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ILLINOIS BIRDS: Laniidae Biological Notes No ILLINOIS BIRDS: Laniidae Biological Notes No. 83 RICHARD R. GRABER · JEAN W . GRABER · ETHELYN L. KIRK ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY Urbana, Illinois - June, 1973 State of Illinois Department of Registration and Education NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION CHRISTMAS COUNTS ( Illinois Stations) ~ -----• ---- ··--· i ~T- -\I-~ . ,o o•::-1rn,"'" '°":• ""t I ~ I i.·•" '). '" CENSUSES MADE DURING ~-1 PERIOD: --"':: :-0 ~/~T --1t4r: A-~1 ,,,--,J., ----- I,, t..\, 0"1; .....• • 1900-1924 w""'."J"'"'l '' ' I Jr , A 1925-1949 ~, ~I ---;- --. -··r: " "".--1"'I l.1.- -jfflr J /rr WOC . : e u 11 L ~ ! Lii s~u,t I ___. - .1950- • ---· - .,.. , ·---c;R1,,Wv ""L o"*"~_, ~ More than STAR,(, _~,"---,L·: ~L one period ~ ""''""' , T ? O l LVI NGSTON II ~. I O,t-J lI I( N JI ;, I :::'.."'l / /w""'; - 1"0", ~oa,oo: f -- \ ___ JI ,ooouoll i :_i _. 1..., _,J '-; ~ i ,o,o ~ --: I 0 • A Y-,mwtcc , " ~ ' ' " i ·-~ · I ""'oc\ 'h: ] . ,u~I ~~tTD;~~;~.-,. -{:,.: ,r /,~·3) ; --1.:c1w,, .. -:._,_,.,,---.~i_.. 0 'i:.:,L~ ,.1 ,i! 1 tT ~,,., I,,~.-< , , , \~~'-,J "''f" JI~ · 4-:it . I -f;_--1 "~ /'"'·..--~- .-- --m·ooucL._S ' •- - f"'N~"'o~ I ri ·-·:;i [00,t,R -WJ -._"o"" L., .... ~· "~'lj i I, ' ' ' ' \ scon--' I --·- -- -1- -1 • '""" I "l,, '"\__I r .\ ..,> -c o L t s · I L SH . [JY I ~~,I I wo-,,o--""' ,' '' "'"_.1."I . _ 1 JA.SPER I r.o..'l'.Cn'/ E '. """"'"j CAAwroRO !"'..- ~. ---·.. "• I:,.1...- ) - -~[_.....,._J_ \ ~ -,Il.,--- _j I . c L .......y y'AIC~NOI U.WA[NC J--·;1-: ON l - ~ - .!_ ''" :__ :,..11 ~- -1 ~~ / ',· .-STCLAIR1 I~ r-\- I WAYN[ \1 f ~... ~ [ w"""o'o" .,,maso, I -1t .1 "0"'~'1-f,--J• J 7f ",) , _.,.--' .· • I P[ltftT )-)' J $" I WH I [ ' R.l,OOL )-___. ffl,tNJI.LIN ! .t'... L _ _i....._-t . ,. C,·a '&'o'! I SALIN[ IO~LLATIN ~I_ ,I. J, ---t- . ION ~ :~OHNSON ? 0 ,r> [ ~.,°'' ~C.31.? 10 o 10 ~o :?) ,.:i $0:v:.i.is -~0~1.-\. E=c:iL.-···,:c-1-·1--c-~ [:~-Y~'\. ~~'\( Fig. 1. - Localities in which Audubon Society Christmas counts have been made, and from which data have been used for our reports on I llinois birds. Locali ties which touch Illinois or its natural boundaries have been included. ILLINOIS BIRDS: Laniidae Richard R. Graber, Jean W. Graber, and Ethelyn L. Kirk HIS PAPER ON THE SHRIKES of Illinois is the sum of all central Illinois counts, beginning in 1902, the fourth in a series intended to summarize the did not comprise 600 hours of observation time until the availableT knowledge on birds of Illinois. The basic goals, count was in its fourth decade, until about 1935, we can procedures, and policies of the project were outlined in see the serious limitations of the count for studies of long- the introduction to the first paper (Graber et al. 1970). term population changes, particularly for relatively un- In the introductions to subsequent papers we have con- common species. No calculations, either of frequency of sidered in more detail various problems in the interpreta- occurrence or population density, can have meaning based tion and presentation of data on Illinois birds. on such incomplete coverage. Much of the information presented comes from the Besides their poor coverage, the early counts were literature. Data from this source are so widely dispersed also short on important collateral data, such as mileage through the thousands of papers published in the past traveled, habitats covered, and weather information. An- century that they are essentially lost to most students of other drawback of the counts, pointed up particularly birds. We estimate that our bibliography on Illinois birds well by the shrike data, is the problem of inaccurate is more than 85 percent complete. The literature avail- identifications. Our analysis (see under species account able to us is primarily that in the collective libraries of of the northern shrike) indicates that the two Illinois the University of Illinois, including the Illinois Natural shrike species have sometimes been confused by students, History Survey Library, but we are also making use of though not necessarily more so on the Christmas counts interlibrary loans to fill in the gaps. The search for pub- than generally in winter. lished reports continues, and we add worthwhile papers, In important ways the counts have improved in re- both old and new, to the bibliography each year. For each cent decades - more complete coverage, more complete family account we try to have the literature coverage station data, and better informed participants in the current to the time our manuscript is submitted, i.e. usu- counts. Thus, in presenting data from the Christmas ally within a year of the date of publication. An inherent counts we tend to emphasize the information for more danger of a definitive project of this sort is that students recent decades, especially since 1940. In general, we have will be overly trusting of our coverage of the literature. accepted species identifications as given except for in- We urge all students who use the papers to weigh our stances where the data differ markedly from our personal summary of the literature against their own knowledge observations. of Illinois birds and the pertinent literature. Corrections In our graphs on the occurrence of shrikes in the of any errors, whether of omission or commission, should Christmas counts we have plotted data as the number either be published separately, or brought to our attention. of birds seen per 100 party hours of observation ( a "party For a number of species of birds, including the shrikes, hour" can be defined as an hour of observation time by the only semblance of winter population data available a group of observers, considered as a single observer) . for Illinois are those from the National Audubon Society's We used hours as the measure of censusing instead of annual Christmas counts which were started in 1900. We miles traveled, despite the fact that mileage shows better have used data from all of the Illinois census stations and correlation with numbers of shrikes seen ( r = .617) than those which touch Illinois or its natural boundaries (Fig. do the hour data ( r = .415). We adopted this course 1) , including data published in the (Illinois) Audubon only because some census takers still do not provide Bulletin and Iowa Bird Life. We have tried various kinds mileage data. of analyses on the Christmas count data, such as calcu- It is a pleasure to acknowledge James and Loraine lations of frequency of occurrence by census, by year and Funk of Liberty, Thomas May of Lenzburg, and Michael by decade, and calculations of numbers of birds per cen- Morrison of Sparta for providing valuable information sus, per hour of observation, and per mile traveled. used in this report. Our colleagues William L. Anderson, The limitations in treatment of the Christmas count Ronald Labisky, and James Seets of the Survey made information are dictated by the rough and incomplete particularly important contributions in the form of field nature of the raw field data. In the case of shrikes, for data and specimens. We are also especially indebted to example, it can be shown that, on the average, more than Milton W. Sanderson, of the Survey's Faunistic Section, 600 hours of observation and 8,000 miles of travel have who patiently identified numerous fragments of insects been required for a party of observers to see a northern from the stomachs of shrike specimens. John Unzicker shrike in central Illinois in winter. When we consider that and Wallace LaBerge identified spiders and Hymenoptera specimens for us, and James Appleby and George Godfrey This paper, in the biological notes series, is published in part with private funds. Dr. Richard R. Graber and Dr. Jean W. Graber are Wildlife identified the corn borer larvae. Staff members of the Specialists in the Section of Wildlife Research of the Illinois Natural History Survey's Wildlife Research Office and Editorial Office Survey. The late Miss Ethelyn Kirk served as Technical Assistant in the Section of Wildlife Research at the Survey. provided characteristically fine help in the preparation 3 and editing of the manuscript, and the preparation of timing of migration of the loggerhead shrike. He ob- figures and photographs. served what was apparently diurnal migration - a soli- tary shrike flying north, out of sight, at 11 : 00 AM on March 14 (Cooke & Widmann 1884). Seemingly con- LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE (Lanius ludovicianusJ trary, but not necessarily so, was Widmann's ( 1922) (Fig. 2 and 3) observation of strong zugunruhe (migration restlessness) in a captive shrike every night in October, starting about Spring Migration 9: 00 PM. Was this behavior indicative of nocturnal Two interesting observations by Otto Widmann of migration? St. Louis constitute the sum of knowledge on the die! Though loggerhead shrikes have been recorded in all Fig. 2. - Loggerhead shrike at its nest ( Pope County). 4 curately known, and the absence of records in a number of counties (Fig. 5) may be more related to inadequate exploration than to an actual absence of shrikes. We are certain, however, based on extensive searches in the past few years, that most of the population in northern and central Illinois has disappeared since 1965. In this vast area there are probably only a few scattered pairs left. We found only one nest (Mercer County) between 1968 and 1972 after searching large areas of central and northern Illinois. What is left of the state population today is nearly all south of the latitude of Pike and Cumberland counties (Fig. 5). Nesting Habitats and Populations Robertson ( 1942) recorded a shrike nest in oak- hickory forest, but this is exceptional habitat for the species.
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