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Processing, Treatment and Utilization of Municipal Solid Waste Processing, treatment and different processing, treatment and recycling techniques (see factsheets on ‘Waste processing/Material recovery’ utilization of municipal solid and ‘Waste pre-treatment/stabilization’ - techniques), the waste thermal treatment of waste with energy recovery as a combined waste pre-treatment and utilization (see fact Introduction sheets on ‘Incineration/Industrial co-combustion’), and the temporary storage or final deposition by way of Waste consists of many different materials whose landfilling (see fact sheets on ‘waste disposal’ - disposal on landfills would mean a loss of valuable re- techniques). sources (particularly land and material resources) and for the most part entail a maximum of environmental bur- Under ideal conditions, the different process options den. That’s why European legislation makes clear provi- would complement each other in an optimal manner and sions towards the implementation of a hierarchy for allow the establishment of an integrated waste manage- waste management, putting the reuse of products and ment system as illustrated in Figure 1. recovered parts before recycling and material utilization. Only where practical limits hinder to follow this order of Material recovery management options other forms of utilizing the waste, Recycling and the utilization of waste material are including energy recovery, shall be applied with land- key elements towards waste minimization as an essential filling always being the last option of disposal. Behind goal of waste management. Within this, direct material this concept stands also the idea that handling waste recycling takes a high preference. differently according to its composition has also im- portant social and economic functions. Splitting and Much of what is contained in the waste has main- managing different waste streams generates employment tained its material value throughout the lifespan of a for many people, creates a strong economic sector on its product and/or disposes of properties which permit the own and last but not least is essential to ensure environ- direct utilization as secondary material in the production mental safety and human health. All around the world of new goods or as a substitute for other scarce materi- the existence of this relationship still gets reflected in als. In order for this to be achieved, these materials have tragic incidents. Wherever uncontrolled waste disposal to be separated from the rest of the waste and recovered takes place in populated areas or along waterways, individually. Direct material utilization and recycling where people are forced to spend a living on garbage demand for a certain purity of the material. Both, separa- dumps or where sanitary waste disposal, water and sew- tion and recovery of different materials to obtain a pure age treatment is non-existent for whatsoever reasons, feedstock for various applications can be achieved by life-threatening diseases and epidemics do often spread waste processing and sorting. virtually unchecked. Sorting can be done right on the place where the A sustainable and successful waste strategy uses an waste is generated (thus at source) and further hereto integrated approach to recover the highest environmental also by way of industrial processes. The benefit from and economic value from the various waste fractions. sorting is not just one for the industry who gets a ready All integrated waste management systems comprise a to use material but is received already at municipal level specific mix of waste management options. The availa- where citizen can reduce their waste charges thru source ble spectrum and adoption of these options depend on separation and communities will save landfill capacities the individual waste management targets as well as on and generate revenues from selling material fractions specific local factors. Targets and preferences are either with higher market value. fixed through standards provided through legislative frameworks (such as in the European Union) or by the national law but they can also be determined by the strategic planners and decision-makers on the local ground. Various processes form the basis to manage the col- lected waste in an integrated manner. They comprise Status October 2015 1 Processing, treatment and utilization of municipal solid waste Figure 1: A paradigm for the integrated management of wastes under optimal conditions (modified after Koch,T., Seeberger. J.: Ökologische Müllverwertung. 1984) Source separated recyclables from households and ment but comparatively high demand in labor the commercial sector that need to be processed for the force and possibilities for job creation. purpose of material recycling are in particular: ▸ The "advanced or extended configuration" has a ▸ Waste paper higher degree of automation and intensity of equipment than the basic configuration and a re- ▸ Waste glass and duced labor demand. ▸ Packaging of different type. ▸ "High-tech configurations" comprise in particular The processing usually involves multiple steps and processes and equipment whose application combinations of different techniques. The principal serves the aim to achieve a largely automated objective of any processing scheme is the generation of processing of the waste, often tailored and opti- defined material fractions from the collected waste mized on customer requirements and the needs in which can be directly forwarded to recycling. Removing specific market environments. Frequently these impurities and disturbing materials is the main step. solutions are intensive in terms of required per- Sorting and various separation techniques are used for sonnel qualification and investment which is why that. The intensity of processing and the quality of the an easy transfer and high efficiency cannot there- output (e.g. share of the different paper grades) is deter- fore guaranteed in any region. mined by the availability of a market (demand), the market price and the possible profit from selling the Waste paper different materials. In order to obtain a recyclable quality, waste paper It is largely impossible to identify and describe all from households has to be source-separated and collect- possible combinations and methods used for the pro- ed separately from other waste materials, especially the cessing of collected waste. It is for this reason that three organic, fatty and wet ones. The simplest concept to principal plant configurations representing the most collect source separated waste paper is that of a mix of common technological solutions for each of the above graphical and non-graphical qualities (e.g. news print specified waste materials have been chosen and will be and packaging paper). The separate collection of graph- presented in the corresponding fact sheets. ical and non-graphical paper is not yet that widespread in Europe although it is the best way to optimize the pro- ▸ The "basic configuration" is marked by a rather ceeds from waste paper sale and to facilitate recycling in low degree of automation and intensity of equip- the most extensive manner. Status October 2015 2 Processing, treatment and utilization of municipal solid waste Most appropriate for the collection of waste paper Figure 2: Paper recycling process from households are bring schemes with drop-off sta- tions/bring banks (see fact sheet on “drop-off station”) set up at centralized locations or public amenity sites. Special modifications at the feeding slots are meant to reduce the amount of unwanted components (impurities) disposed of via these containers. Likewise possible is the pickup scheme by means of different waste containers (see fact sheet on “mobile waste container”), or the col- lection of waste paper bundles from the curbside. Bundle collection and specially marked drop-off container sites/bring banks are particularly suited for the separate collection of graphical and non-graphical papers. Together with the paper waste collected from com- mercial sources, the paper is processed in dedicated sorting facilities to generate fractions of certain quality (paper grades). The four most important standard grades Waste glass of paper for recycling in Europe are: ▸ mixed paper and board (1.02.00) To facilitate a high quality and economically attrac- tive recycling, glass waste from households should pref- ▸ corrugated paper and board packaging (1.04.00) erably be collected separated by color. The commonly ▸ sorted graphic paper for deinking (1.11) applied division of colors is green, brown and transpar- ▸ newsprint (2.01.00) ent (white), whereby a separate collection container must These and other marketable paper grades are de- be provided for each color. Where demands for second- scribed in the European list of standard grades of paper ary use are lower, glass of brown and green color can be and board for recycling EN 643:2014. collected together. Collection from households should exclude all types of glass other than glass from packag- The fraction classified as “mixed paper and board” is ing (e.g. float glass). Such specific types of glass would a mixture of various qualities of paper and board, con- better be subject of special collection schemes (e.g. take taining a maximum of 40 % newspaper and magazines. back schemes, bulky waste collection). Thru this standard it is possible to adjust the sorting Most suitable for the collection of glass from house- operations and yields to the actual market situation. holds are bring schemes with drop-off stations/bring Average market prices for the different
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