The Kyoto Composting Project

Team Members Shruti Bhatia Mariana Pachon-Puentes Floris van Rossum Carmine Stabile

Advisor Jennifer deWinter

Sponsor Organization Midori Farm

Sponsor Liaisons Chuck Kayser Mika Ishikawa

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The Kyoto Composting Project

An Interactive Qualifying Project

Submitted to the Faculty of WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science

Authors Shruti Bhatia Mariana Pachon-Puentes Floris van Rossum Carmine Stabile

Date December 13, 2018

Submitted to Professor Jennifer deWinter, Advisor Worcester Polytechnic Institute

This report represents work of WPI undergraduate students submitted to the faculty as evidence of a degree requirement. WPI routinely publishes these reports on its website without editorial or peer review. For more information about the projects program at WPI, see http://www.wpi.edu/Academics/Projects.​

Team Webpage

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Abstract

Japan currently uses incineration to deal with the majority of its waste management practices, which has shown to be harmful to the environment. With the large amount of food waste produced and incinerated, the country must search for more sustainable organic waste management practices to better utilize these nutritional resources. In order to both reduce the environmental impact of food waste, and benefit the current state of agriculture in Japan, composting should be incorporated into Japan’s existing waste management systems. Midori Farm, a non-profit organic farm located in Shiga Prefecture, identified this environmental problem as an opportunity to spread sustainability throughout Kyoto. In this project, we worked to not only begin a sustainable composting system for Midori Farm but also to create a network of environmentally active individuals and organizations with the hope of eventually incorporating a composting system into Kyoto’s central waste management practices. We outline four specific approaches to composting and organic farming: building an on-site system, collaborating with Kyoto organizations to create composting systems in Kyoto, buying organic compost from Kyoto-based vendors, and finally advocating for a municipal composting system. Ultimately, the results of this project outline the logistics of creating an on-site composting system for small organic farmers, as well as defining the next steps for Midori Farm representatives to scale this system into the future.

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“Anything else you’re interested in is not going to happen if you can’t breathe the air and drink the water. Don’t sit this one out. Do something.”

- Carl Sagan

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Acknowledgements

Our team would like to thank the following individuals due to their help in the success of our project:

Professor Jennifer deWinter and Professor John F. Zeugner, for their constant feedback and support throughout the process of the project.

Chuck Kayser and Mika Ishikawa from Midori Farm, for not only offering us the opportunity to work with them, but for their relentless attempts to provide our team with anything necessary for the success of our project.

The members of the sustainability community in Kyoto, for welcoming our team into its network and providing us with new contacts to reach out to.

The organizers of Pecha Kucha Night Kyoto, for giving our team the incredible opportunity to present this project to an enthusiastic crowd.

Astrid Gudin, for her friendliness to our team during our stay at Midori Farm.

Robin Rauner, for showing so much interest in helping our project succeed in the future.

Kubo-san from Forest Green Park Memories (グリーンパーク想い出の森), for doing everything he could to help our team survive our trip to Midori Farm.

Henry Frishman, for being our team’s biggest fan throughout the project.

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Table of Contents Statistical Analysis 22 Process Map for Composting at Midori Farm 23 Abstract 3 Budget for Composting at Midori Farm 24 Acknowledgements 5 Education on Composting 27 Implementation Steps to Build a Composting System 28 Table of Contents 6 Dissemination Recommendations After Building a Composting List of Figures 8 System 29

List of Tables 9 4. Collaborate: Creating a Composting System with Other Organizations 30 Executive Summary 10 Composting in Collaboration in Kyoto 30 Structure of the Paper 10 Process Map for Composting in Collaboration 31 Build 10 Evaluation of Composting in Collaboration 32 Collaborate 11 Existing Composting Systems in Kyoto 33 Consume 11 Implementation Steps for Composting in Collaboration 37 Advocate 12 Dissemination Recommendations for Composting in Implementation Steps 12 Collaboration 38

1. Introduction to Midori Farms and Composting Needs in Japan 13 5. Consume: Purchasing Compost 39 Midori Farm 14 Potential Compost Providers 40 Midori Farm Expectations and Requirements 14 Implementation Steps for Consuming Compost 43 Options for Future Development: Build, Collaborate, Consume, Advocate 15 6. Advocate: Implementing a Composting System with Impact 44 Importance of a Large Scale System 44 2. Assessment Method for Viable Composting Programs with Model Composting Systems 44 Midori Farm 16 Disconnect from Kyoto 45 Visit to Midori Farm 16 Help from Other Organizations 45 Networking 17 Statistical Analysis 20 7. Conclusions and Recommendations For the Future 47 Budget 20 Final Recommendation 47 Timeline 49 3. Build: Creating a Composting System at Midori Farm 21

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Future Projects 51

Appendix A: Volunteer Interviews 52

Appendix B: Contact List 53

Appendix C: Complete Statistical Analysis 56

Appendix D: Budget Analysis for Composting at Midori Farm 58

Appendix E: Option Evaluation for Composting at Midori Farm 60

Appendix F: A Beginner’s Guide to Composting 63

Appendix G: Waste Contributors 64

Appendix H: Collaborators 66

Appendix I: Compost Contributors 67

Appendix J: Map of Midori Farm in Japan 69

Appendix K: Map of Midori Farm 70

Glossary 71 Project Terminology 71

Bibliography 72

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List of Figures Figure i: Picture of Midori Farm 10 Figure ii: Pecha Kucha Night presenters 12 Figure 1.1: Compost produced at Midori Farm 13 Figure 1.2: Map of Midori Farm 14 Figure 2.1: A Japanese macaque 17 Figure 2.2: Pecha Kucha presentation 18 Figure 2.3: Food Hub & Labo’s Jujo Farmers’ Market 18 Figure 2.4: Escola community 19 Figure 2.5: Kyoto University vermicomposting system 19 Figure 3.1: Fields A & B to be used for composting 21 Figure 3.2: Composting at Midori Farm process map 23 Figure 4.1: Possible collaborator logos 30 Figure 4.2: Composting process with a collaborator 31 Figure 6.1: A composting bin in Kyoto 44

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List of Tables Table i: Composting technique costs 11

Table ii: Midori Farm requirements 11

Table iii: Existing program compost costs 12 Table 3.1: Further analysis of the Midori Farm requirements 22 Table 3.2: Area of the fields at Midori Farm 22 Table 3.3: Total costs for composting at Midori Farm 24 Table 3.4: Best options for composting at Midori Farm 26 Table 4.1: Grant awards 33 Table 4.2: Kyoto University composting system overview 34 Table 4.3: Escola community overview 35 Table 4.4: Nichei Shiga composting system overview 36 Table 5.1: Project existing system costs 39 Table 5.2: Kyoto City Zoo composting system overview 41 Table 5.3: Food Hub and Labo composting system overview 42

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Structure of the Paper the near future. Midori Farm already has a Executive Summary small amount of experience with Composting presents itself as a sustainable Our team developed four options which composting on site, and available land for method of organic waste disposal. obtain or produce compost. These options composting which makes this option stand Currently used waste disposal methods, have been titled as Advocate, Build, out. Shown below in ​Figure i​ is one of the such as incineration and landfill storage, Consume, and Collaborate, and are defined fields on Midori Farm, where compost has are unsustainable due to their significant as follows: been created and used on site. energy usage and excessive emission of air ● Build:​ Build aims to explain the pollutants. Japan resorts to these creation of a composting system Figure i: Picture of Midori Farm environmentally harmful waste located on, and built by, Midori management methods for disposing of all Farm. combustible waste. Composting has been ● Collaborate​: Collaborate discusses identified as a way to both offset the the creation of a composting system negative effects of unsustainable waste with a partnering individual or management practices and simultaneously organization in or around Kyoto create an environmentally useful product. City. ● Consume​: Consume analyzes the Midori Farm is a non-profit organization option of obtaining compost from based in Kutsuki, Shiga, with the mission an existing compost system or to “bring back the traditional food system compost vendor, either for free or at to restore the health and environment of a cost. Japan” (“Midori Farm”, n.d.). Midori Farm ● Advocate​: Advocate takes a less Building a composting system on Midori strives to combine modern agricultural direct approach to the creation of a Farm allows for the idea of on-site methods along with traditional Japanese composting system, and is aimed at composting at organic farms to be techniques to grow their crops. To fulfill rallying the numerous disseminated in the future. After Midori their goal of restoring the health and environmental organizations in Farm has implemented a composting environment of Japan, Midori Farm Kyoto to create a composting system, it would be possible to use Midori created this project with the aim of system or start composting. Farm’s system as an example for other creating a sustainable composting system farms. Especially if Midori Farm that would supply compost to the farm and undertakes an active role in connecting save organic waste from incineration. Build organic farms and waste contributors located in the city. This growing system Build involves creating a composting could greatly further the wellbeing of system at Midori Farm. This option is the organic farming in Japan. primary recommendation due to its

feasibility and ability to be implemented in

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After our sponsor, Chuck Kayser, informed Table ii: Midori Farm requirements organizations for labor, land, and our team that he would ideally receive 10 Mass of Browns implementation costs. tons of compost per year from the system, Required 18750 kg our team performed a budget analysis to Our team investigated a number of identify the costs of various types of Mass of Greens organizations to collaborate with, most composting systems. The results of the Required 6250 kg notably Kyoto University and Escola. Our budget calculations are shown in T​ able i Households team identified Kyoto University due to the below. Required 39.2 Households fact that this organization already Supermarkets produces its own compost, and the number Table i: Composting technique costs Required 0.449 Supermarkets of students working with environmental organizations on campus. Escola is a Composting Total Cost Restaurants sustainability group aimed at being Technique Required 2.854 Restaurants completely self-sufficient. By partnering Basic ¥491,735 first year with this organization, Midori Farm might ¥406,300 following After reviewing all of the options that came gain access to land as well as volunteers to years about from the analysis, our team manage a composting system. recommended a number of elements for a Vermicomposting ¥537,670 first year composting system. ¥406,300 following Consume years Collaborate Purchasing or receiving free compost is an option to bring compost to Midori Farm Aerated Static Pile ¥528,190 first year Collaborate involves creating a composting with limited work. By purchasing compost Composting ¥406,300 following system in the Kyoto area with other from companies with existing composting years organizations such as Escola or Kyoto facilities, the implementation and University. Kyoto has a number of maintenance costs are replaced with the In addition to the budget analysis, our environmentally-minded individuals and cost for the finished product, compost, and team performed a statistical analysis in organizations interested in working eliminates the labor necessary to receive it. order to calculate the mass of both green together on sustainability initiatives. By and brown waste that would need to be working with these organizations and For the consume option, our team supplied each year, as well as the number individuals, a composting facility can be identified two main organizations that of households, supermarkets, and created in Kyoto. Having the composting could provide compost: Kyoto City Zoo and restaurants that would be necessary to system located in the city and working Food Hub & Labo. Kyoto City Zoo is able to supply the amount of green waste. These with other organizations and individuals provide compost for free to those who calculations are shown in T​ able ii. allows for a more impactful composting apply, however, Midori Farm will not be system by using the assistance from other able to receive enough compost through

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this program. Food Hub & Labo would be as the Nichiei Shiga composting system, to 3. Find a method of collecting and able to provide enough compost, however showcase the trailing state of sustainable transporting the waste to Midori 10 tons of compost would cost organic waste management in Kyoto. Farm approximately ¥85,000. This is illustrated Additionally, a Midori Farm representative 4. Educate the volunteers in T​ able iii​ below. should also advocate to the public through presentations and sustainability events Through these steps, Midori Farm will be Table iii: Existing program compost cost​s (​Figure ii)​ . able to create a composting system that effectively reduces the waste of Kyoto City. Kyoto City Food Hub & Figure ii: Pecha Kucha Night presenters While the processing of waste might be Zoo Labo removed from the city, scaling the system Cost Free ¥4,000 / m3​ with the help of other organizations can create a sustainable composting system for Distance 42.4 km 47.9 km Kyoto.

Delivery? No Yes

Advocate Advocate focuses on raising awareness for the current environmental issues associated with poor waste management and food waste, and uses these issues as a platform to bring the idea of a city-wide composting system to Kyoto City. Through Implementation Steps working with other organizations in Kyoto, For the implementation of a composting such as environmental organizations and system in the Kyoto area, we recommend local universities, having a composting taking the following steps: system integrated as a means of organic waste management is feasible. Midori 1. Contacting organizations to Farm and advocating organizations would determine their interest in have to lobby to large organizations such collaborating toward a composting as the Kyoto City Government. Our team system recommends that Midori Farm uses 2. Determine sources of green and examples of other successful composting brown waste systems found in other prefectures, such

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Prefecture International Affairs Division of Compost is also beneficial to the 1. Introduction to Midori Farms and the Prefectural Office, about 6.21 million agricultural world as a replacement to Composting Needs in Japan tons of food are wasted every year in artificial fertilizers for organic farming Japan, amounting to about 14% of the (Wong, 1998). A study conducted by Composting presents a method of organic overall municipal waste (“Kyoto researchers from Hong Kong Baptist waste disposal with a future. Currently Prefecture”, 2018). Considering 61% of University analyzed the effects of using a used options for waste management such Japan’s food is imported, any amount of manure compost as an alternative to as incineration and landfill are food wasted is a significant loss to its artificial fertilizer in organic farming. The unsustainable due to their significant already limited food resources (Akitsu, benefits described include increased soil energy usage and excessive emissions of 2018). The incineration of food waste fertility and crop production, as well as air pollutants. Japan resorts to these causes a significant amount of GHG and improved physical soil properties such as environmentally harmful waste dangerous dioxin emissions that represent soil porosity and hydraulic conductivity management methods for disposing of all grave health hazards (Matsuda, 2012, p. (Wong, 1998). combustible waste. Japan currently has 743). On top of this, incineration wastes 1915 incinerators, which process roughly the nutritional value of the food. Whereas 68 percent of waste post recycling composting allows the food waste to return (Hershkowitz & Salerni, (n.d.). In 1971, to an agricultural environment in a form of Japan incinerated 74.3% of its waste, organic recycling. highlighting the reluctance to advance from these antiquated and harmful Figure 1.1: Compost produced at Midori methods of waste disposal (Sakai, 1996, p. Farm 400).

The issues that this project aims to solve are listed below:

● Complete the nutritional cycle between agriculture and food waste ● Present a more sustainable method of organic waste processing ● Provide an organic means of fertilization to organic farms

Japan currently includes organic waste in

their combustible waste, along with most

plastics and papers. According to Kyoto

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Midori Farm Figure 1.2: Map of Midori Farm enough for an entire year. The project’s goal is to find the most natural, sustainable Midori Farm is a non-profit organic farm and feasible solution for Midori Farm to based in Kutsuki, Shiga Prefecture (see obtain compost. A larger version of each of Figure 1.2)​ . Their mission is to “bring back these maps shown in ​Figure 1.2​ to the left the traditional food system to restore the can be found in A​ ppendix J: Map of Midori health and environment of Japan” Farm in Japan​ and A​ ppendix K: Map of (“Midori Farm”, n.d.). To accomplish this Midori Farm ​ respectively. mission, they have taken uncultivated fields and turned them into productive To achieve our project’s goal we designed a land for organic farming. This composting system that processes Kyoto transformation displays Midori Farm’s city’s organic waste and makes compost willingness to increase the sustainability of available to organic farms in the Japan. Now, Midori Farm aims to address surrounding area. Midori farm will likely the outstanding environmental issues, be one of the first farms to receive such as waste incineration, as mentioned compost, but the project might eventually in the previous section. Midori Farm be scaled up to include even more farms.

strives to combine modern agricultural The goal of this project is also to reduce the methods with traditional Japanese organic waste incineration in Kyoto city techniques in their growing of produce (see through the rerouting of this waste into Figure 1.1​). Because Midori Farm has an our composting system. ethnically diverse group of volunteers, international knowledge can be combined with traditional Japanese agricultural Midori Farm Expectations and techniques for successful farming in a Requirements modern environment. The first steps of this project required the As an organic farm, Midori Farm is seeking team to understand the goals and the most natural sources for farming tools expectations of Midori Farm as an and products. For this reason, they have organization, and their objectives for this identified composting as an project. Our team conducted meetings with environmentally sustainable technique to the two sponsor liaisons: Chuck Keyser and obtain soil supplements and fertilizers. Mika Ishikawa. Although they currently have a small-scale composting system at the farm, the compost produced from this system is not

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These expectations would directly From these meetings, the following contribute to the final deliverable: a list of ● Build:​ Build aims to explain the requirements were determined and recommendations and their justification, creation of a composting system considered throughout the project which would help Midori Farm decide on located on, and built by, Midori analysis, evaluations and comparisons: the type of system to be implemented. Farm. ● Collaborate​: Collaborate discusses ● Midori Farm and other similarly These meetings introduced our team to the the creation of a composting system sized organic farms require a sponsor’s willingness to help with with a partnering individual or minimum of​ 10 metric tons of inevitable obstacles of the project. To ease organization in or around Kyoto compost per year.​ language barrier, and simplify the team’s City. ● Chuck spends approximately communication with Japanese contacts, ● Consume​: Consume analyzes the JP¥68,0001 per year on fertilizers.​ Mika Ishikawa assisted with email option of obtaining compost from translations from English to Japanese. an existing compost system or Additionally, the following expectations of Additionally, Chuck and Mika exposed the compost vendor, either for free or at the project were determined during team to multiple environmental events and a cost. different meetings: organizations in Kyoto, which acted as ● Advocate​: Advocate takes a less networking opportunities and spaces to direct approach to the creation of a ● Research, inform and expose the advertise our project to locals and expats. composting system, and is aimed at sponsors to organizations and rallying the numerous initiatives currently in Kyoto,​ that environmental organizations in could assist the development of the Options for Future Development: Build, Kyoto to create a composting project. Collaborate, Consume, Advocate system or start composting. ● Create a​ list of individuals and organizations ​ in the Kyoto area Numerous methods can be used to achieve Finally, the paper is concluded with a list of interested in assisting the project by the creation of a composting system in the final recommendations, steps and either providing waste or helping Kyoto area. As discussed in the previous conclusions. These recommendations are with logistics. section, the goal of this project is to obtain the final suggestions on which path to ● Create a l​ ist of existing composting compost for organic farmers while follow. The paper ends with lists of programs,​ with the goal of learning reducing the incineration of waste in Kyoto Appendices containing a more dense about possible existing ideal city. agglomeration of data. The appendices composting systems in Kyoto. present various excel sheets containing This paper is comprised of 4 distinct data such as contacts, collaborators and chapters that address the creation or contributors and are referenced implementation of composting in Kyoto in throughout the paper. their own unique way. The four chapters 1 Based on currency conversion between USD that will be detailed are: and JPY on December 11th, 2018

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Build: Creating a Composting System at for this composting system. Once the exact 2. Assessment Method for Viable Midori Farm.​ location of the available fields was Composting Programs with Midori determined by the visit to the farm, Google Transportation Maps was used to determine the exact area Farm of the Midori Farm fields. This data is To better understand the obstacles for The following sections describe each step presented in the Build chapter. transporting waste to and from the farm, taken in the data collection phases of our the team analyzed the journey to the farm. project. In each section, a brief explanation As identified by Midori Farm, the State and Operations of the Farm of the purpose of our data collection is composting system was expected to Due to the lack of experience of our project provided, as well as how our team used the produce 10 metric tonnes of compost in team in the agricultural industry, a visit to data to help make our final one year. As shown in previous the farm allowed for a familiarization with recommendations. calculations, this would require about farm operations. The team collected twice the mass of waste. Because the pictures, videos and notes on the day to Visit to Midori Farm processing for this system is done at the day operations on the farm. Additionally, farm, all the waste needs to be transported the team collected information about the From November 5th to November 9th, the to the farm. Because of the system’s state of the farm, such as the buildings and Kyoto Composting Project team visited dependence on transportation, the team fields of Midori Farm. The objective of this Midori Farm while staying at the Forest found that analyzing the road to the farm, was also to better understand the Green Park Memories (グリーンパーク想い specifically all the way to Field A, was preparation of Midori Farm toward 出の森). This visit was intended to shed important. Data was collected in the form implementing a composting system. light on multiple different objectives our of videos and pictures taken on our journey team had. These objectives were: to and at the farm. This data was then put Volunteers in one centralized location and analyzed. ● Transportation The analysis included determining the Early in the project it became clear that a ● Space and area width of the road in the narrowest places. composting system at Midori Farm would ● State of the farm require volunteers to operate the system. ● Volunteers Therefore, during our visit to Midori Farm, ● Surrounding area Space and Area one of the main goals was to determine the ● Wildlife To produce 10 metric tonnes of compost, a operations of the volunteers on the farm significant amount of space is necessary. and how a composting system would affect Through the visit to the farm we hoped to By visiting Midori Farm, our team hoped to them. Two volunteers, Astrid Gudin and collect data in the form of pictures, videos find out whether all the required space was Nicholas Haquet, were present at the farm and notes on these objectives. Most of the present. By taking pictures and videos of during our visit. They were both interviews relevant collected data can be found in our survey around the farm, we were able and were asked questions listed in to find out the location and space available Appendix A: Volunteer Interviews​. These

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questions were aimed at determining the monkeys in and around Midori Farm (see of additional help will be required. amount of time volunteers worked on Figure 2.1​). Through networking the team hopes to projects at the farm and learning about the identify a significant source of individuals operations of the farm. Because a Figure 2.1: A Japanese macaque interested in the composting system. composting system requires a significant These individuals or organizations amount of time to operate, our team interested in the to-be-implemented wanted to decide whether more volunteers composting system are known as partners. may be necessary to maintain the new Refer to the ​Glossary ​ to gain a better compost pile. Aside from the interview, understanding of the partner definitions. data on the housing of the volunteers was collected in the form of pictures and notes. Networking through the Internet To establish contact with the interested Surrounding Area individuals the Kyoto Composting Project A composting system produces malodors team did a significant amount of research that can be noticeable from far away. The using the internet. Individuals interested visit to the farm allowed the team to find in waste reduction methods, such as

the location of nearby farms and residents composting, or similar environmental to later discover how they would be sustainability initiatives, were added to the impacted by the smells of a composting Taking Pictures and Videos list. With the help of Japanese search terms system on Field A. Data was collected in the The visit to Midori Farm took place early in in hiragana, katakana and kanji, more form of pictures and notes. Once the exact the project. Therefore, not all data to be contacts were found. Contacts were often location of all the fields was determined, collected had been identified. As such a contacted to ask them questions about a Google Maps was used to further collect significant number of pictures, videos and possible relation to the project goals. If a data on the location of nearby buildings. notes were taken of objects at the farms, contact replied, the team questioned the including objects that were not deemed of individual or organization about their Wildlife interest to the project at first. relevant experience. The contact was also asked about their interest in our project In the first meetings with our sponsor, goals. If their experience and relevance to Midori Farm identified the presence of Networking this project was deemed adequate, and the Monkeys on the farm. As identified in individual was interested in our project. Midori Farm has identified the need for previous research papers, wildlife can They were included in the contact list that contacts interested in the creation of a negatively impact composting operations. can be seen in ​Appendix B: Contact List.​ composting system. Due to the limited Therefore, data was collected in the form of pictures and notes on the presence of funds available to achieve the goals of the composting system, a significant amount

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Food and Sustainability Conference PechaKucha Night Jujo Market Attending sustainability events in Kyoto Figure 2.2: Pecha Kucha presentation Jujo Market was a farmers’ market allowed us to meet individuals interested organized by Food Hub & Labo, an in sustainable waste systems such as innovative restaurant that has a composting. The Food and Sustainability large-scale composting plant in place. This Conference was hosted by Kyoto market was attended with the purpose of University’s Faculty of Agriculture school learning more details on the Food Hub & and involved keynote speakers from Labo composting facility (see ​Figure 2.3​). international universities and Japanese This composting facility was added to the businesses who spoke about food list of existing programs, and Kyoto Food sustainability. The team attended several The PechaKucha night is organized twice a Hub & Labo was considered a potential presentations alongside students year by the Seeds of Sustainability compost vendor for Midori Farm. interested in sustainability. While our movement in Kyoto. Our team presented as project was not directly related to the topic the “Worcester Polytechnic Institute Figure 2.3: Jujo Farmers’ Market of this conference, food sustainability, it Students” about our composting project promoted a better use of food waste. This (see F​ igure 2.2​). A crowd between 100 and relation to the conference topic allowed us 150 people consisting mostly of to contact professors, students and international environmentally conscious businessmen about their interest in our expats attended the presentation. During project. The Food and Sustainability the presentation we advocated for conference ended with a Networking composting as a more sustainable waste Dinner where we exchanged business cards management solution to incineration and in order to grow our network. Particularly encouraged individuals to compost on their interested and relevant individuals were own. The messages spread from our sent follow-up emails explaining our presentation caused a significant amount project in further detail. These contacts of interest in the crowd and prompted later were then added to the ​Contact List​. discussions during the networking period of the event. Like the Food and Sustainability Conference, this event brought forward numerous individuals interested in the goals of the project. Business cards were exchanged with the interested individuals who were then added to the Contact List.

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Escola Flea Market talked to us about the composting system Through the Food and Sustainability event, in place in the Kyoto City Zoo. The Kyoto the Kyoto Composting Project team heard Figure 2.4: Escola community City Zoo was considered as an existing about an existing composting system at composting program and was added to the Kyoto University. Through discussing this list. system with more contacts we were able to find the individuals responsible for the Frank Nappa’s Farmers Market composting system at Kyoto University. On November 30th, we were able to get a tour Frank Nappa travels weekly from Obama to of the composting system . The main Kyoto, picking up vegetables and fruits to objective of the visit was to determine the sell in his market along his journey. He is a extent and operations of this composting well-known person around the Kyoto area, system. Questions were prepared which could be a great opportunity for beforehand to create a discussion with the networking. Nappa’s market was attended operator of the composting system. Due to with the intent of finding potential the language barrier a translator was Escola is a self-managed community near collaborators or contributors. The team required, however, the translator also Kyoto University (see F​ igure 2.4​). Escola is was introduced to a few contacts that were struggled with English. Therefore, data an open space that can be used to work or added to the A​ ppendix B: Contact List​. collection on this system was especially reside, as it has a few tatami mats difficult and was largely done in the form available. This space can also be rented for Kyoto University Vermicomposting System of pictures rather than notes taken from events, meetings or workshops. Escola has the discussion as seen in F​ igure 2.5.​ Data Figure 2.5: Kyoto University an open garden space where people can was used in the C​ ollaborate: Creating a vermicomposting system grow the food for their use, as well as a Composting System with Other small compost bin. The Escola Flea Market Organizations​ chapter. was attended with the purpose of learning specifics about the compost bin as well as meeting people interested in the project. Additional Contact Methods During our time there, we learned that Aside from the Food and Sustainability maintaining the compost bin is not Conference, the team employed other currently a priority in the community, but methods to obtain contacts for the Contact a number of members are interested in List. First, the sponsor, Midori Farm, was improving the maintenance. Escola was asked for any contacts relevant to this considered as a potential space to project. Those contacts were then pursued

implement the composting system in via email and asked about their interest in

Kyoto. Additionally, we contacted with Léo the project goals. Because we had not Porte, a worker at the Kyoto City Zoo, who spoken to these contacts in-person, the

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email included a much lengthier of composting system due to varying costs description of our project and its goals. for each. However, each budget is meant to Another method of obtaining more present the financial cost of implementing contacts was asking known contacts to a specific type of composting system to identify individuals interested in the Midori Farm. The budget is used under the projects. All of the contact information was Build chapter as B​ udget for Composting at put into a table. This table includes the Midori Farm.​ contacts’ name, description, the organization they belong to, their email and any additional information that we considered relevant. The table can be found in A​ ppendix B: Contact List​.

Statistical Analysis For a better understanding of the requirements of the composting, the team completed a few calculations that provided estimates on the topics of transportations, space, area, etc. The calculations are based on numerous statistics, assumptions and averages derived from research papers. The assumptions are listed with the rest of the calculations. These numbers are presented in S​ tatistical Analysis.

Budget Like the Statistical Analysis, the Budget was meant to provide a better understanding of the monetary requirements for a composting system. Different budgets are presented for the different sections throughout the paper. The budgets change depending on the type

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what is needed to produce 10 tons of determined, and the team proceeded to 3. Build: Creating a Composting compost in a year, a process map for attend events to find potential System at Midori Farm composting at Midori Farm, an evaluation collaborators and contributors. Some of of elements to compost at Midori Farm, these events included the Kyoto University Build outlines a composting system at and a budget. International Symposium on Food & Midori Farm. This system will use the Sustainability, Pecha Kucha Night Kyoto resources the farm already has, as assets to Figure 3.1: Fields A & B to be used for Vol. 32, Jujo Farmer’s Market and Escola increase the system’s feasibility. For composting Flea Market. These events allowed the example, Midori Farm has already Kyoto Composting Project team to network identified an available plot of land to with individuals interested in introduce a composting system as shown sustainability and discuss our project. in F​ igure 3.1​. By building a composting system on Midori Farm, our sponsor has To evaluate the technical options and the opportunity to not only provide enough aspects of the system, a statistical and compost for themselves, but to teach other budget analysis were done through organic farmers how to build their research utilizing existing information on composting system. the internet. This research allowed us to obtain ratios, statistics and prices of While this recommendation initially has composting factors. The observation of less impact, it has the potential to be inhibiting or assisting factors for the scaled up to more organic farms around composting implementation on the farm Kyoto. Midori Farm’s learnings from was done during a one week visit to the experiences in the creation process can be The idea for a composting system at Midori farm. A more in-depth methodology can be of great value for the development of a Farm was created through an interview found above in the A​ ssessment Method for natural, sustainable and successful with Mika Ishikawa. The process Viable Composting Programs with Midori composting facility on any organic farm. mentioned by her was a potential goal for Farm ​ chapter. The following section presents information our project to head towards. Over time, the on building a composting system at Midori steps needed to create such a process were Farm. It includes a statistical analysis of

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Statistical Analysis determine the amount of green and brown waste, the total compost mass and a compost pile mass reduction factor was used. The To better understand the requirements identified in the previous average density for green waste was used for green waste, and the section, our team performed a number of statistical calculations. average density for leaves was used for brown waste. Using the These calculations show the amount of space, mass of waste and average production values of food waste within Kyoto city, the transportation needed. The calculations are based on the number of required supermarkets, restaurants and households was assumptions listed below. A further explanation of this analysis is found. The complete analysis is found in A​ ppendix C: Complete provided below the assumptions. Statistical Analysis​.

Assumptions Table 3.1: Further analysis of the Midori Farm requirements The following calculations in the table below were made using the Compost Statistics (per year) following assumptions: Finished Compost Volume 16.94915254 m​3 ● 10 tonnes of compost is desired. Unfinished Compost Volume 21.18644068 m​3 ● The finished compost has a density of 590 kg/m3​ ​ (Khater, 2015). Mass of Browns Required 18750 kg ● The preferred ratio of brown to green waste is 4:1 (as Mass of Greens Required 6250 kg indicated by our sponsor). Total Volume of Brown Waste 137.41 7 m3​ ● The compost pile volume shrinks by 20% from start to finish (“Windrow Composting”, n.d., p. 7). Total Volume of Green Waste 12.16 m​3 ● The compost pile mass is reduced by 60% from start to finish Households Required 39.2 Households (Breitenbeck & Schellinger, 2004). ● The density of leaves is 207.65 kg/m3 (Richard & Skelton, Supermarkets Required 0.449 Supermarkets 1990, p. 2). Restaurants Required 2.854 Restaurants ● The average green waste output by a supermarket is 6 kg/day, 38.1 kg/day for a restaurant and 0.437 kg/day for a Table 3.2: Area of the fields at Midori Farm (refer to Figure 3.1 for household (Yamada et al., 2017, p. 1356). field names)

As observed in ​Table 3.1 ​ below, the total volume of the compost is Field A Field 1 Field 2 Field 3 Field 4 Field B Total significant. This value was determined by using an average density Area of compost listed in the assumptions. This volume of unfinished 919 m² 2546 m² compost was determined by using the volume of the finished 1204 m² 52 m² 80 m² 239 m² 50 m² compost and the shrink factor. Due to the large volume of compost necessary, our team found the total areas of each field on Midori Farm to determine which field would be best suited for the compost pile and waste storage. This data is represented in T​ able 3.2. T​ o

The Kyoto Composting Project 23

Process Map for Composting at Midori Farm Figure 3.2: Composting at Midori Farm process map

As seen in F​ igure 3.2​ above, to produce collected from households, a bucket collected in the fall and delivered to the compost at Midori Farm, all of the waste system can be used, where buckets are farm in one season. Once all the waste is at must first be transported to the farm. First, distributed between green waste Midori Farm, Midori Farm volunteers the green waste is collected by a Midori contributors. Brown waste is collected in process it until the waste is finished Farm employee from supermarkets, the form of leaves from parks, temples or compost. restaurants or households. If the waste is other large green areas. The leaves are

The Kyoto Composting Project 24

Budget for Composting at Midori Farm table, a basic composting technique The costs outlined in T​ able 3.3 ​ as well as includes any technique that does not the characteristics of different techniques To find the composting technique which require any additional cost, such as Pile helped to determine that Windrow best suited the needs of Midori Farm, the Composting and Windrow Composting. Composting is the recommended option. team performed a basic cost analysis of Although, Aerated Static Pile and Windrow composting presents a three of the most popular composting Vermicomposting can give better and convenient layout that allows for easy techniques. T​ able 3.3 ​ below shows different faster results, the budget suggests that a stirring for the large amount of waste that composting techniques that could be basic system has the most reasonable cost. would be processed at Midori Farm every considered to build the system, with their Further analysis of the budget for all year. Windrow composting is a layout of respective implementation cost, categories of composting techniques can compost piles where the waste is spread maintenance cost and total cost. In this be found in A​ ppendix D: Budget Analysis out in long rows. for Composting at Midori Farm​.

Table 3.3: Total implementation and maintenance costs for composting at Midori Farm2 Composting Technique Implementation Cost Maintenance Cost Total Cost

Basic ¥85,435 ¥406,300 ¥491,735 first year ¥406,300 following years

Vermicomposting ¥131,370 ¥406,300 ¥537,670 first year ¥406,300 following years

Aerated Static Pile Composting ¥121,890 ¥406,300 ¥528,190 first year ¥406,300 following years

2 The costs in ​Table 3.3 ​ were converted from USD to ​JPY ​ and rounded up when necessary to account for uncertainties.

The Kyoto Composting Project 25

Evaluation of Elements for Composting at farm that would be dedicated to compost, Appendix G: Waste Contributors​. This Midori Farm since they are thin but conveniently long. system can rely on multiple different sources of green and brown waste if A composting system at Midori Farm has Leaves were selected as brown waste for required. many possible options for various this system due to their widespread elements pertaining to the system. availability in the fall. Currently, leaves in Green waste will be collected with 1.3 Appendix E: Option Evaluation for Japanese cities are mostly incinerated, gallon buckets. On average, this volume is Composting at Midori Farm​ provides the giving more incentive to use this as brown adequate to hold one week’s worth of complete list of justifications for all waste. Because the leaves can only be green waste. These buckets would then be options that were considered for the harvested during a single period each year, collected at a centralized exchanging following elements: they need to be stored for an extended location such as a farmer’s market. Buckets duration of time. The method of leaf can then be emptied into a single, larger ● Processing location storage selected was a simple pile, in which container for easier transportation. To ● Composting technique the leaves can start to compost on their transport the green waste to Midori Farm, ● Storage of waste own if they are not manipulated. For Chuck Kayser’s car presents the cheapest ● Origin of greens example, the farm is inaccessible during option. During the time at the farm our ● Origin of browns the winter. This season would be a time team noticed the road to access the farm is ● Waste containers where this type of storage could be an very narrow. It can only fit one medium ● Transportation advantage. sized car at a time. Chuck’s car is ● Labor reasonable size that has been proven to fit The green waste for this composting in the road. To transport the large quantity A brief summary of these elements is system will likely originate from Midori of leaves in the fall, a large truck will likely shown in T​ able 3.4​ below. Most of the Farm’s current Teikei customers, since be required. However, the size is limited as choices were made based on being the there exists a relationship with these it must be small enough to fit through the cheapest but still the most effective option. customers already. The brown waste will narrow mountain roads. be collected in the form of leaves from a As mentioned previously, windrow Takashima city leaf program. This program The processing of the waste to compost composting represents a good option of is convenient because of the proximity of will be accomplished by Midori Farm’s composting technique. This convenient Takashima city to Midori Farm. For both volunteers, as they present the cheapest layout would allow volunteers to easily stir green and brown waste, many alternative and most accessible form of labor. the different piles without difficulty. sources of waste are possible. Relying on Alternative options and justifications are Windrow composting is also one of the multiple sources or waste rather than just listed in ​Appendix E: Option Evaluation for cheapest options. Additionally, the row one is possible. Alternative sources of Composting at Midori Farm.​ layout is very doable on the fields of the green and brown waste can be found in

The Kyoto Composting Project 26

Table 3.4: Best evaluated options for composting at Midori Farm Composting Storage of Origin of greens Origin of Waste Transportation Labor Technique leaves browns containers

Recommended Windrow Pile of leaves Teikei Takashima city 1.3 Sponsor’s car Volunteers option composting customers leaf gallon buckets distribution program

Justification Cheapest, Will start Already have a Close to the Size is realistic Convenient, Already present Stirring is composting, close farm, for 1 week of Cheap on the farm manageable No relationship Appropriate waste maintenance contact requirements information exists

The Kyoto Composting Project 27

Education on Composting For the composting system to succeed, people involved in the processing of compost must understand the basics and purpose of composting. From our team’s interviews with two volunteers stationed at Midori Farm, the data indicated that the average volunteer that came to work at Midori Farm had little to no past knowledge on the composting process, and anything that experienced volunteers knew was learned during their time on the farm The questions asked in these interviews can be found in Appendix A: Volunteer Interviews​.

Because the volunteers had little to no knowledge of composting upon beginning work on Midori Farm, our team identified that creating a guide to the basics of the composting process is beneficial for new volunteers to understand the importance of their work and what compost does for the soil. The guide itself can be found on the right, and the PDF can be found h​ ere.​ This pamphlet can also be found in A​ ppendix F: A Beginner’s Guide to Composting.​ This guide includes the definition of composting, the materials necessary to create a compost pile, and the maintenance requirements for a healthy compost pile. Although this pamphlet only includes basics for composting, the one-page format could be applied to create different campaigns to promote the creation of a composting system.

Putting more weight into education is a good strategy for the dissemination of the idea of building a composting system in other organic farms in the Kyoto area.

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Implementation Steps to Build a places during the autumn. Once again, this could bring their waste and when. Most involves contacting a lot of people, mostly people are open to the idea of Midori Farm Composting System locals. A few of the browns could be or any organization taking their green collected from Takashima City, as they give waste. A list of interested individuals and Building a composting system at Midori away their waste to farmers. This location organizations will have to be maintained. Farm is the most feasible method to is convenient due to its proximity to Midori (A​ ppendix B: Contact List​) accomplish our project goal. This Farm, as the drive between the locations composting system is feasible due to the takes approximately 30 minutes by car. 3. Secure an exchanging location: I​ deally, fact that many requirements for a Other locations such as hotels or resorts in green waste contributors would donate composting system have been solved. Still, this area could also be brown waste their waste to Midori Farm every week. For many steps need to be taken to build a contributors. Kubo-san, the manager of this exchange to be smoother, making the composting system at Midori Farm. As the Forest Green Park Memories (グリーンパー meeting point a weekly event, such as a implementation process develops, these ク想い出の森), can be contacted by email at farmers’ market, would be highly steps are likely to vary. All participants in [email protected]. beneficial. A flexible drop off location could the implementation process should be also be a potential solution and an flexible to the potential changes of the Once leaves are collected, they can be opportunity to expand to different procedural steps. The steps are outlined transported to Midori Farm. This will likely communities. below and are expanded upon further in happen in our sponsors’ car through this section. multiple trips throughout the fall. If all the 4. Setup the facility: ​ Once waste leaves for a full year of composting can be contributors have been determined, the 1. Obtain brown waste obtained with one trip, Midori Farm should compost processing facility can be built at a. Contact organizations consider renting a truck. Once the leaves Midori Farm. Field A can be the designated 2. Obtain green waste are at the farm, it would be a good idea to spaces for the system. Once the land is a. Contact lay them out in a pile on Field B, which can determined, the windrows can begin to be individuals/organizations be seen on the Midori Farm map in ​Figure set up by digging multiple rows in Fields A 3. Secure an exchanging location 1.2​. Because leaves will compost with or (shown in ​Figure 1.2​). These markings 4. Setup the facility without green waste, this step should be should not be too deep, just enough to be a. Mark windrows accomplished first. (​Appendix E: Option able to keep track of the windrows. 5. Setup the system logistics Evaluation for Composting at Midori Farm​) Although Midori Farm has most tools 6. Start composting necessary for all farming activities, it 2. Obtain green waste: ​ During the events would help to make sure that Midori farm 1. Obtain brown waste: T​ he preferred that the team attended in Kyoto, we has all of the tools needed to turn the brown waste by Midori Farm is fallen noticed that presenting the project raised a compost pile. leaves. The first step would be to get as lot of interest. Several Kyoto residents 5. Setup the system logistics: ​ For the many leaves as possible from different approached the team, asking where they implementation of the bucket system, a

The Kyoto Composting Project 29

Midori Farm volunteer would have to tremendous potential to grow. The grows big enough, with enough individuals either buy the appropriate amount of creation of such a large scale system by a involved, a dialogue should be opened with buckets or communicate to green waste small organic farm could potentially be a the Kyoto City Government. More details contributors that they will bring their motivator for others to either contribute to on advocating will be discussed later, in waste in their own container. A larger the system, or collaborate with Midori the ​Advocate chapter of the paper.​ green waste container should be purchased Farm to create their own. Once the system as well, to allow for the collection of the is in place at Midori Farm, it could set an green waste. Locations and times should be example for other small organizations and set up for waste drop off. A Midori Farm organic farms, making resources more volunteer should maintain an easy way of accessible to upcoming composters. The communicating with all participants at dissemination of this composting system once to send reminders, cancellations or requires active outreach by Midori Farm. any relevant information. For example, an News of the composting system should be email alias with all participants or spread through events such as farmers’ interested people could be set up. markets, or sustainability talks. Some of the relevant contacts that were found 6. Start composting:​ Once the waste is during these types of events and their dropped off by the green waste contact information can be found in contributors it can be brought to Midori Appendix B: Contact List​. Farm. From here, all steps to be taken can be found in the process map in ​Figure 3.2.​ A system can be created by Midori Farm to To keep the compost organized and connect residents and organizations, who healthy it would be helpful for volunteers are willing to contribute waste, with to keep a list with dates for when each pile organic farmers. This system would allow was last stirred and when the next stirring other organic farmers to undergo a similar date should be. Volunteers should stir new process to Midori Farm for this system. If waste every day for about two weeks and the logistical aspects are figured out, once every two weeks after that. organic waste could easily be routed from residents to organic farms. Dissemination Recommendations After The dissemination of this project ties in Building a Composting System closely with the Advocate chapter of the Although the creation of a composting report. By collaborating with locals or system in Shiga prefecture is limited to Japanese speakers interest could Midori Farm at first, this system has accumulate towards a city wide composting system in Kyoto. If the system

The Kyoto Composting Project 30

might be the best option. Below, requirement might be satisfied with little 4. Collaborate: Creating a collaborators that will be discussed can be extra cost. Composting System with Other seen. The idea of having a composting system Organizations Figure 4.1: Possible collaborator logos inside the city as opposed to on Midori Collaborate involves creating a system in Farm has a number of advantages. First, the Kyoto area along with other the proximity to the residents allows for organizations. Kyoto and its surrounding less transportation between waste sources area currently have a number of Nichiei Shiga and the composting process. This reduces environmentally-minded individuals and the environmental impact of transporting organizations, such as Kyoto University’s waste and makes the logistics easier. School of Agriculture, Escola and Nichiei Secondly, transporting the finished compost to the farm, as opposed to the Shiga (F​ igure 4.1​), who are interested in Escola waste, is significantly more efficient. This working together on sustainability Kyoto University initiatives. To reduce the impact of food is due to the fact that compost represents waste incineration, a composting system the final product, and is lighter than the can be created in collaboration with these Composting in Collaboration in Kyoto water-filled waste. Lastly, the potential for organizations around Kyoto. These a composting system to grow and impact A composting system can be created by organizations might already have a many different individuals in the city is Midori Farm within Kyoto city. One might composting system or a network of organic much more significant as compared to the expect that this recommendation would be waste sources in place. The benefit of other systems. placed in the Build chapter. However, collaborating with environmental creating a composting system in Kyoto has organizations lies in the decreased cost of a This section has a process map, to visualize significantly more requirements than composting system due to the resources the composting system, a budget, to building a composting system at Midori that the organizations might have. analyze the cost and tables listing Farm. Such a composting system will have Additionally, the impact of the composting recommended collaborators. The tables are to be designed and implemented with a system created by Midori Farm might prioritized with the most feasible and significant amount of help. Therefore, the increase due to collaboration with other likely collaborator, Kyoto University, in system was placed in the Collaborate organizations. By collaborating with other first. chapter. To create a composting system in organizations the number of people Kyoto, a location and a source of labor will involved and affected by the project have to be found. Both of these would increases. This grows the environmental ordinarily require significant sums of impact of the project exponentially. For the money that Midori Farm does not have. greatest environmental impact, However, with a collaborator who has collaborating with other organizations access to these resources, these

The Kyoto Composting Project 31

Process Map for Composting in Collaboration Figure 4.2: Composting process with a collaborator

As shown in the process map for a similar to that of a composting system at such as parks, temples and leaf collection composting system in collaboration above Midori Farm. The waste can be collected services, in the surrounding area and in F​ igure 4.2​, the composting system is from restaurants, supermarkets and brought to the collaborator location. There, more complicated, due to the added step of households then collected at the the waste is processed into compost. This transportation of finished compost. First, collaborator location. Brown waste is compost then has to be brought to the farm the green waste is collected in a manner collected from brown waste contributors, and used for agriculture.

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Evaluation of Composting in acquire volunteers or already active the collaborator may be able to apply for employees to run the composting system. waste related grants issued by the Kyoto Collaboration The rest of the evaluations are comparable City Government, displayed in T​ able 4.1​. The evaluation of composting in Kyoto was to those found in the E​ valuation of The municipal government has two grants completed with a number of assumptions elements for composting at Midori Farm of interest. The first, is awarded to for collaborator resources. In Gion, a major section. For example, transportation of the organizations which process leaves during tourism hub in Kyoto, the land price per waste to and from the collaborator the fall. This grant is the most applicable to square meter has almost tripled over the processing location is still the cheapest a composting system in Kyoto city, as it past 10 years (“Standard land...”, 2018). with the sponsor, Chuck Kayser’s car. The meets the guidelines. The second grant is Land in Kyoto is incredibly expensive, and same applies to the recommended issued to organizations who dispose of purchasing land for use in a composting composting technique, windrow waste of a specific number of households system is not feasible. Therefore, the composting represents the cheapest and in Kyoto City. However, this waste might composting system in Kyoto will likely take thus the best option. not include food waste. The last grant place at a location belonging to a applies to organizations or households that collaborator. The second assumption is The budget for a composting system in purchase recycling or composting based on labor, which can also be a Kyoto is highly variable due to unexpected containers. This grant is especially useful if significant cost if an employee needed to costs arising from the location and labor. the composting system in Kyoto will be hired. Other than the location and labor costs, a include an implementation cost. More composting system in Kyoto should have grants that Midori Farm may be eligible for According to the professor at Kyoto the same costs as the system defined in can be found by clicking ​here. University who maintains the Kyoto Build, assuming the systems are the same University vermicomposting program, size. approximately 2-3 hours of work is necessary each week to produce 4-5 tons Assuming that a collaborator is found that of compost per year. However, it must be can supply both land and labor, the only kept in mind that a portion of this time is implementation cost is likely to arise from used to sort the worms from the compost, the waste containment system and storage as the Kyoto University system uses systems. Additionally, depending on which vermicomposting. Based on this, it seems composting technique is used, extra costs that the total time necessary to maintain a may arise. 10 ton compost pile would likely be approximately 3-5 hours each week, Grants to Compost in Kyoto including turning, watering, and adding To alleviate the cost of a composting organic waste to the pile. As such, the system inside Kyoto city, Midori Farm and assumption is made that Midori Farm can

The Kyoto Composting Project 33

Table 4.1: Grant awards

Grant (click link for Amount

more information)

Organization ¥50,000, first Composting fallen year, ¥10,000 leaves following years

Organization that ¥10,000 per handles waste month

Organization or Subsidy households that install compost containers

Existing Composting Systems in Kyoto The following systems or organizations were found as potential collaborators for a composting system in or outside of Kyoto. Each has distinct advantages to offer. The organizations listed in the tables below are prioritized, with the first being the most applicable to the goal of Midori Farm. More potential collaborators may be found in the future as Midori Farms continues to expand its composting system.

The Kyoto Composting Project 34

Kyoto University Composting System Table 4.2: Kyoto University composting system overview

System Description Composting Experience Benefit for Midori Farm Contact Information

A vermicomposting program This system is maintained weekly Kyoto University presents itself Contact Person: Misuzu Asari operated for research purposes to by one person who takes great as an excellent collaborator track the population of worms in care of the worms and the whole because it has room to grow. The http://www2.ges.kyoto-u.ac.jp/m compost. Produces 4 - 5 metric process. Leaves are successfully compost produced is given out embers/asari-misuzu/ tons of compost from only 20% composted with worms only and for free, which is a great of leaves harvested from the no green waste put into the mix. opportunity for Midori Farm. Email: [email protected] Kyoto University campus. Because the system is This system is also an vermicomposting, the compost is opportunity to obtain some of the expected to be extremely fertile. 80% of leaves remaining, if they are meant to be incinerated.

The Kyoto Composting Project 35

Escola Table 4.3: Escola community overview

3

System Description Composting Experience Benefit for Midori Farm Contact Information

Escola is a sustainability group Escola has a compost bin By partnering with this Contact Person: Léo Porte aimed at being completely currently in place that is not very organization, Midori Farm might self-sufficient. big. The food waste produced is gain access to land as well as Email: [email protected] simply put in the bin. At the volunteers to manage a moment the bin is not very well composting system. maintained, but several members are interested in improving this.

3 (本町エスコーラ (H​ oncho Esukora​) , n.d.)

The Kyoto Composting Project 36

Nichei Shiga Composting System Table 4.4: Nichei Shiga composting system overview

4

System Description Composting Experience Benefit for Midori Farm Contact Information

Nichiei Shiga is a commercial This is a large-scale centralized5 While this system is not in Kyoto http://www.nichieishiga.co.jp/co composting system located near composting system with an city, it can still be considered as a ntact/ Kido, Shiga prefecture. Residents incredible environmental collaborator due to its extensive can register to the system, have mission. innovation. This system can also 本社 (Head office): their kitchen waste collected and be an opportunity for Midori 077-592-1061 obtain free compost in exchange Farm to provide kitchen waste in レンタル事業部直通 (Direct rental after a few months. exchange of compost in the case business division): of having more green waste than 077-592-0785 can be processed.

4 (Nichiei Shiga Home, n.d.) 5 A c​ entralized ​ composting system is a large-scale system with very large requirements, including technological, financial, infrastructural and organizational.

The Kyoto Composting Project 37

Implementation Steps for Composting processing requirements in the next step 2. Transportation of the compost to should be kept in mind while contacting Midori Farm in Collaboration organizations. Partnership with multiple 3. Educate volunteers organizations for the success of this 4. Source of green waste For the creation of a composting system in composting system is possible. For 5. Source of brown waste collaboration with another organization, example, one organization might offer the following steps will have to be taken: land for the system, while another can 4. Application for grants:​ If the contribute volunteers. We recommend composting system is located in Kyoto 1. Contact potential collaborators contacting multiple organizations. City, the collaborators and Midori Farm 2. Meet the following processing Appendix H: Collaborators ​ can be used to can apply to the grants listed in G​ rants​. requirements: find additional collaborators. This will help to offset the cost of a. Find a location implementing or maintaining the b. Determine a composting 2. Meet processing requirements: composting system. Grants should be technique Creating a composting system in appropriately researched before applying, c. Find a source of labor collaboration with organizations will mean ensure that the application of the grant is 3. Meet the following logistics more processing requirements will have to completed on time. Some grants will only requirements: be met. The following items should be be issued for the year following their a. Transportation of compost to addressed before proceeding: application. Midori Farm should not rely Midori Farm on these grants to create a composting b. Transportation of waste to 1. Location system in collaboration. the compost processing 2. Composting technique location 3. Labor c. Source of green waste d. Source of brown waste Some of these requirements might already 4. Application for grants be met by collaborating with specific organizations. 1. Contact potential collaborators: T​ o produce a composting system with a 3. Meet logistics requirements: W​ hen the collaborator, a deal will have to be made composting location and other processing between Midori Farm and an interested requirements are determined, logistical organization. The first step a Midori Farm aspects should be met. The following representative should undertake is to should be considered: contact the listed organizations to discuss a composting system. Once these 1. Transportation of waste to the conversations have taken place, this composting system system can proceed to the next step. The

The Kyoto Composting Project 38

Dissemination Recommendations for following and impact of the composting system. Composting in Collaboration The possibility arises to tie this The largest benefit of this composting composting section in with the A​ dvocate system is the potential to impact the solution. A successful composting system residents of Kyoto City. Additionally, a in the heart of Kyoto city will be a great composting system in the city is easier to motivator for the Kyoto City government scale up as many companies are willing to to create a large scale composting system. donate waste. The biggest problem with Therefore, a collaborative composting accepting waste is the need to transport it system in Kyoto could be seen as a trial for to the composting location. A composting a larger implementation. system inside the city lessens this problem. The following recommendations are made to disseminate a composting system in Kyoto:

1. Advertise the system on social media 2. Engage the public in environmental and sustainability events 3. Contact environmentally conscientious organizations to ask for assistance with the system

Kyoto contains a significant amount of individuals and organizations interested in environmental initiatives. Creating a composting system in Kyoto that is open to volunteers and organic waste, will likely result in an influx of both waste and volunteers. This will allow the composting system to grow even larger. By maintaining a large social media presence, the possibility arises for an even larger

The Kyoto Composting Project 39

system, as well as any costs that would the Kyoto area. The research was done on 5. Consume: Purchasing Compost manifest overtime, most notably the the internet, but we quickly found that the Purchasing or receiving free compost constant transportation of organic waste to language barrier was difficult to overcome. presents another option to bring compost and from the composting site. However, To solve this issue, our team decided to to Midori Farm. Although the project was purchasing organic compost from a vendor attend events to talk to people interested. originally created with the goal of that produces compost in much larger As mentioned before, we attended both producing a sustainable composting quantities would decrease the investment Jujo Farmers’ Market and Escola Flea system, our team identified another our sponsor would have to make to receive Market, during which we learned about the feasible, short-term solution to satisfy the compost. Thus, our team searched for any two composting systems recommended for need for compost: purchasing compost organic compost vendors in the Kyoto and consuming in the sections above. During from vendors. When the goal of the project Takashima City areas that would sell and these events we talked to people involved shifted to making compost accessible for deliver large quantities of compost for a in both systems. Our sponsor helped with organic farms, the possibility of low price. Although this option is the least translations at Jujo Farmers’ Market. The purchasing compost as opposed to creating impactful, from a social aspect, this system information from these conversations was a new composting system stood out for the has the highest chance to succeed due to its recorded by notetaking and eventually reason of its substantial economic benefits. potentially quick implementation. This presented in T​ able 5.1:​ Kyoto City and Food success could lead to the formation of a Hub & Labo Composting Systems Overview The implementation of a composting larger community of organic farmers in and Evaluation. Although these are the system, independent of the composting need of better, more sustainable, natural main methods that were relevant to this technique that is used, always has a and accessible means of obtaining section of the report, some methods from significant cost and labor requirement for compost, which could be a very beneficial other sections helped to get to this point. the system’s success. In the case of change for Japanese agriculture. The associated methods used in the project building a composting system at Midori can be found in the A​ ssessment Method for Farm, our sponsor would likely have to pay This system was devised from one of the Viable Composting Programs with Midori for the initial investment costs of the goals of the project, which was to create a Farm ​ chapter. list of all existing composting systems in

Table 5.1: Project existing system costs Kyoto City Zoo Food Hub & Labo

Cost Free ¥4,000 / m3​

Able to Supply Compost in Bulk? No Yes

Distance 42.4 km 47.9 km

The Kyoto Composting Project 40

Potential Compost Providers previously. These determining factors are “¥5000 for getting 1 m​3 ​ delivered” price the most important to be considered when point, with 17 m3​ ​ being enough to deliver When researching different composting evaluating any future means for Midori 10 tons of compost as stated earlier in our facilities in the Kyoto area, the Farm to obtain compost. calculations (​Statistical Analysis​). Despite determining factors considered included the price, 10 tons of compost per year can location relative to Midori Farm, cost of As can be seen in the tables below (T​ able 5.2 be guaranteed by Food Hub & Labo, which the compost, and availability of the and ​Table 5.3)​ , both Kyoto Zoo and Food is not the case for Kyoto City Zoo. Midori necessary 10 tons of compost per year. Hub & Labo’s composting facility are Farm needs to consider which factor is Although the team did not find options located at relatively the same distance most important and choose accordingly. that benefitted Midori Farm in every one of from Midori Farm, indicating that neither Another option is to get involved in both these aspects, two compost sources were one is better based on this fact. However, systems, which would reduce the overall identified as the most suitable. The tables while Kyoto Zoo gives out compost for free, cost and could still guarantee 10 tons of below gives an overview of both the cost of 10 tons of compost from Food compost in a year. Alternative options to composting systems, outlining the main Hub & Labo would be approximately these two recommendations are possible parts essential to the systems’ processes as ¥85,000 per year​. This is assuming the as well. They are listed in A​ ppendix I: well as the determining factors mentioned compost would be purchased at the Compost Contributors.​

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Kyoto City Zoo Table 5.2: Kyoto City Zoo composting system overview Description The Kyoto City Zoo processes the manure produced by its animals to produce compost. After the compost is processed on-site, the compost is made available to farms who apply to the program.

Material Animal manure

Origin of waste Zoo animals

Composting technique Composting tumbler

Mixing frequency Continuous turning

Amount Varies, not enough to give Midori Farm 10 tons per year

Time for finished product Two weeks

Cost Free when signed up officially

Transport to Midori Farm Pickup at zoo

Contact Information Léo Porte

The Kyoto Composting Project 42

Kyoto Food Hub & Labo Table 5.3: Kyoto Food Hub and Labo composting system overview Description Kyoto Food Hub & Labo is an innovative restaurant in Kyoto City that also produces compost that is made available for sale.

Material Leaves, cuttings, food producer waste

Origin of waste Food shops (Green Waste), gardeners (Brown waste)

Composting Three-pile composting technique

Mixing Mixed every day for the first two weeks frequency then every two weeks for the remainder

Amount 2000 tons per year

Time for Six months finished product

Cost ● ¥100 for 1 kg packaged ● ¥300 for 15 kg packaged ● ¥4000 for picking up 1 m3​ 3​ ● ¥5000 for getting 1 m​ delivered

Transport to Pickup at facility or delivery to the farm Midori Farm

Contact https://www.facebook.com/foodhuban Information dlabo/

The Kyoto Composting Project 43

Implementation Steps for Consuming share any knowledge that could potentially 4. Form strong connections:​ Part of result in Midori Farm getting involved in a building a network with people in the Compost new composting system. As was mentioned Kyoto area could be to maintain constant Purchasing and receiving compost is one of earlier in the report, by attending different contact with them. These strong the simplest solutions to solve Midori events, our team was able to get contact connections could be formed and result in Farm’s need for compost. However, this information and learn about related learning more about environmental solution has little environmental impact. environmental initiatives. initiatives in the Kyoto Area. The team Therefore, the two sections below outline started developing this database, and all the steps to consumption as well as a plan 2. Get involved officially:​ Having a more information collected can be found in the for social growth. The c​ onsume​ option structured involvement with the Kyoto City Contact List.​ should be seen as an opportunity to create Zoo composting program could provide a a more impactful solution, aside from just more steady flow of compost for Midori Farm, which is very beneficial getting compost. economically. Once officially registered, it 1. Contact compost vendors to confirm would be a good idea to discuss the exact the type, availability and price of the amount provided to be able to calculate compost. additional yearly costs required to obtain 2. Find transportation to move the compost elsewhere. The following website compost to Midori Farm. has steps on how to get involved officially in the program: The following are a few steps that Midori https://www5.city.kyoto.jp/zoo/lang/en/​. Farm could take to start obtaining compost in a socially significant way. 3. Test different options:​ To produce crops successfully, Midori Farm should try to use 1. Spread the word: ​ Start by talking about high quality organic compost whenever this specific idea to people in events such possible. For this reason, as more potential as farmer’s markets. During the time in providers are found, it would be a good Kyoto, the team noticed a large disconnect idea to buy small amounts of compost between people with similar ideas and before deciding to buy the required environmental initiatives in Kyoto. amount, 10 metric tonnes. Another option Usually, people know each other and their could be to diversify and reach this amount general occupation, but they don’t know of by combining products from different specific ideas or upcoming projects. facilities. Sharing this project would likely help the network grow and give others the space to

The Kyoto Composting Project 44

this were to be mandated by Kyoto City are currently actively being used around 6. Advocate: Implementing a Government and incorporated into the the city or not. If these machines are Composting System with Impact already rigorous trash collection system, inactive, bringing back this system and the overall environmental footprint left by having more of these machines installed Thus far, the other recommendations have Kyoto residents could be significantly will be a step forward for Kyoto City, but been given with the short-term goal of reduced, which is a main goal of Midori the system still has substantial room for finding a way for our sponsor to receive Farm’s mission. improvement. compost. While these recommended systems may be successful in achieving Figure 6.1: A composting bin in Kyoto this goal, the problems of scaling these Model Composting Systems small solutions into long term, sustainable When proposing a change as significant as solutions for Kyoto City still stands. For the development of a city-wide change to be possible, a small organization composting system, showing other like Midori Farm needs substantial help successful systems may be the best way to from a larger entity to create a larger prove to Kyoto City that this change is composting system with more impact. By beneficial. With this in mind, our team introducing these ideas to Kyoto City researched existing composting programs Government, a more impactful composting in surrounding prefectures to be used as system might be implemented throughout examples of successful systems in the Kyoto city. future.

Importance of a Large Scale System The best example of an existing Kyoto City has attempted to implement composting system in a neighboring While the goal of finding a sustainable composting systems throughout the city in prefecture that was found was Shiga source of compost for Midori Farm is the past. Kyoto seems to have an existing Prefecture’s Nichiei composting facility. obtainable through the implementation of program which allows communities to Although many of the details are lost in small scale composting systems, the social have composting machines, as shown translation, Shiga’s composting program change brought about by smaller systems above in F​ igure 6.1,​ installed in the allows residents to leave their organic is limited. In order for substantial social community, as long as a number of waste in designated composting bins change to be made, a city-wide community members show interest (生ごみ around the prefecture. The waste is then composting system should be developed in のコミュニティ堆肥化, (n.d.). After speaking collected regularly, processed in a Kyoto. Rather than develop the system to Kyoto residents about this, many people centralized facility, and delivered to with the goal of producing compost, the have never heard of this program nor seen organic waste providers who are interested system would work towards the goal of any of these machines around Kyoto. Given in receiving the finished compost. More limiting the food waste incinerated in these circumstances, our team was unable Kyoto as much as possible. If a system like to identify whether any of these machines

The Kyoto Composting Project 45

information on this system can be found The most difficult barrier that needs to be The third factor leading to a disconnect on the facility’s website found ​here.​ overcome in order for ideas to be brought between Midori Farm and Kyoto is size. to Kyoto City Government is the cultural Currently, Midori Farm is run solely by our Other prefectures in Japan also contain difference and language barrier. Although sponsor, with the help of a couple composting systems that handle the our sponsor has resided in Japan for 21 volunteers that rotate throughout the year. organic waste of a large population. years, there remains a large cultural Without a larger number of members, it Kanagawa has a system that can handle difference between any member of the seems unlikely that Kyoto City 410 tons of organic waste, in the form of expat community and a native Japanese Government would take potential initiative sludge, in a month to form 3 metric tons of person. As the majority of those involved in ideas from Midori Farm into consideration. compost per day (Madokoro, Motohori, & Kyoto City Government are from Japan, it Hirose, 2001, p. 71). Some international may be difficult to have ideas brought cities, such as Seoul, boast sustainable forward by an expat like our sponsor would Help from Other Organizations organic waste management systems. Seoul be taken into consideration on a city-wide Given these points of disconnect, our team has a pay-as-you-throw system where level. Additionally, even after living in recognized the need for Midori Farm to “food waste must go in standard waste Japan for a significant amount of time, the collaborate with larger, bags that are purchased by the consumer, inherent language barrier between expats sustainability-centered organizations who or a chip- or RFID-based” (Yu, 2012). This and native Japanese speakers still exists. are already well-established in Kyoto. As a system has led to a reduction in food waste Japanese is an extremely difficult language result of our networking efforts between 10-30% and reuse of organic to learn, and even years of experience in throughout our time in Japan, our team has waste (Yu, 2012). As mentioned before, conversational Japanese is not enough to identified two organizations that could Kyoto city has no comparable organic communicate on a respectable, potentially be very useful in helping bring waste management program. professional level. a city-wide composting initiative to Kyoto City Government: Escola and Food Hub & An additional factor leading to the Disconnect from Kyoto Labo. Our team has identified these two disconnect between Midori Farm and organizations due to their existing Our team has identified three major points Kyoto is location. Although our sponsor involvements in environmental initiatives of disconnect that prevent Midori Farm personally is a Kyoto resident, Midori Farm in Kyoto, as well as their larger size and from bringing large scale initiatives to is located in the mountains of Shiga substantial member involvement. Kyoto Government. The most notable Prefecture, outside of Takashima City. points leading to this disconnect are: Because Midori Farm is not actually Additionally, our team recommends that located in Kyoto, it may be difficult for our Midori Farm continue to build connections ● Cultural and language barrier sponsor to represent himself through an with the local universities in Kyoto, ● Location organization that seemingly has no direct specifically Kyoto University and ● Organization size connection to Kyoto. Ritsumeikan University. Through our team’s networking experience’s, it became

The Kyoto Composting Project 46

clear that many attendees of sustainability events in Kyoto are university students looking to get more involved off-campus. Collaborating with university students in efforts to advocate towards Kyoto City Government will certainly help to portray the concern from the younger generations in Kyoto.

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7. Conclusions and Recommendations For the Future The Kyoto Composting Project is just system still has enough social impact to be done with another organization, a getting started. Based on the research considered as a meaningful composting collaborator. Ideally, a collaborator who conducted and the contacts made, system. Building a composting system at has access to a plot of land or volunteers community members are extremely Midori Farm is also practical because the should be chosen. Creating a composting interested in a composting system in compost is produced at the farm and system with multiple collaborators is Kyoto. Many organizations and individuals requires less transportation of products. recommended. Due to the added step of have expressed their concern with the state Lastly, a composting system at Midori processing compost at the collaborator of the environment worldwide, and their Farm has the potential to be scaled and location, an additional transportation willingness to help. With the help of these brought to other farms. If Midori Farms method must be taken into account. While individuals and organizations, substantial assumes an active social role in the system, a composting system in Kyoto city might improvements to Kyoto's waste as discussed in the ​Dissemination be more effective, it presents a challenge. management systems are possible. The Recommendations​ section of the Build Therefore, we recommend building a Conclusion contains a final list of chapter, then creating a larger composting composting system at Midori Farm. recommendations and a timeline of actions system is possible, especially when acting that should be implemented to continue as a connection between waste Following the extensive research for a this initiative into the future. contributors and organic farms such as composting system in the Kyoto, the team Midori Farm. found that Kyoto city contained a significant number of environmental Final Recommendation A composting system in Kyoto would be initiatives. Organizations that were Based on the results we found, building a ideal, however, would pose a significant non-governmental as well as composting system at Midori Farm is the challenge. Creating a composting system government-sponsored were numerous best option in the short-term for Midori inside Kyoto city reduces the need for the and spread around the city. These Farm as an organization. This option is the transportation of waste and volunteers and organizations, such as Escola or ‘Do You least expensive, and has the least increases the exposure of the system, as Kyoto?’ have their own mission and requirements to be satisfied, therefore the system will be more accessible to Kyoto environmental programs. Some making it the easiest to implement in the residents. By reducing the need for the organizations, such as Kyoto University or near future. As outlined in the ​Build: extensive transportation of waste, Food Hub & LABO, even have their own Creating a Composting System at Midori environmental emissions are also reduced. composting system. While creating a Farm​ chapter, creating a composting Still, many more challenges have to be composting system at Midori Farm, might system at Midori Farm is most feasible overcome by creating a composting system be the recommended option, we encourage because of the availability of land and in the city. We recommend that creating a Midori Farm to partner with organizations volunteers. Additionally, this composting composting system in the city should be that can assist.

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We found that many individuals and large corporation, to create a composting organizations are willing or candidates for system. When advocating, Midori Farm donating their waste to a composting should research and contact existing system. Supermarkets and residents composting systems in other Japanese around Kyoto can be approached for their cities to learn more. Although this solution green waste. Collecting brown waste is might result in a more impactful more difficult due to the short time composting system, one that reaches a available to collect. More waste majority of Kyoto city’s population, it will contributors can be found in ​Appendix G: take a long time. While we recommend Waste Contributors​. Waste contributors building a composting system at Midori will need to be selected carefully for both a Farm, advocating can be done composting system at Midori Farm or a simultaneously. A functional composting composting system in Kyoto. system which is using Kyoto’s waste, will likely act as a good motivator and evidence Midori Farm identified the benefits of and of the functionality of a composting the need for compost. After researching system. More can be read about advocating around Kyoto, we discovered numerous in the chapter A​ dvocate.​ commercial and non-profit organizations offering compost both for free and at a price. These organizations are expanded upon and listed in ​Consume: A Plan for Compost Purchasing.​ Purchasing compost is a definite option alongside creating a composting system. If not enough compost is produced by Midori Farm’s own system, additional compost can be purchased.

Advocating presents a solution that Midori Farm should engage in to produce a composting system that is larger and more impactful. The power and resources of Midori Farm and this project are limited. However, by working together with Kyoto city’s numerous environmental organizations, Midori Farm can advocate to the Kyoto City Government, or another

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Timeline form of leaves from listed vendors even if building its own contributors within the next month. composting system. Especially if the This report contains a significant amount compost is free, Midori Farm should of conclusions and results which culminate Next Season consider applying for the compost. into many recommendations. This section 5. Buy materials for the composting aims to concretely explain and outline all During the winter season, Midori Farm will system: D​ epending on what the recommendations and convert them be closed and work on the farm will stop. composting system is chosen by into action points. The timeline section is This obstruction provides an opportunity Midori Farm, the materials to run divided into Next Month, Next Season, to plan the logistical requirements of this the composting system should be Next Year, and Long Term. These divisions system. purchased. For a composting system each handle the actions to take in that at Midori Farm, a large bucket to specific time period. 1. Decide on a source of green waste: transport the green waste to Midori First, a source of green waste should Farm should be bought. Tools to be locked-in. Confirmation should Next Month maintain the composting system, be supplied by both parties, Midori such as rakes, forks and spades The following tasks should be completed as Farm and the contributor, that should be purchased. soon as possible to get a head start on the composting will resume in the 6. Outline land for the composting composting system implementation. spring. system: A​ t the end of the winter 2. Decide on a source of brown waste: season, Midori Farm should travel 1. Choose brown and green waste Regardless of the fact whether to the composting location and contributors and collaborators: ​Use brown waste was brought to the outline where all the composting the resources located in this paper farm, a permanent brown waste will take place. Land should be to compile a more concentrated list contributor should be found that reserved and marked for the of organizations that would be can supply small amounts of waste composting operation. useful to a composting system of at regular intervals or once per year. 7. Choose volunteers: D​ epending on Midori Farm’s choice. 3. Apply for grants: ​If a composting the location of the system, 2. Contact the above system in Kyoto City is chosen, volunteers will have to be chosen. organizations/individuals: Midori Farm should apply for the 8. Choose transportation: ​Depending Determine their interest in creating grants in the winter. However, on the type of system, a composting system with Midori some grants may require an active transportation methods for the Farm, or supplying resources to the system to be issued. compost or the waste might have to composting system. 4. Determine compost suppliers: ​If be arranged. 3. Obtain brown waste: ​With the the ​Consume ​ system is chosen, the autumn season coming to a close, winter season would be appropriate Midori Farm should try to obtain as to find sources of compost. Midori much brown waste as possible in the Farm may also find compost

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Next Year

1. Start collecting waste: ​Green and brown waste should start being collected in the early spring and transported to the farm. 2. Educate volunteers: M​ idori Farm volunteers will have to be educated on maintaining a composting pile and its importance to the farm. 3. Advertise the system: T​ he system should be advertised to various environmental organizations in an attempt to recruit more collaborators, volunteers and waste contributors.

Long Term

1. Start advocating: ​Once the

composting system is operational,

Midori Farm, and its collaborators,

should step to the Kyoto City

Government and lobby for a better

means of organic waste

management.

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Future Projects logistical and processing requirements Additionally, future projects should focus that must be met for the system to As our research only encompassed the on advancing the advocacy portion of our function. Many individuals and preliminary steps necessary for project. One of the most noticeable issues organizations have to be contacted to composting to become widespread that our team found while networking obtain their compost or organic waste. This throughout the Kyoto area, our team has during the project was that many people project has a tremendous amount of recognized several potential initiatives are interested in environmental potential to impact the environment of which could be pursued in future projects, sustainability initiatives, but a severe lack Japan through sustainable waste dealing with primarily composting of communication between these management. education, as well as the advocacy for and individuals and groups was evident. As this the implementation of a large scale project has already compiled a list of composting system in Kyoto. contacts, a future project should create a more efficient means of communication A project with the goal of educating both that would allow for a combined effort to Kyoto residents and organic farmers about produce change, as opposed to every composting is a very feasible and necessary organization or person working on their idea. For composting to eventually be own to produce results. This could widespread throughout Kyoto, composting potentially be accomplished through the and its benefits must become well known development of a website or Facebook to those interested in composting, and the group specifically for this purpose, or average Kyoto citizen. Composting is not a simply strengthening Midori Farm’s social widespread practice in Japan, and aside media presence in Kyoto. from environmentally aware citizens, most people in Kyoto do not have the knowledge After a more efficient means of or necessary resources on how to begin communicating information is developed composting on their own. that allows for organizations to work together more efficiently, future work With proper education, these people may should be dedicated to the development of begin composting on their own, or even a proposal to bring towards Kyoto City join existing initiatives around Kyoto. Even Government for the implementation of a for those who are not interested in starting large scale composting system. composting, an education platform that included information on the declining Finally, we recommend the continuation of environmental situation would hopefully our project. Midori Farm will require a get people thinking about the importance significant amount of help in building any of environmental initiatives. composting system. There are many

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a. How much time do you spend 8. What projects do you think you will Appendix A: Volunteer Interviews farming? you work on at the farm? The following questions were asked to b. How much time do you spend 9. What is the relationship between volunteers during our team’s time visiting composting? Midori Farm and the surrounding Midori Farm. The first set of interview 10. What projects have you worked on residents? questions were asked to one volunteer who at the farm? had been at Midori Farm for several a. How long have you worked on months, while the second set of questions this project? were asked to a volunteer who had just b. How much longer do you recently arrived to begin his work. think it will take to finish? 11. What are some past projects that Questions for Experienced Volunteer: succeeded? 12. What are some past projects that 1. What made you want to volunteer failed? for Midori Farm? a. Why did this project fail? 2. What were your expectations b. What is the relationship coming to Midori Farm? between Midori Farm and the 3. Have your expectations been met? surrounding residents? a. Why or why not? 4. Do you enjoy working for Midori Questions for Inexperienced Volunteer: Farm? 5. How much did you know about 1. What made you want to volunteer farming? for Midori Farm? a. How much do you know now? 2. What were your expectations 6. How much did you know about coming to Midori Farm? composting? 3. How much do you know about a. How much do you know now? farming? 7. What is the process you follow for 4. How much do you know about composting at Midori Farm? composting? a. What are some flaws in this 5. What is your expected daily routine process? at Midori Farm? b. What would you improve? 6. How much time do think you will 8. What is your daily routine at Midori spend working every week? Farm? 7. How much time do you think you 9. How much time do you spend will spend farming? working every week?

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Appendix B: Contact List The following is a list of contacts compiled over the course of our team’s time in Kyoto. The following contacts have expressed interest in our project specifically, as well as working with Midori Farm on other projects in the future.

Contact Description Organization Contact Information Notes Method of Contact Benefits for Midori Farm Name Misuzu Professor, Food Kyoto [email protected] Organizer of the Food and Kyoto University Food Point of contact to either Asari and University Sustainability Event in Kyoto and Sustainability collaborate with or Sustainability University. A professor at Kyoto Event receive finished compost Event University who has done from the Kyoto Organizer significant research on waste University Composting reduction. Associated with Program. Kyoto University's composting program. Robin International Ritsumeikan [email protected] An individual who is very PechaKucha Night Potential volunteer at the Rauner Undergraduate University interested in helping with this farm or replacement for Student project, possibly as a volunteer Mika for next year's or helping students acclimate students in this project. to the project in general. Yokomine Organic Egg N/A 090-8756-0302 Organic egg farmer located Frank Nappa's Potential organic chicken San Farmer north of Ibaraki City Farmers Market manure contributor. in Osaka. Interested in giving his chicken manure away to help clean up his own farm. Kubo-San Manager Forest Green [email protected] Manager of Forest Green Park Forest Green Park Manager of a resort in Park Memories Resort. Informed us Memories Resort close proximity to Midori Memories about the composting system Farm that could Resort, at the resort, where they potentially supply large Kutsuki compost their food waste and quantities of dead leaves sell the compost. He said they for composting. don't have a specific use for the leaves and that Takashima City

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has a program to give leaves to farmers that need them. Steven Doctor at Kyoto FEAST Project, [email protected] Main organizer of the FEAST Kyoto University Food Very knowledgeable of McGreevy University, Kyoto project, while not directly and Sustainability composting and Environmental University involved in a composting Event agriculture, worker project, this individual is very recommended several involved in the Kyoto existing composting sustainability movement. facilities to look at in other prefectures. Jerome PechaKucha Organic [email protected] Has a sustainable/organic farm PechaKucha Night Could provide Floerke Presenter Farmer and in Nara that hosts education information on how he Educator events for nearby people. Uses managed to get free compost in his personal wood chips delivered to garden. him from the Nara Government, which could be applied to get leaves from Kyoto. Raymond PR/Social Kyoto Knowledgeable of Kyoto Pecha Kucha Night Could help in getting Kunikane Media University University's programs and Kyoto involved with the Kyoto Terhune Representative professors. Expressed interest University Composting in building connections System. [email protected] between Midori Farm and -u.ac.jp Kyoto University. Kumiko Professor Kyoto Seika [email protected] Busy Professor who is in PechaKucha Night Potential volunteer for Nishijima University interested in volunteering and the farm. composting at Midori Farm on weekends. Nami Owner of an Singing Paddy [email protected] An organic farmer that has a Kyoto University Food A point of contact to start Yamamoto organic farm Farm, Kyoto m Teikei system similar to Midori and Sustainability building a large University Farm. Has a small composting Event community around the process on her farm and is not idea of creating a directly assisting the project, composting system. but is interested in how Midori

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Farm will develop a composting system. Maximilian Environmental FEAST Project, [email protected] Individual who works for the Kyoto University Food Could provide a small Spiegelberg worker, Former Kyoto FEAST project and started an and Sustainability amount of land or Kyoto University urban farm with composting at Event information on this University Kyoto University. purpose for Midori Student Farm's composting system. Dr. Motoki Professor, Kyoto [email protected] One of the organizers of the Kyoto University Food Potential contact point Akitsu Vice-dean of University Kyoto University Food and and Sustainability for future collaboration Division of Sustainability Event. Event with Kyoto University. Natural Resource Economics Ulysse Baeta Student Doshisha [email protected] Part of the Ecological Kyoto University Food Interested in possibly University Association at Doshisha and Sustainability volunteering for the University. Event composting system in the future. Ryo PhD Student Kyoto [email protected] Presenter at the Kyoto Kyoto University Food Student that may know Iwahashi University o-u.ac.jp University Food and and Sustainability other students in the Sustainability Event. Presented Event environmental program about split organic farming. who are interested in collaborating for a composting system. Maeda Kawasaki City Kawasaki City, [email protected]. Individual at the Food and Kyoto University Food Example system in Asuka Civil Servant Division of jp; Sustainability Conference who and Sustainability Kawasaki city could serve Promotion of [email protected] was associated with creating Event to advocate for a similar Weight p the composting subsidy system to the Kyoto City Reduction program in Kawasaki city. Only Government. speaks Japanese.

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Appendix C: Complete Statistical Analysis Food waste generated per year per kg/year/ supermarket 13906.5 supermarket The following is a numerical analysis performed by our team to Food waste generated per year per kg/year/ determine a number of requirements to produce 10 tons of compost, restaurant 2190 restaurant including amount of green and brown waste, as well as number of households, supermarkets, and restaurants that would be needed to Households Required 39.18 Households 6 supply this amount of waste, and more. Supermarkets Required 0.44 Supermarkets

Restaurants Required 2.85 Restaurants Compost Statistics

Compost necessary per year 10000 kg / year Waste Volume Statistics Compost Density 590 kg / m​3 Density of Green Waste 514 kg/m³ Compost Volume 16.94 m3​ Total Volume of Green Waste 12.15 m³/year Shrink Factor 0.8 Volume of Loose Dry Leaves Needed 137.40 m³/year Unprocessed Compost Pile Volume 21.18 m3​ Volume of Shredded Dry Leaves Ratio of Greens to Browns 1:3 Needed 90.29 m³/year Compost Mass Remainder 0.4 Total Volume of Waste 149.56 m³/year Mass of Browns Required 18750 kg Volume of Bucket 1.3 Gallons Mass of Greens Required 6250 kg Weight of Bucket 2.52 kg Days to fill bucket 5.78 Days Generation Statistics Buckets Needed per Year 2470.93 Buckets Food waste generated per day per kg/day/House Buckets per Month 205.91 Buckets household 0.437 hold Buckets per Week 47.517 Buckets Food waste generated per day per kg/day/Super supermarket 38.1 market Leaf Statistics Food waste generated per day per kg/day/Resta restaurant 6 urant Leaf Density, loose and dry 230 lbs/yd³ Food waste generated per year per kg/year/Hous Leaf Density, shredded and dry 350 lbs/yd³ household 159.50 ehold Leaf Density, loose and dry 136.45 kg/m3​ Leaf Density, shredded and dry 207.64 kg/m3​ 6 Citations can be found in ​Statistical Analysis

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Area Statistics Transportation Statistics Potential Composting field 1204.75 m² Kyoto Downtown to Midori Farm Field 1 52.22 m² Driving 80 Minutes 3 Field 2 80.39 m² Large Semi Trailer 90 m​ 3 Field 3 239.49 m² Small Truck 47 m​ 3 Field 4 50.21 m² Small Japanese Truck 2.87 m​ Additional Rice Field 919.74 m² Packing Efficiency 0.7 Total Farm Area 2546.8 m² Large Semi-Trailers Required 2.37 Trips Leaf pile radius 6.10 m Small Trucks 4.54 Trips Leaf pile area 116.99 m² Kei Trucks 74.44 Trips Compost pile radius 3.03 m Transportation Time Large Semi-Trailers 379.85 Minutes Compost pile area 28.99 m² Transportation Time Small Trucks 727.38 Minutes Field Max Length 30 m Transportation Time Kei Trucks 11911.90 Minutes Field Max Width 20 m

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Appendix D: Budget Analysis for Composting at Midori Maintenance Costs 7 Farm Volunteer cost ¥5,643/week These tables outline the projected costs in order to produce 10 tons Number of volunteers 2 of compost per year at Midori Farm. The projected costs necessary for any composting system can be found in the Implementation Time of labor 9 months / 36 weeks Costs and Maintenance Costs tables. Additionally, the costs associated with choosing vermicomposting or aerated static pile Total cost per year ¥406,300 composting can be found below as well.

Total Costs Implementation Costs First year (implementation + ¥494,330 Compost 10 tons/year maintenance) Waste 25000 kg / year Other years (maintenance only) ¥406,300 Households 31

Number of 1.3 gallon buckets 1 per household

Cost of 1 bucket ¥2,595

Total cost for buckets ¥80,470

Size of big container to 40.3 gallons transport waste to Midori Farm

Cost of 40 gallon container ¥4,965

Total cost ¥88,030

7 All costs in this table were converted from USD to JPY and rounded up if necessary to account for uncertainties.

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Additional costs for Total cost added Vermicomposting Additional costs for Total cost Aerated Static Pile Composting Worm to 1:1 First year ¥628,562 waste ratio Number of 2 First year ¥612,605 windrows 0.5 kg of 500 worms Other years ¥406,300 worms Length of 10.6 m Other years ¥406,300 windrow Worms needed 25,000 kg of for 25,000 kg worms = PVC pipe cost ¥1,240 of waste 25,000,000 worms Outdoor 30 meters extension cord Worms for one 68,494 length day Outdoor ¥4,175 Buckets 14 extension cord (5,000 worms cost per bucket) Compressor ¥112,860 Cost of 1 worm ¥9,588 cost bucket Total cost ¥118,275 Total cost ¥134,232

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Appendix E: Option Evaluation for Composting at Midori Farm The following table details the potential options for each requirement involved when implementing a composting system at Midori Farm, as well as the justifications as to why a given option was selected. The recommended options are colored in light green.

Options Justifications

Processing location Midori Farm Plot of land already exists and belongs to Midori Farm, and is easily accessible for our sponsor.

Composting technique Windrow composting Windrow composting is the least expensive option, and it allows for maintenance to be performed quite easily. However, windrow composting is less efficient than other techniques.

Vermicomposting Vermicomposting is the most costly options of the listed techniques due to the high cost of a large amount of worms. Vermicomposting would also require worms to be sorted out once compost is produced.

Aerated static pile composting Aerated static piles would be the most technologically demanding, and require effort to build the system. System also requires electricity to supply air to the piles.

Storage of leaves Wooden container Wooden containers are commonly used to store leaves in composting systems, however the amount of leaves required would need a large container to be stored.

Tarp covering Covering the leaf pile with a tarp is the best option if the leaves needed to be kept dry, but it will not allow for the compost to start happening.

Pile of leaves Keeping the leaves in a simple pile will result in the leaves beginning the composting process on their own. This method also requires no other investments.

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Origin of greens Kyoto Farmers’ Market customers The customers of the Kyoto Farmers’ Market are known to have organic waste each week. The Farmers Market would also provide a location for our sponsor to receive organic waste from all contributors.

Midori Farm’s Teikei customers Midori Farm already has a well-established relationship with its teikei customers, and these customers would likely be the easiest to contact and communicate with regarding the system.

Restaurants and hotel kitchens Restaurants and hotel kitchens have a large amount of organic waste to contribute. However, the green waste could possibly be mixed in with other unwanted substances like oils, which may be harmful to the soil.

Supermarkets Supermarkets in the area may contribute any unsold vegetables and other green waste to the composting system, and may also be able to deliver waste to Midori Farm using their trucks. However, communication with larger companies may prove to be difficult.

Origin of browns Kyoto City leaf program Currently, no significant amount of available information exists regarding the Kyoto City leaf program online. Learning more about whether or not this is a feasible option may require a point of contact within the program.

Forest Green Park Memories Resort Initial connections have already been built with the hotel staff of the resort, and can be easily contacted at h​ [email protected]​. Hotel manager has already expressed that the resort collects large quantities of leaves and is unsure what to do with them.

Takashima city leaf program Similar to Kyoto City leaf program, little information can be obtained about the program without a point of contact, and communication may be difficult. However, receiving leaves from Takashima rather than Kyoto would limit transportation time and cost.

Green waste containers 1.3 gallon buckets 1.3 gallon buckets are the only reasonable option for green waste containers, as they would be most suitable to the amount of green waste one household may produce each week.

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5 gallon buckets 5 gallon buckets would be able to hold much more waste, however would likely take up too much space for transportation after being filled with waste.

Transportation Truck rental Renting a truck would allow large quantities of waste to be transported to the farm each trip. However, the cost of the truck rentals would likely become substantial over time.

Sponsor’s car Although our sponsor’s car is a family vehicle, it should be large enough to bring a good amount of the green waste to Midori Farm each week. Also, as our sponsor makes trips to the farm every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, it would be convenient as he is already planning to travel to the farm on those days.

Labor Midori Farm volunteers Midori Farm’s volunteers are the best option for performing the maintenance and labor for the compost pile, as the volunteers reside at Midori Farm at all times.

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Appendix F: A Beginner’s Guide to Composting The PDF of this pamphlet can be found by clicking here​.

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Appendix G: Waste Contributors The following is a list of organizations and contacts compiled over the course of our team’s time in Kyoto that could potentially serve as waste contributors. This lists includes organizations that could be a source of green or brown waste.

Organization/Name Description Type of Waste Contact Person Contact Information Benefits for Midori Farm Lake Biwa Seaweed Shiga Prefecture Seaweed Green Waste - http://www.pref.shiga.lg.jp/d/sa Potential source of green waste Collection Services. Collects isei/files/mizukusa/muryouhhai available for free relatively close to seaweed from the bottom of hu.html Midori Farm. Lake Biwa, and makes the seaweed available to those who are interested in using it. Keep Kyoto Organization that collects Brown Waste - http://www.bika-kyo.jp/en/ Potential source for dead leaves in Beautiful for the litter and leaves around Kyoto. Future Kyoto in addition to waste management services. Takashima City Leaf Takashima City gives leaves Brown Waste Kubo-san [email protected] Source of brown waste that is free Program to farmers for them to use as (person who and easy to get involved with due to fertilizer. informed about the location of the farm. the opportunity, but not in charge of it) Do You Kyoto? Organization that supports Brown Waste - [email protected] Opportunity to participate in the leaf any environmentally distribution program in Kyoto city. conscientious initiatives in the Kyoto area. Mesa Kitano Food A relatively small Green Waste 075-464-2850, A supermarket that might be willing Shop (メッサ北野) supermarket near Yokai http://www.mesakitano.com/121 to give free green waste to a Soho 1/access.html composting system, especially one in Kyoto. It has been observed that they put out their green waste everyday at around 7:00 pm.

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Yokomine San Organic egg farmer in the Green Waste Yokomine-san 090-8756-0302 An organic Chicken farmer who is Osaka area. Interested in willing to give away his chicken supplying chicken manure manure for composting purposes. as green waste. JA Facilities The Japanese Agricultural - - https://kyo-ja.com/contact/, JA has numerous collection points organization contains a http://rice.kt.zennoh.or.jp/html/ and composting facilities in and significant amount of aid support_plant/support_plant_t around Kyoto. Through contact, it towards farmers. Midori yuou.html#support might be possible to obtain waste. Farm should investigate the These facilities handle anything extent and possibilities of JA from rice to yard trimmings. further to determine feasibility in a composting system. Kyoto University Kyoto University has a Brown waste Misuzu Asari [email protected] If a collaboration between Midori composting system that Farm and Kyoto University is not handles 20% of the leaves possible, it might still be feasible to from the campus to produce gain access to Kyoto University's 4-5 metric tons of compost. leaves.

Fushimi Create An environmental garbage Brown Waste - [email protected], This company handles the waste of collection company 075-922-3251 numerous large industries through composting and other methods of recycling. This company is environmentally driven to improve the waste management in Japan. Midori Farm should consider contacting them to determine sources of waste.

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Appendix H: Collaborators The following is a list of organizations and contacts compiled over the course of our team’s time in Kyoto that could potentially serve as collaborators of this system.

Organization/Name Description Contact Person Contact Information Benefits for Midori Farm Escola Self-sustained Léo Porte [email protected] Potential location to build a community near composting system in Kyoto Station with a Kyoto or to form a space for living, community of interested working and events. individuals from Seika Very involved with University. Seika University. Kyoto University Vermicomposting Misuzu Asari [email protected] Potential opportunity to Composting Program program that collaborate and build a produces 5-6 metric larger composting system, tons of compost per in a larger piece of land year with the help of such as Midori Farm. 20% of the fallen leaves at the University. Do You Kyoto? Organization that - [email protected] Contact that would supports any potentially be willing to environmentally collaborate if the idea of conscientious composting in Kyoto was initiatives in the presented. Kyoto area.

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Appendix I: Compost Contributors The following is a list of organizations and contacts compiled over the course of our team’s time in Kyoto that could potentially serve as compost contributors. This lists includes organizations that either commercialize compost or give it out for free.

Organization Description Contact Person Contact Information Benefits for Midori Farm Food Hub & Innovative restaurant with a - https://www.facebook.com/foodhub Compost is commercialized and produced in large Labo composting facility located in andlabo/ quantities that Midori Farm could benefit from. Ohara. The facility is open to visitors, which could present an opportunity for Midori Farm to observe detailed examples on how to build a composting system. Kyoto City Zoo with a composting system Léo Porte [email protected] Potential steady source of compost for Midori Zoo in place from which farmers Farm, if involved in the program officially. can obtain free compost. Kyoto Vermicomposting program Misuzu Asari [email protected] Potential steady source of compost for Midori University that produces 5-6 metric tons Farm. Also a good source of information and a Composting of compost per year with the learning opportunity for composting techniques. Program help of 20% of the fallen leaves at the University. Forest Green Resort in Kutsuki (30 minute Kubo-San [email protected] Potential source of either compost to purchase or Park drive from the farm) that leaves. Memories makes compost with their food waste and sells it.

Lake Biwa Shiga Prefecture Seaweed - [email protected], A source of compost for Midori Farm that is Composting Water Grass Compost 077-528-3463, relatively nearby. It consists of composted Lake

System Distribution http://www.pref.shiga.lg.jp/d/saisei/ Biwa grass. files/mizukusa/muryouhhaihu.html Nikko Shiga Large-scale composting - Form to get involved: If more food waste than is processable is provided Composting system in Shiga where waste https://pro.form-mailer.jp/fms/d6ae to Midori Farm, this system is an opportunity to System contributors receive compost ab25107211 give waste and eventually receive compost for free. after 2 months.

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Yodo Clean Large Scale commercial - http://yodo-clean.co.jp/compost.ht Commercial compost available to be purchased composting system in the ml within the city. Kyoto area JA Ohara A large-scale composting - https://kyo-ja.com/about/store/com JA is a large Japanese farming collective. Based on Compost center in Ohara, Kyoto po.html our research, Midori Farm should investigate what Center prefecture. resources JA has. At the Ohara composting facility, compost can be purchased for around 4000 Y/ ton. http://www.kyochiku.com/images/products/ohara no.pdf Kyoto City A small scale composting Kyoto City http://www.city.kyoto.lg.jp/kankyo/p This composting is very small scale, with only a Composting system put in place by the Government age/0000134424.html, handful of composting units distributed around System Kyoto City Government. Eco-station the city. If Midori Farm is interested, the compost produced by these units should be pursued. Currently, we do not know where the compost goes once finished. Econo Mori A commercial processor of - http://www.economori.com/, While this is a large commercial company, Midori food waste, branded as 075-953-6100 Farm should determine whether Econo Mori can "Kansai's largest food waste be of assistance to supply compost or food waste. recycling system"

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Appendix J: Map of Midori Farm in Japan An enlarged version of the map of Midori Farm in Japan as displayed in F​ igure 1.2.

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Appendix K: Map of Midori Farm An enlarged version of the map of Midori Farm as displayed in ​Figure 1.2

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Glossary Brown-waste A specific Parks, Coffee Contributor contributor that will Roasters supply waste with a Project Terminology high Carbon to Nitrogen ratio such Term Definition Example as leaves.

Partner Any entity or Collaborator, Collaborator A partner that will Local governments, organization that is Contributor assist in the Residential willing to development or communities participate and maintenance of the assist in the project composting as a collaborator or program due to their contributor. personal interest in the project’s Contributor A partner that can Hotels, Schools, benefits. supply organic Parks materials to the Execution A collaborator that Kyoto City Midori Farm Collaborator will assist in the Government, Kyoto Composting development, Farmer’s Market Program. A maintenance or contributor can be logistics of the further identified as composting a brown or green program. waste contributor. Processing A collaborator that Local organic farms, Green-waste A specific Residents, Hotels Collaborator will assist in the Volunteers Contributor contributor that will processing of the supply organic organic waste for waste with a low the composting Carbon to Nitrogen program. ratio. An example of

green waste is kitchen scraps.

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