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Cephalochordata: Amphioxiformes) En México

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Cephalochordata: Amphioxiformes) En México Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res., 44(3): 497-503, 2016 Anfioxos de México 497 DOI: 10.3856/vol44-issue3-fulltext-8 Research Article Composición taxonómica y distribución de los cefalocordados (Cephalochordata: Amphioxiformes) en México Luis Fernando Del Moral-Flores1, Miguel Ángel Guadarrama-Martínez1 & César Flores-Coto2 1Laboratorio de Zoología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México 2Laboratorio de Zooplancton, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, México Corresponding autor: Luis Del Moral-Flores ([email protected]) RESUMEN. A partir de especímenes examinados, revisión de colecciones de referencia y literatura, se determina la presencia en los mares mexicanos de cuatro especies de cefalocordados (dos géneros y una familia). Además, se precisan las localidades de registro y una clave taxonómica para su identificación. En el Golfo de México y Caribe mexicano se registra la presencia de tres de las cuatro especies, de las cuales Branchiostoma caribaeum tiene la mayor área de distribución, desde la costa de Veracruz hasta la Península de Yucatán; B. longirostrum solo está registrada en la zona occidental del Golfo de México y Asymmetron lucayanum frente a la costa noreste de Yucatán. Branchiostoma californiense es la única registrada en la costa del Pacífico mexicano pero tiene amplia distribución. Palabras clave: anfioxos, protocordados, acrania, Branchiostomatidae. Taxonomic composition and distribution of cephalochordates (Cephalochordata: Amphioxiformes) from Mexico ABSTRACT. Based on the number of specimens examined, review of reference collections and literature, we determined the presence of four cephalochordates (two genera and one family) in the seas of Mexico; moreover, the registry of the locations is denoted also a taxonomic key for their identification comes attached. The presence of three of the four species for the Gulf of Mexico and the Mexican Caribbean is registered, of which Branchiostoma caribaeum has the largest distributional area, from Veracruz coasts to the Yucatan Peninsula; B. longirostrum has been registered only on the west part of the Gulf of Mexico and Asymmetron lucayanum in front of the northeastern coast of Yucatan. Branchiostoma californiense is the only one registered on the Pacific coast of Mexico but it counts with a wider distribution. Keywords: acrania, anfioxus, protochordata, Branchiostomatidae. INTRODUCCIÓN morphii, Chondrichthyes, Actinopterygii, Sarcopte- El phylum Chordata está representado por organismos rygii) (Kirkaldy, 1895; Parker & Haswell, 1987; deuterostomados, cuyas sinapomorfías más evidentes Nelson, 2006). son: presencia de notocorda, hendiduras faríngeas, Los cefalocordados, comprenden una sola familia endostilo, epineuria (posición dorsal del tubo neural) y (Branchiostomatidae) y son conocidos comúnmente una cola postanal (extensión corporal posterior al ano) como anfioxos o lancetas de mar. Se reconocen por la (Barrington, 1965; Florkin & Scheer, 1974; Gans & presencia de una notocorda persistente, algunas veces Bell, 2001). Este phylum comprende tres subphylum: visible a través de la pared corporal, que se extiende Urochordata (ascidias, salpas, barrilitos de mar y hasta el extremo anterior del cuerpo; forma corporal apendicularias), Cephalochordata (anfioxos o lancetas ahusada en ambos extremos (de donde deriva el de mar) y Vertebrata (e.g., Myxini, Cephalaspido- nombre de “Amphioxus”, Fig. 1); y finalmente por __________________ Corresponding editor: Diego Giberto 498 Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research estructuras óseas y sensoriales especializadas, así como de extremidades pareadas) (Barrington, 1965; Parker & Haswell, 1987; Silva et al., 2008; García-Fernández & Benito-Gutiérrez, 2009; Yu & Holland, 2009). A pesar de su importancia, su estudio en aguas mexicanas ha sido muy escaso. De hecho, sólo existen tres trabajos. Chávez (1964, 1965) registra por primera vez una especie para el Atlántico mexicano Figura 1. Características típicas de un cefalocordado (Branchiostoma caribaeum) en Veracruz (Isla Sacri- juvenil. a) notocorda; b) aleta dorsal; c) faringe con ficios), Campeche (Sonda de Campeche), y Boschung hendiduras; d) rostro; e) aleta caudal; f) ano; g) aleta (1986) registra la presencia de Branchiostoma ventral (preanal); h) atrioporo; i) pliegues metapleurales; longirostrum en el sur del Golfo de México. Puede j) campana oral con tentáculos (cirros). mencionarse también la contribución de Cameron (2009), que hizo una recopilación de los trabajos previos pero sin actualizar la taxonomía de las especies. una metamerización, marcada en los paquetes mus- Debido al escaso conocimiento sobre la compo- culares corporales (miótomos) que están agrupados y sición específica de los cefalocordados que habitan en separados por tejido conjuntivo (mioseptos) (Kirkaldy, los mares mexicanos, se presenta una sinopsis de la 1895). En la actualidad, se considera válidas a 35 información disponible sobre las especies registradas especies de cefalocordados, todas incluídas en la en México, y se incluyen los registros de especímenes familia Branchiostomatidae, repartidas en tres géneros: revisados, así como una breve clave de identificación. Asymmetron, Branchiostoma y Epigonichthys (Poss & Boschung, 1996; Nishikawa, 2004; Nelson, 2006; Yu & Holland, 2009). MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS Son exclusivamente marinos, con amplia distri- Se examinaron 3.347 especímenes recolectados en bución en aguas templadas y tropicales. La mayoría de diversas localidades de los mares mexicanos. La las especies son de hábitos bentónicos que viven en mayoría de ellos (3.311) fueron capturados durante aguas someras cercanas a la costa, aunque algunas muestreos realizados en septiembre y octubre de 2003, pueden habitar a grandes profundidades y otras pasan en el Golfo de México. El material biológico se la mayor parte de su vida formando parte del plancton recolectó mediante un muestreo vertical desde 50 m de (Richardson & McKenzie, 1994; Gibss & Wickstead, profundidad a superficie, usando una red cónica de 30 1996; Nishikawa, 2004). Todas las especies son dioicas cm de boca y apertura de malla de 200 μm. Cada y sin dimorfismo sexual aparente. Las larvas pueden ser muestra fue fijada en formalina al 4%. Además, se bentónicas o planctónicas (Florkin & Scheer, 1974; revisaron 229 registros de ejemplares depositados en Poss & Boschung, 1996; Yu & Holland, 2009). Las colecciones científicas (CAS: California Academy of especies bentónicas se encuentran asociadas a fondos Sciences, Ichthyological Collection; CMNFI: Canadian arenosos donde se entierran dejando al descubierto Museum of Nature, Fish Collection; CNPE-IBUNAM: solamente los tentáculos orales para la captura de su Colec-ción Nacional de Peces, Instituto de Biología, alimento; también se encuentran en sustratos Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; CYMX- constituidos por sedimentos areno-fangosos con CINVESTAV-IPN: Colección de Invertebrados Bentó- tamaño grande de partícula. Sin embargo, los fondos nicos de Yucatán, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados-Mérida, Instituto Politécnico fangosos así como las bajas salinidades pueden ser Nacional; LACM: Natural History Museum of Los factores limitantes en su distribución en zonas Ángeles County; SIO: SCRIPPS Institution of estuarinas (Barrington, 1965; Parker & Haswell, 1987; Oceanography Marine Vertebrate Collection; USNM: Álvarez-León, 2001) y aunque se registran común- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, mente en aguas libres de contaminación, pueden Vertebrate Zoology; UAIC: University of Alabama distribuirse en zonas con alto impacto antropogénico Ichthyological Collection. Acrónimos de acuerdo con (Silva et al., 2008; Vargas & Dean, 2010). Sabaj-Pérez (2014). Debido a su forma de vida, juegan un rol importante en los recambios de energía dentro de los ecosistemas RESULTADOS marinos. Además tienen un alto valor en los estudios evolutivos, por presentar características tanto del grupo El análisis del material examinado evidencia la de los cordados (e.g., notocorda, hendiduras faríngeas, presencia de dos géneros y cuatro especies de la familia epineuría), como de otros organismos menos especia- Branchiostomatidae: Asymmetron lucayanum, Bran- lizados (e.g., presencia de protonefridios, carencia de chiostoma caribaeum, B. longirostrum y B. californiense. Anfioxos de México 499 Figura. 2. Mapa de distribución de las especies de cefalocordados registradas para las costas de México. Algunos símbolos representan más de un registro. Las tres primeras están presentes en el Golfo de México y Caribe; mientras que B. californiense es la única registrada en el Pacífico mexicano, donde está ampliamente distribuida (Fig. 2). Figura. 3. Esquema representativo de Branchiostoma Distribución y aspectos relevantes de la taxonomía californiense. Modificado de Kirkaldy (1895). de las especies registradas en aguas mexicanas Phylum Chordata Haeckel, 1874 Branchiostoma californiense Andrews, 1893 (Fig. 3) Clase Leptocardii Müller, 1845 Branchiostoma californiense Andrews, 1893: 238, 241 Orden Amphioxiformes Anónimo (= Pharingobranchii; (descripción original; localidad tipo: San Diego, Branchiostomiformes; Amphioxi) California, U.S.A.). Familia Branchiostomatidae Bonaparte, 1846 (= Diagnosis: fórmula de miotomos: 40 (40-45) preatrio- Cirrostomi) porales + 18 (14-19) del atrioporo al ano + 9 (8-9) De acuerdo a Poss & Boschung (1996) este es el postanales
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