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CENTRALIZED NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT for REPUBLIC of KOREA 2017 – 1 of 156 – Centralized National Risk Assessment for Republic of Korea FSC-CNRA-KR V1-0 EN FSC-CNRA-KR V1-0 CENTRALIZED NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR REPUBLIC OF KOREA 2017 – 1 of 156 – Centralized National Risk Assessment for Republic of Title: Korea Document reference FSC-CNRA-KR V1-0 EN code: Approval body: FSC International Center: Policy and Standards Unit Date of approval: 15 December 2017 Contact for comments: FSC International Center - Policy and Standards Unit - Charles-de-Gaulle-Str. 5 53113 Bonn, Germany +49-(0)228-36766-0 +49-(0)228-36766-30 [email protected] © 2017 Forest Stewardship Council, A.C. All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the publisher’s copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means (graphic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, recording taping, or information retrieval systems) without the written permission of the publisher. Printed copies of this document are for reference only. Please refer to the electronic copy on the FSC website (ic.fsc.org) to ensure you are referring to the latest version. The Forest Stewardship Council® (FSC) is an independent, not for profit, non- government organization established to support environmentally appropriate, socially beneficial, and economically viable management of the world’s forests. FSC’s vision is that the world’s forests meet the social, ecological, and economic rights and needs of the present generation without compromising those of future generations. FSC-CNRA-KR V1-0 CENTRALIZED NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR REPUBLIC OF KOREA 2017 – 2 of 156 – Contents Risk assessments that have been finalized for Republic of Korea ............................. 4 Risk designations in finalized risk assessments for Republic of Korea ...................... 5 Risk assessments ..................................................................................................... 7 Controlled wood category 1: Illegally harvested wood ........................................... 7 Overview ........................................................................................................... 7 Sources of legal timber in South Korea ............................................................ 11 Risk assessment ............................................................................................. 11 Recommended control measures .................................................................... 84 Controlled wood category 2: Wood harvested in violation of traditional and human rights ................................................................................................................... 86 Risk assessment ............................................................................................. 86 Recommended control measures .................................................................... 86 Detailed analysis ............................................................................................. 87 Controlled wood category 3: Wood from forests in which high conservation values are threatened by management activities .......................................................... 116 Overview ....................................................................................................... 116 Experts consulted .......................................................................................... 127 Risk assessment ........................................................................................... 128 Recommended control measures .................................................................. 142 Information sources ....................................................................................... 142 Controlled wood category 4: Wood from forests being converted to plantations or non-forest use ................................................................................................... 148 Risk assessment ........................................................................................... 148 Recommended control measures .................................................................. 151 Controlled wood category 5: Wood from forests in which genetically modified trees are planted ........................................................................................................ 152 Risk assessment ........................................................................................... 152 Recommended control measures .................................................................. 156 FSC-CNRA-KR V1-0 CENTRALIZED NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR REPUBLIC OF KOREA 2017 – 3 of 156 – Risk assessments that have been finalized for Republic of Korea Risk assessment Controlled Wood categories completed? 1 Illegally harvested wood YES 2 Wood harvested in violation of traditional and human rights YES Wood from forests where high conservation values are 3 YES threatened by management activities Wood from forests being converted to plantations or non- 4 YES forest use Wood from forests in which genetically modified trees are 5 YES planted FSC-CNRA-KR V1-0 CENTRALIZED NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR REPUBLIC OF KOREA 2017 – 4 of 156 – Risk designations in finalized risk assessments for Republic of Korea Indicator Risk designation (including functional scale when relevant) Controlled wood category 1: Illegally harvested wood 1.1 Low risk 1.2 N/A 1.3 Low risk 1.4 Low risk 1.5 Low risk 1.6 Low risk 1.7 Low risk 1.8 Low risk 1.9 Low risk 1.10 Low risk 1.11 Specified risk 1.12 Specified risk 1.13 Low risk 1.14 N/A 1.15 N/A 1.16 Low risk 1.17 Low risk 1.18 Low risk 1.19 Low risk 1.20 Low risk 1.21 N/A Controlled wood category 2: Wood harvested in violation of traditional and human rights 2.1 Low risk 2.2 Specified risk for the right to freedom of association, forced labour and for gender wage discrimination. Low risk for child labour and other forms of discrimination. 2.3 Low risk Controlled wood category 3: Wood from forests where high conservation values are threatened by management activities 3.0 Low risk 3.1 Low risk 3.2 Low risk 3.3 Low risk 3.4 Low risk 3.5 Low risk 3.6 Low risk Controlled wood category 4: Wood from forests being converted to plantations or non-forest use 4.1 Specified risk FSC-CNRA-KR V1-0 CENTRALIZED NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR REPUBLIC OF KOREA 2017 – 5 of 156 – Controlled wood category 5: Wood from forests in which genetically modified trees are planted 5.1 Low risk FSC-CNRA-KR V1-0 CENTRALIZED NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR REPUBLIC OF KOREA 2017 – 6 of 156 – Risk assessments Controlled wood category 1: Illegally harvested wood Overview South Korea is approximately 9873 thousand ha, and as of 2010, the forest area was about 6.2 million ha or 63% of total land area.1 Coniferous forests predominate in South Korea, comprising almost half the forest area. The remaining forests are almost evenly divided between deciduous forest and mixed species forest.2 The predominant coniferous species are Japanese Larch (Larix leptolepis), Pitch pine (Pinus rigida) and Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis). A high proportion of the South Korea’s forests are the result of large-scale reforestation programmes. The country has a relatively low rate of deforestation, just 0.1% annually for the period 2010-15.3 Broad-leaved forests include species such as oak, and occupy 28% of the total forest area. The other 27% is covered with mixed forest. By age class, young trees less than 20 years old amount 35% of the growing stock, while trees between the ages of 21 and represent 40%, and trees more than 31 years old are 25%. Harvestable standing volume is 65M m³. Average volume per hectare increased 3.7%, from 39.78 m³ to 38.36 m³ in the late 1970s. This is roughly equivalent to 4 times the volume (11.3m³/ha) in the 1970’s when the government embarked on its current forest policy.4 Reforestation efforts began in the 1970s, but plantations are not yet mature and the country is heavily reliant on imports to supply domestic demand for wood and paper.5 Korea depends on timber imports from Indonesia, Malaysia, the US, New Zealand, Chile and other countries to supply its domestic market and industries. Korea has an extensive wood processing industry based largely on imported wood. The main products from forests in Korea are non-wood forest products, such as chestnuts and mushrooms, which are major exports.6 1 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome, Italy, 2010. Available online: http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1757e/i1757e.pdf, p 219. 2 South Carolina State Forest Department (undated). South Korea Market Profile. Available online < https://www.state.sc.us/forest/fprodsko.pdf>, accessed 4 April 2017. 3 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome, Italy, 2016. Available online: http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/7ae8ad10-38b4-41f2-bf9c-aae616a36f3c/ 4 Ibid. 5 Lee, S.W, (2005): Forestry in Korea, Portland: World Forestry Centre/Eagon, http://wfi.worldforestry.org/media/presentations/korea_s.lee.pdf in Sam Lawson, Chatham House, 2014. Illegal Wood Import and Re- export: The Scale of the Problem and the Response in Thailand, South Korea and India. Available online < https://www.illegal-logging.info/sites/files/chlogging/Lawson_Thailand_SK_India_PP_2014_0.pdf> accessed 4 April 2017. 6 South Carolina State Forest Department (undated). South Korea
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