacy of a wide range of skin care Conventional beauty face masks existing in products. Kemira Nanogel is said to be a the market are cotton masks that are pre- unique nanoemulsion carrier system that moistened with skin nutrients. The aqueous has been designed around easy formulation, phase of the pre-moistened mask can raise combined with the added benefits brought the degradation rate of the unstable about by its nanotechnology properties. ingredients such as ascorbic acid. To NanoGel technology provides a simple overcome this problem a novel polymeric process and system to create submicron face mask have been developed that can emulsions from an easy-to-use, oil-in-water accommodate several skin nutrients such as concentrate. The formula is particularly ascorbic acid, retinoic acid, gold, and suited to minimizing trans-epidermal water collagen. Many marketing tactics include loss, enhanced skin production, and the inclusion of antioxidants and other skin penetration of active ingredients. These nutrients into cosmetic products. The characteristics suggest it would be strength and function of the skin depends particularly useful for sun care products as upon an important factor i.e. Collagen which well as moisturizing and anti-aging creams_ also play an important role in skin particular areas where nanotechnology is rejuvenation and wrinkle reversal effect. already being incorporated into a host of The quantity of collagen in the skin products currently on the market. Likewise, decreases along with age; therefore, it is it is also highlighted that it helps to give extensively used as a moisturizer in skin care formulations a good skin feel, an cosmetic creams and products. Generally increasingly important characteristics of Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) has been used in formulators [23]. cosmetic and dermatological preparations 2) PEG- free Nanoemulsions for for its photo protective action, ability to Cosmetics destroy free radicals and oxidizing agents. It Another example includes manufacturing can also encourage collagen synthesis and and processing of low-viscosity oil-in-water suppress the pigmentation of the skin. nanoemulsions that are free from Vitamin C is chemically unstable, and can be emulsifiers based on polyethylene glycol oxidized very easily; therefore, more stable (PEG). Such blends are highly attractive in derivatives (with ability to convert into the growing market for impregnating active compound i.e. ascorbic acid after emulsions for moisturized tissue. It is ingestion) like ascorbyl palmitate, ascorbyl relatively recent but fast growing field of tetra isopalmitate, and magnesium ascorbyl application: emulsion-based wet wipes for phosphate formulated as a emulsion are such applications as baby care and make-up extensively used in pharmaceutical industry removal. The key components in these [25]. Retinoic acid can be used in treatment products are low viscosity O/W emulsions of and also promotes the repair of skin with good storage stability. Classical damaged by and can decrease

Nirvesh Chaudhri et.al, IJPRR 2015; 4(4) 33 International Journal of Pharma Research & Review, April 2015; 4(4):28-40 ISSN: 2278-6074 wrinkles caused by photo-aging. Gold tolerability, an increased safety and an nanoparticles have been studied as optimal therapeutic effect [28]. potential vaccine carriers and in NANO COSMETICS PRODUCTS transdermal delivery. Nowadays Gold facial Other products making nano claims include: masks are being used in beauty clinics and [29- 32] saloons. It works by improving the blood  Agera Nano Eye Lift claims it “provides circulation, skin elasticity, and thereby the delicate eye area with the latest in revitalizes the skin and also reduces the anti-ageing skin care technology”. formation of wrinkles. Skin permeation  Bionova Tennis Player Sun & Wind studies demonstrate that spherical gold Protection for Dry Skin claims it nanoparticle not inherently toxic to human “enhances facial skin resistance against skin cell [26]. harmful sun radiation, using specially 4) Nanoparticale for cosmetics developed nanocomplex of naturally Nanogold Facial Mask treatment of hair existing UV Chromophores & UV diseases Protectants”. Bionova also offer tailored Particulate drug delivery systems rather skin care products using nanotechnology. than aqueous alcohol solutions are gaining  Chantecaille Nano Gold Energizing Cream importance in the treatment of hair claims that “nanoparticles of 24-karat disorders like alopecia androgenetica and gold are bound to moisturising, anti- alopecia areata. They do so by increasing oxidant and anti-inflammatory silk drug penetration into the hair follicle microfibre”. openings and can act as a depot for a  Leorex Hypoallergenic Anti-Wrinkle sustained drug release within the hair Nano-Booster claims it “creates a silica follicle. Examples of nanoparticles used to nanoparticles network, which straightens treat hair disease are poly(lacticco- glycolic) and reinforces the skin matrix to protect acid, poly (e-caprolactone)-block the skin and improve appearance and that polyethylene glycol, neutral liposomes, solid “the nano particles scavenge free radicals lipid nanoparticles. Due to lack of other and toxins”. It also produces a Neck & therapeutic options, gene therapy of hair Decollete Hypoallergenic Anti-Wrinkle and the novel particle based drug delivery Nano Formula. systems for a promising active follicular  Purelogicol Instant Lip Plumper claims to targeting of disease-related cell populations be based on “the breakthrough MVS in the hair follicle are gaining importance LIPS™ nano-technology”. [27].  Rosactive Biomixyl treatment claims to Topical dermatotherapy be “an advanced anti-wrinkle collagen As nanoparticles drug delivery system had treatment that stimulates the natural been developed firstly place for controlled collagen production without using drug release, it could be easily postulated external collagen. Based on nano that their use would prove beneficial for proteins”. local treatment of inflammatory skin  Salcura Zeoderm Skin Repair System diseases as well. Glucocorticoids are key claims that “Zeoderm+ is a unique blend drugs in , but with side effects of nanominerals and vital nutrients, like skin atrophy which limits their chronic suitable for adults and children who may use. It has recently been shown that a be prone to dry and irritated skin targeting of the epidermis, where the symptoms like eczema, psoriasis, inflammatory process takes place, instead and skin allergies”. of the dermis, can be achieved by using  StrVectin-NE Hand Kit claims that its liposomal formulations, thus minimizing “thermo-active NanoExfoliating skin atrophy. Several other studies indicate technology delivers substantial that various drugs such as podophyllotoxin, dermabrasive properties without causing cyclosporine A, tacrolimus methotrexate, lasting redness or damaging the skin”. psoralen, dithranol, clotrimazole and other  Tracie Martyn Shakti Resculpting Body antifungal drugs could be integrated in Cream claims to be “using nano- nanoparticles to achieve a better technology to deliver natural black

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currant lipids deep into the skin for and all other exposures for which there is moisturization. reliable information, taking into  Breast cream: St Herb Nano Breast Cream consideration vulnerable populations such claims it is a combination of as infants and pregnant women. Safety “nanotechnology and the timeless Thai cannot be substantiated in the absence of herb, Pueraria Mirifica” and that data [33, 34]. nanosomes “expands the cellular Safety substantiation for a cosmetic product substructure and development of the must explicitly account for risks posed by lobules and alveoli of the breasts”, with impurities, ingredient degradates, and increased size from one to three cups. reaction products of ingredients, and must  Hair care: RBC Life Science’s be based on an assessment of risk that Nanoceuticals Citrus Mint Shampoo and incorporates) information about product Conditioner are made with NanoClusters use patterns including among vulnerable TM, “nanoclusters to give your hair a populations such as infants and pregnant healthy shine”. women; and) analysis of the cumulative  Make-up: Serge Lutens Blusher’s Nano effects of ingredients, impurities, ingredient Dispersion technology “creates an degradates, and reaction products of extremely fine and light powder with ingredients with common health effects or extraordinary properties: excellent target organs. In the case of threshold elasticity, extreme softness and light effects, an additional ten-fold margin of diffusion”. safety shall be applied in assessments of  Moisturisers/anti-wrinkle creams: risk for pre- and post-natal toxicity for Lancôme Hydra Zen Cream with “nano- infants and pregnant women. A different encapsulated Triceramides renew skin’s margin of safety may be used only if, on the healthy look”; L’Oreal Revitalift Double basis of reliable data, such a margin will be Lifting anti-wrinkle cream is their “first safe for infants and pregnant women [35]. double-action cream that instantly re- FDA should request from the cosmetics tautens the skin and reduces the industry all available studies on nano-scale appearance of wrinkles”, and contains materials use to adequately substantiate Nanosomes of Pro-Retinol A. ingredient and product safety, including but  Toothpaste: Singe’s Apagard claims to be not limited to all studies in the industry’s the world’s first ‘re-mineralizing’ new Safety Information Summaries in toothpaste, promoting oral health by addition to the information recently supporting natural healing, using submitted to FDA by CTFA on nano-scale “nanoparticle hydroxyl-apatite”, “the sunscreen ingredients. FDA should review same substance as our teeth”; Ace Silver these studies and make determinations on Plus Nano silver toothpaste is the safety of nano-scale ingredients in manufactured and available in Korea. personal care products, and should require SAFETY DATA FOR COSMETICS warning labels on products which cannot be PRODUCTS substantiated for safety [36]. The safety of personal care and cosmetic REGULAIONS OF NANOCOSMACEUTICALS products must be substantiated through The development and commercialisation of peer-reviewed scientific publications or nanotechnologies has become an important publicly available industry studies, to a adjunct for traditional industries due to the reasonable certainty of no harm from increasing consumer demand for improved aggregate exposures to the product and its products. A new European regulation will component ingredients including require cosmetics manufacturers to list any impurities, taking into account factors that nanoparticles contained in products may increase toxicity or penetration of the marketed within the European Union. The product or its component chemicals nanoparticle decree is part of a new 397- through the skin, including the presence of page cosmetics regulation approved on 20 penetration enhancers and the effects of November 2009, by the Council of the particle size including nanoparticles, and European Union, which includes ministers including all anticipated cosmetic exposures from all EU nations and is the EU's main

Nirvesh Chaudhri et.al, IJPRR 2015; 4(4) 35 International Journal of Pharma Research & Review, April 2015; 4(4):28-40 ISSN: 2278-6074 decision-making body. The cosmetic regulations. The US Environmental regulation states that all ingredients Protection Agency (EPA) has issued a new present in the product in the form of research strategy to more proactively nanomaterials should be clearly indicated examine the impacts of manufactured in the list of ingredients, by inserting the nanomaterials on human health and the word 'nano' in brackets after the ingredient environment. Nanomaterials which are listing. By July 2013, the regulation also generally between one and 100 nanometers requires that all marketed cosmetics and in size - are increasingly being used in sunscreens using nanoparticles be common consumer products such as paint, individually tested for safety [37]. sunscreen, cosmetics and sports equipment. After the European Commission’s (EC) Under EPA's new plan, revealed on 29 Scientific Committee on Consumer Products September, the agency is focusing its (SCCP) expressed their concern over the research on seven manufactured use of insoluble nanoparticles in topically nanomaterial types: single-walled carbon applied cosmetic products. As the nanotubes, multi walled carbon nanotubes, nanoparticls penetrate in both healthy and fullerenes, cerium oxide, silver, titanium unhealthy skin, toxicity of these particles dioxide, and zero-valent iron. The materials has also been raised. In their Opinion, the were also selected for scrutiny based on the SCCP believe that ‘it is necessary to review their current use in products, EPA's near- the safety of nanosized TiO2 in the light of term needs, research underway at other US recent information and to consider the government agencies, and the influence of physiologically abnormal skin recommendations of the OECD and the possible impact of mechanical (Organisation for Economic Cooperation action on skin penetration [38]. and Development) working party on As per the guidelines of the Scientific manufactured nanomaterials, which was Committee on Consumer Products (SCCP) established in March 2007 to provide and the United Kingdom's Royal Society & advice on the responsible development of Royal Academy of Engineering, safe Nano- nanotechnology [39, 40]. Cosmetics must meet specific Soft Particle

Table 1: Cosmetic Formulations Currently Available in the Market COMPANY BRAND PRODUCT NANO SIZE INGREDIENT

Acne treatment Celazome New Zealand Celazome Target Acne Spot LYPHAZOME NANOSPHERS Limited Treatment Wilma Schumann Wilma Schumann Acne Kit VITAMIN E NANOPARTICAL DS Laboratories, Inc DS Laboratories Anti-Acne Gel ARNICA NANOSOMES After sun product L’Oreal Lancome Cooling sun spirtz VITAMIN NANOCAPSULE Anti-aging [41] Sircuit Skin Cosmeceuticals Sircuit Skin Anti-Oxidant Serum FULLERENES Inc. Cosmetic Dermatology, Inc. Dr. Brandt Dr. Brandt Laser NANOENCAPSULATED Tight INGREDIENTS ProCyte Corporation Neova Dual Action Lotion NANOENCAPSULATED RETINOL DS Laboratories, Inc. DS Laboratories Cream for Wrinkles NANOSOMES OF VITAMIN A & Expression Lines DS Laboratories, Inc. DS Laboratories Viterol. A NANOSOMES OF VITAMIN A (viatrozene gel) 16% L’Oreal Lancome Lancome Soleil VITAMIN NANOCAPSULES Soft-Touch Anti- Wrinkle Sun Cream SPF 15

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Around-eye cream [42] PerfectRx PerfectRx Eye Perfect Serum NANODELIVERY SYSTEM Ciba Vision Corporation Eye Eye Treat with LYPHAZOME NANOSPHERES Lyphazome Technology Body firming lotion Nutra Luxé M.D. Nutra Luxé M.D. Nutra Luxé M.D. NANODELIVERY Lipo Reduction Anti-Cellulite Crème Osmotic Corporation Osmotic Osmotic NANO-TECHNOLOGY Lipoduction Body DELIVERY SYSTEM Perfecting Complex Body wash/cleanser [43] DS Laboratories, Inc. DS Laboratories DS Laboratories NANOSOMES OF VITAMIN A Hydroviton.CR Liquid Normalizing Soap 80g Bronzer/highlighter [44] ColoreScience ColoreScience Colorescience NANO-VITAMINS Genie Sparkle Bottles (Flower Power) ColoreScience ColoreScience Colorescience NANO-VITAMINS Genie Sparkle Bottles (Sea of Love) Revlon Revlon Revlon Skin Lights MICRONIZED TOPAZ POWDER, Color Lighting for MICRONIZED ROSE QUARTZ eyes & cheeks, Rosy POWDER Facial cleanser [45] Fancl International, Inc. Boscia Boscia Make Up NANOTECHNOLOGY Break Up Cool Cleansing Oil Facial moisturizer/treatment Ferndale Laboratories, Inc. Ferndale Nouriva Nouriva Repair NANOPARTICLE Moisturizing Cream Ferndale Laboratories, Inc. Ferndale Nouriva Ferndale Nouriva – NANOPARTICLE Nouriva Repair Moisturizing Cream Lip balm/treatment DERMA doctor DERMA doctor DERMA doctor NANO ZINC OXIDE POUT Landis Hyper Moisturizing Lip Paint & Treatment SPF 15 With Nanotechnology, 2 ml, Clear Vortex Health & Beauty Ltd. Luscious Lips Luscious Lips NANO ZINC OXIDE Rejuvenation Duo Moisturizer Celazome New Zealand Celazome Celazome Spoil Me LYPHAZOME Limited Body Lotion Nail treatment [46] Celazome New Zealand Celazome Celazome Tip Treat LYPHAZOME Limited Cuticle Exfoliator Skin fading/lightener

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Awake International Awake Awake Nano Lotion NANO LOTION Whitener Can Do Spirit, Inc. TYK TYK White Glow NANO-RETINYL Retinol, Kojic (MagC Absolute Skin Brightener) Sunscreen/tanning oil [47] Korres Natural Products Korres Natural Korres Natural NANOPARTICLES Ltd. Products Products Red Vine Year Round Hair Sun Protection DERMA doctor DERMA doctor DERMA doctor Fun NANOTECHNOLOGY in the Sun Kit L’Oreal Lancome Lancome Soleil VITAMIN NANOCAPSULES Soft-Touch Moisturising Sun Lotion SPF 15 Hair-loss treatment [48] DS Laboratories, Inc DS Laboratories DS Laboratories NANOSOMES SPECTRAL DNC Hair Loss Treatment

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