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Resource Recovery and Reuse Series RESOURCE RECOVERY & REUSE SERIES 3 Co-composting of Solid Waste and Fecal Sludge for Nutrient and 3 Organic Matter Recovery Olufunke Cofie, Josiane Nikiema, Robert Impraim, Noah Adamtey, Johannes Paul and Doulaye Koné About the Resource Recovery and Reuse Series Resource Recovery and Reuse (RRR) is a subprogram of the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) dedicated to applied research on the safe recovery of water, nutrients and energy from domestic and agro-industrial waste streams. This subprogram aims to create impact through different lines of action research, including (i) developing and testing scalable RRR business models, (ii) assessing and mitigating risks from RRR for public health and the environment, (iii) supporting public and private entities with innovative approaches for the safe reuse of wastewater and organic waste, and (iv) improving rural-urban linkages and resource allocations while minimizing the negative urban footprint on the peri-urban environment. This subprogram works closely with the World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), United Nations University (UNU) and many national and international partners across the globe. The RRR series of documents presents summaries and reviews of the subprogram’s research and resulting application guidelines, targeting development experts and others in the research for development continuum. IN PARTNERSHIP WITH: Science with a human face RESOURCE RECOVERY & REUSE SERIES 3 Co-composting of Solid Waste and Fecal Sludge for Nutrient and Organic Matter Recovery Olufunke Cofie, Josiane Nikiema, Robert Impraim, Noah Adamtey, Johannes Paul and Doulaye Koné The authors Dr. Olufunke Cofie is a senior researcher with a background Cofie, O.; Nikiema, J.; Impraim, R.; Adamtey, N.; Paul, J.; in soil science. She is based at the IWMI-Ghana office Koné, D. 2016. Co-composting of solid waste and fecal ([email protected]); Dr. Josiane Nikiema is a researcher in sludge for nutrient and organic matter recovery. Colombo, environmental sciences. She is based at the IWMI-Ghana Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). office ([email protected]); Dr. Noah Adamtey is a senior CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems scientist at FiBL (Research Institute of Organic Agriculture), (WLE). 47p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 3). doi: Switzerland ([email protected]); Mr. Robert Impraim is 10.5337/2016.204 a research officer at the IWMI-Ghana office (r.impraim@cgiar. org); Dr. Johannes Paul is senior researcher at IWMI with a / resource recovery / environmental effects / nutrients / background in integrated waste management. He is based solid wastes / recycling / composting / faecal coliforms / at IWMI’s headquarters in Colombo, Sri Lanka (j.paul@cgiar. sewage sludge / urbanization / urban wastes / food wastes org); and Dr. Doulaye Koné is a Deputy Director, Transformative / waste management / developing countries / farmyard Technologies, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, USA manure / excreta / soil organic matter / organic wastes / ([email protected]). organic fertilizers / public health / health hazards / sanitation / moisture content / temperature / pH / microorganisms / aeration / pathogens / emission / livestock / heavy metals / Acknowledgments ISSN 2478-0510 The research presented in this report benefited from various e-ISSN 2478-0529 projects that were conducted in Ghana, West Africa, over the ISBN 978-92-9090-835-7 last decade. The authors would like to thank, in particular, the Department of Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Copyright © 2016, CGIAR Research Program on Water, Development (SANDEC) of the Swiss Federal Institute of Land and Ecosystems, International Water Management Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG), Dübendorf, Institute (IWMI). Switzerland, for pioneering the co-composting technology at Buobai (near Kumasi) together with us. Thanks are Unless otherwise noted, you are free to copy, duplicate or extended to the Waste Management Departments of the reproduce, and distribute, display, or transmit any part of Kumasi and Tema Municipal Assemblies (both in Ghana), and this paper or portions thereof without permission, and to also to our various national research partners, in particular, make translations, adaptations or other derivative works the University of Ghana, Accra, and the Kwame Nkrumah under the following conditions: University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi. The authors are also grateful to Dr. Pay Drechsel (Theme Leader, ATTRIBUTION. The work must be attributed but not in any Resource Recovery, Water Quality, and Health, IWMI), Dr. way that suggests endorsement by WLE or the author(s). Philip Amoah (Senior Researcher – Regional, IWMI) and Dr. Surendra Pradhan (Postdoctoral Fellow, IWMI) for their NON-COMMERCIAL. This work may not be used for valuable research inputs. commercial purposes. SHARE ALIKE. If this work is altered, transformed, or built Donors upon, the resulting work must be distributed only under the same or similar Creative Commons license to this one. The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support provided by the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Front cover photograph: Taking temperature readings of Land and Ecosystems (WLE), and Bundesministerium windrows containing different combinations of fecal sludge für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung based compost. Bangladesh. Photo: Neil Palmer/IWMI (BMZ) (Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development), Germany, to conduct the research review Editor: Robin Leslie presented. Designer: Michael Dougherty Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (BMZ) (Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development), Germany ii CONTENTS List of Tables ....................................................................................................................................................iv List of Figures ...................................................................................................................................................v List of Boxes .....................................................................................................................................................v Acronyms and Abbreviations ..........................................................................................................................vi Summary .........................................................................................................................................................vii 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Brief on Solid Waste Management ........................................................................................................1 1.1.1 The Waste Situation in Developing Countries ...............................................................................1 1.1.2 Challenges of Solid Waste Management ......................................................................................2 1.2 Brief on Fecal Sludge Management .......................................................................................................3 1.2.1 Fecal Sludge Generation in Developing Countries ........................................................................3 1.2.2 Challenges of Fecal Sludge Management ....................................................................................5 1.3 Use of Animal Manure for Agriculture .....................................................................................................6 1.4 Global Trends of Fertilizer Application ...................................................................................................7 2 Co-Composting of Fecal Sludge and Other Organic Wastes .....................................................................8 2.1 General Overview on Co-composting ....................................................................................................8 2.2 Input Materials for Co-composting .........................................................................................................9 2.3 Health Risks Related to Co-composting ..............................................................................................11 2.4 Waste Pretreatment for Co-composting ..............................................................................................12 2.4.1 Fecal Sludge Pretreatment ........................................................................................................12 2.4.2 Solid Waste Sorting ..................................................................................................................12 2.5 Co-composting Technologies ..............................................................................................................12 2.6 Feedstock and Operation Requirements ..............................................................................................15 2.6.1 C:N Ratio and Other Nutrients ...................................................................................................15 2.6.2 Porosity and Particle Size ..........................................................................................................16 2.6.3 Moisture ....................................................................................................................................16
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