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Aao 2018 2019 Paediatric Ophthalmology

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Aao 2018 2019 Paediatric Ophthalmology 1 2 3 Contents Title Page Copyright Page Faculty and Disclosures General Introduction Visual Acuity Chart Objectives 1 The Pediatric Eye Examination Examination of Children in the Outpatient Setting History and Examination: General Considerations and Strategies Examination: Specific Elements Visual Acuity Assessment Red Reflex Examination and the Brückner Test Dynamic Retinoscopy Visual Field Testing Pupil Testing Anterior Segment Examination Intraocular Pressure Measurement Cycloplegic Refraction Fundus Examination PART I Strabismus 2 Strabismus Terminology Definitions Prefixes and Suffixes Strabismus Classification Terms Abbreviations for Types of Strabismus 3 Anatomy of the Extraocular Muscles Origin, Course, Insertion, and Innervation of the Extraocular Muscles Horizontal Rectus Muscles Vertical Rectus Muscles Oblique Muscles Levator Palpebrae Superioris Muscle Relationship of the Rectus Muscle Insertions Blood Supply of the Extraocular Muscles Arterial System Venous System Structure of the Extraocular Muscles Orbital and Fascial Relationships Adipose Tissue Muscle Cone Muscle Capsule The Tenon Capsule The Pulley System Anatomical Considerations for Ophthalmic Procedures 4 Motor Physiology Basic Principles and Terms Ocular Rotations Positions of Gaze Extraocular Muscle Action Eye Movements Motor Units Monocular Eye Movements Binocular Eye Movements Supranuclear Control Systems for Eye Movement 5 Sensory Physiology and Pathology The Physiology of Normal Binocular Vision Retinal Correspondence Fusion Selected Aspects of the Neurophysiology of Vision Visual Development Effects of Abnormal Visual Experience on the Retinogeniculocortical Pathway Abnormalities of Binocular Vision Visual Confusion Diplopia Sensory Adaptations in Strabismus Suppression Anomalous Retinal Correspondence Monofixation Syndrome 6 Amblyopia Epidemiology Pathophysiology Classification Strabismic Amblyopia Refractive Amblyopia Visual Deprivation Amblyopia Detection and Screening Evaluation Treatment Cataract Removal Refractive Correction Occlusion Therapy Pharmacologic or Optical Treatment Binocular Treatment Complications and Challenges of Therapy 7 Diagnostic Evaluation of Strabismus and Torticollis Obtaining a History in Cases of Strabismus or Torticollis Assessment of Ocular Alignment Diagnostic Positions of Gaze Cover Tests 4 Corneal Light Reflex and Red Reflex Tests Subjective Tests of Ocular Alignment Assessment of Eye Movements Ocular Rotations Convergence Fusional Vergence Forced Duction, Active Force Generation, and Saccadic Velocity The 3-Step Test Tests of Sensory Adaptation and Binocular Function 5 The Red-Glass (Diplopia) Test Bagolini Lenses The 4Δ Base-Out Prism Test The Afterimage Test Amblyoscope Testing The Worth 4-Dot Test Stereoacuity Tests Assessment of the Field of Single Binocular Vision The Prism Adaptation Test Torticollis: Differential Diagnosis and Evaluation Ocular Torticollis 8 Esodeviations Epidemiology Pseudoesotropia Infantile (Congenital) Esotropia Pathogenesis Clinical Features and Evaluation Management Accommodative Esotropia Pathogenesis and Types of Accommodative Esotropia Evaluation Management Acquired Nonaccommodative Esotropia Basic Acquired Nonaccommodative Esotropia Cyclic Esotropia Sensory Esotropia Divergence Insufficiency Spasm of the Near Reflex Consecutive Esotropia Nystagmus and Esotropia Incomitant Esotropia Sixth Nerve Palsy Other Forms of Incomitant Esotropia 9 Exodeviations Pseudoexotropia Exophoria Intermittent Exotropia Clinical Characteristics Evaluation Treatment Convergence Insufficiency Constant Exotropia Infantile Exotropia Sensory Exotropia Consecutive Exotropia Other Forms of Exotropia Exotropic Duane Retraction Syndrome Neuromuscular Abnormalities Dissociated Horizontal Deviation Convergence Paralysis 10 Pattern Strabismus Etiology Clinical Features and Identification of Pattern Strabismus V Pattern A Pattern Y Pattern X Pattern λ Pattern Management Surgical Correction of Pattern Deviations: General Principles Surgical Treatment of Specific Patterns 11 Vertical Deviations A Clinical Approach to Vertical Deviations Vertical Deviations With Marked Horizontal Incomitance Overelevation and Overdepression in Adduction Superior Oblique Muscle Palsy Inferior Oblique Muscle Palsy Skew Deviation Other Conditions With Incomitant Vertical Deviations Vertical Deviations With Horizontal Comitance Monocular Elevation Deficiency Orbital Floor Fractures Other Conditions With Comitant Vertical Deviations Dissociated Vertical Deviation Clinical Features Management 12 Special Motility Disorders Congenital Cranial Dysinnervation Disorders Duane Retraction Syndrome Congenital Fibrosis of the Extraocular Muscles Möbius Syndrome Miscellaneous Special Forms of Strabismus Brown Syndrome Third Nerve Palsy Fourth Nerve Palsy Sixth Nerve Palsy Thyroid Eye Disease Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia Myasthenia Gravis Esotropia and Hypotropia Associated With High Myopia Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia Ocular Motor Apraxia Superior Oblique Myokymia Strabismus Associated With Other Ocular Surgery 13 Childhood Nystagmus General Features Nomenclature Types of Childhood Nystagmus Infantile Nystagmus Syndrome (Congenital Nystagmus) Central Vestibular Instability Nystagmus (Periodic Alternating Nystagmus) Fusion Maldevelopment Nystagmus Syndrome (Latent Nystagmus) Acquired Nystagmus Nystagmus-Like Disorders Induced Convergence-Retraction (Convergence-Retraction Nystagmus) Opsoclonus 6 Evaluation History Ocular Examination Treatment Prisms Surgery 14 Surgery of the Extraocular Muscles Evaluation Indications for Surgery Planning Considerations Vision General Considerations Incomitance Cyclovertical Strabismus Prior Surgery Surgical Techniques for the Extraocular Muscles and Tendons Approaches to the Extraocular Muscles Rectus Muscle Weakening Procedures Rectus Muscle Tightening Procedures Rectus Muscle Surgery for Hypotropia and Hypertropia Adjustable Sutures Oblique Muscle Weakening Procedures Oblique Muscle Tightening Procedures Stay Sutures Transposition Procedures Posterior Fixation Complications of Strabismus Surgery Diplopia Unsatisfactory Alignment Iatrogenic Brown Syndrome Anti-Elevation Syndrome Lost and Slipped Muscles Pulled-in-Two Syndrome Perforation of the Sclera Postoperative Infections Pyogenic Granuloma and Foreign-Body Granuloma Epithelial Cyst Conjunctival Scarring Adherence Syndrome Delle Anterior Segment Ischemia Change in Eyelid Position Refractive Changes Anesthesia for Extraocular Muscle Surgery Methods Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Oculocardiac Reflex Malignant Hyperthermia Chemodenervation Using Botulinum Toxin Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action Indications, Techniques, and Results Complications PART II Pediatric Ophthalmology 15 Growth and Development of the Eye Normal Growth and Development Dimensions of the Eye Refractive State Orbit and Ocular Adnexa Cornea, Iris, Pupil, and Anterior Chamber Intraocular Pressure Extraocular Muscles Retina Visual Acuity and Stereoacuity Abnormal Growth and Development 16 Decreased Vision in Infants and Pediatric Vision Rehabilitation Visual Development in Young Infants Classification of Visual Impairment in Infants and Children Pregeniculate Visual Impairment Cerebral Visual Impairment Delayed Visual Maturation Evaluation of the Infant With Decreased Vision Pediatric Low Vision Rehabilitation 17 Eyelid Disorders Congenital Eyelid Disorders Dystopia Canthorum Cryptophthalmos Ablepharon Congenital Coloboma of the Eyelid Ankyloblepharon Congenital Ectropion Congenital Entropion Epiblepharon Congenital Tarsal Kink Distichiasis Euryblepharon Epicanthus Palpebral Fissure Slants Congenital Ptosis Other Causes of Ptosis in Children Infectious and Inflammatory Eyelid Disorders Vascular Eyelid Disorders Port-Wine Stain Eyelid Hemangioma Neoplasms and Other Noninflammatory Eyelid Lesions Pilomatricoma Epithelial Lesions Eyelid Nevi Other Eyelid Conditions Trichotillomania Excessive Blinking 18 Orbital Disorders Abnormal Interocular Distance: Terminology and Associations Congenital and Developmental Disorders: Craniofacial Malformations Craniosynostosis Nonsynostotic Craniofacial Conditions 7 Infectious and Inflammatory Conditions Preseptal Cellulitis Orbital Cellulitis Childhood Orbital Inflammation Neoplasms Differential Diagnosis Primary Malignant Neoplasms Metastatic Tumors Hematopoietic, Lymphoproliferative, and Histiocytic Neoplasms Benign Tumors Ectopic Tissue Masses Cystic Lesions Teratoma Ectopic Lacrimal Gland 19 Lacrimal Drainage System Abnormalities Congenital and Developmental Anomalies Atresia of the Lacrimal Puncta or Canaliculi Congenital Lacrimal Fistula Dacryocystocele Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction Clinical Features and Examination Nonsurgical Management Surgical Management 20 External Diseases of the Eye Infectious Conjunctivitis Ophthalmia Neonatorum Bacterial Conjunctivitis in Children and Adolescents Viral Conjunctivitis in Infants and Children Inflammatory Disease Blepharitis Ocular Allergy Ligneous Conjunctivitis Other Conjunctival and Subconjunctival Disorders Papillomas Conjunctival Epithelial Inclusion Cysts Conjunctival Nevi Ocular Melanocytosis Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis 21 Disorders of the Anterior Segment Abnormalities of Corneal Size or Shape Megalocornea Microcornea Keratoglobus Keratoconus Abnormalities of Peripheral Corneal Transparency Posterior Embryotoxon Cornea Plana Epibulbar Dermoid Dermolipoma Abnormalities of Central and Diffuse Corneal Transparency Primary Causes Secondary Causes Treatment of Corneal Opacities
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