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Resistance Very High Very High to Water legal recordsisfurtherdiscussedonthenextpage. al andfamilyapplications,businessdocuments, The importance of long-lasting documents for person per agingteststhatcontinuedoverasix-yearperiod. conduct multi-temperatureaccelerated Arrhenius pa fer. To the right, Barbara C. Stahl and Kabenla Armah water andseawatertoevaluateinkbleedingortrans papers aresubmergedfortwoweeksinbothfresh targets printed on both Epson and Hammermill plain printed onbeverylong-lasting. As shownabove,test be highlywater-resistant,andthatthepapertheyare that the fully pigmented inkjet inks used to print them For long-lastingplain-paperdocuments,itisessential (4) Resistance Humidity Very High Very High to High (5) Rating at73°F(23°C)50% RH (incl.Paper Yellowing) Dark StoragePermanence More than400years More than400years (6)
Prints Framed Under Glass >125 years >125 years Displayed
- - - (Years Before NoticeableFadingand/orChangesinColorBalanceOccur) (7) WithUVFilter Prints Framed >200 years >200 years Displayed
(8)
Prints Displayed Illumination Under LED now intest now intest (9) . continues nextpage
toOzone Unprotected Resistance >100 years >100 years 1, 2020(page1of12) (10)
2
Brighteners Are Optical Present? yes yes 1 (11) 3
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C11CG03201, MSRP:$249.99(USA). Model WF-C5710, Pro WorkForce Epson Price: inches long. and photopapersupto8.5incheswide47.2 250 sheetsofplainpaper. Handlesplainpapers 11”), Legal, A4 withfront-loadingtrayholdingupto Size: Paper Maximum far less pages withblacktext. The totalinkcostperpageis Page Yield of5,000pagesincolor, and5,000 tra-large Epson902XL InkPackshaveanISO ex The Cyan. and Yellow, Magenta, Black, Packs: Ink user-replaceable four in provided Ink System: automatic documentfeeder. Copy/Scan/Fax. Automatic two-sidedprintingwith Printer Description: Printer withReplaceableInkPackSystem Epson WF-C5710 Network Multifunction Color than that of traditional ink cartridge printers. inkjet to quantifythewater-resistance of article ontheuseofmultispectralimaging exposures. RefertotheIS&T technical green, blue, other colors, and UV (365nm) with separate white-image, and red, high-resolution capturesarerecorded Multiple place. take may that transfer ink targets to quantify any ink bleeding or resolution LAB measurements of the and image analysissystemtorecordhigh- camera Multispectral MegaVision images ofcolortargetswiththe associate CharlesWilhelm,capturing research projects,andWIR collaborating withWIRonanumberof color scientistRichard Adams, whois Ryerson University (Toronto, Canada) Imaging Researchlaboratoryare Pictured attheleftworkinginWilhelm ( beginning onpage 8ofthisreport) Four fully-pigmented inks are printed plain-paper documents printed plain-paper documents Wireless and Ethernet: Print/ . continues nextpage 1, 2020(page2of12) U.S. Letter size (8.5” x . -
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to addressmisuseorabuseofitsstandards. with fourteencountrymembers.ISO has noenforcementcapability organization for Standardization),headquarteredinGeneva,Switzerland, isaconsensus-driven an ISO “Specification Standard” will be published. ISO (International Organization Prints and Traditional ColorPhotographs,” “How LongWill They Last? An OverviewoftheLight-FadingStability Inkjet to occur. and/orstaining in colorbalance, fading, changes See:HenryWilhelm, Endpoint CriteriaSet v3.0.” and representthe yearsof display for easily noticeable for 12hoursperdayusingthe WilhelmImagingResearch,Inc. “Visually-Weighted humidity.and 60%relative of 450 lux to adisplay condition Datawereextrapolated white cool glass-filtered fluorescent illumination with the sample plane air temperature maintained at 24°C with klux 25 at conducted tests stability light celerated The WIRDisplay (for Kodaksilver-halide Kodak dye-subprints) Used byPrinter, Ink,andPhotoPaperManufacturers Table 1.“Standard”HomeDisplayIlluminationLevels
120 lux/12hrs/day Kodak Alaris papers and
Permanence Ratings (DPR) given here are based on ac on based are here given (DPR) Ratings Permanence Inc.
450 luxor500lux/10hrs/day12 MediaStreet American Inkjet Premier ImagingProducts Hahnemuhle Luminos Lyson LexJet Harman Somerset InteliCoat Ferrania Kodak DNP Canson Ilford ChromaLuxe Fujifilm Canon Epson HP Konica (for Kodakconsumerinkjetprints)
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This document originated at UV Filter point criteria correlation with human observers, see: observers, human with correlation criteria point Yoshihiko Inc. sponsored by the Society for Imaging Science and Hahnemuhle Luminos Lyson LexJet Harman Somerset InteliCoat Ferrania Kodak DNP Canson Ilford ChromaLuxe Fujifilm Canon Epson HP MediaStreet American Inkjet Premier ImagingProducts Category: WIRPlain-PaperPermanenceCertificationforDesktopInkjetOfficePrintersUpdatedMarch1 Final Program and Proceedings: IS&T’s NIP20 IS&T’s Proceedings: and Program Final GlassFilter Konica (for Kodakconsumerinkjetprints) pp. 673–679, sponsored pp. 673–679, sponsored - posted ontheWIRwebsite. employed for same methodologiesallotherinkjetprintersand print products WIR’s tests with theKodakconsumerinkjetprintersareperformedusing exact criteria set; WIR uses the visually-weighted WIR Endpoint Criteria Set v3.0. Kodak’s Endpoint CriteriaSetv3.0. WIR criteria set;WIR usesthevisually-weighted endpoint the “ISOIllustrative” uses ofboth0.6and1.0.Kodak densities starting illumination; WIRuses25klux glass-filteredcoolwhitefluorescentillumination. methodologies. For example, Kodak uses 80 klux UV-filtered cool white fluorescent for bydifferencesand canbeaccounted combination, this ink/media inthetwotest than the obtained inthe predictions more conservativetests conducted by WIR for Paper (aswellable inkjet paperdesigned for dye-based inks) were Some of Kodak’s display-life predictions for the now-obsolete KodakUltima Picture This document originated at This document originated at 10) “Gas fading, or ”Resistance of 10) “Gasfading,or”Resistance problem potential Atmospher Ozone”isanother 9) Illumination from LED lamps contain no significant UV or IR emissions. LED tests plastic filtering ultraviolet or glass filtering ultraviolet with framed prints Displayed 8) units arealsosuppliedassmall “tabletop”devices. other public buildings to remove dust, tobacco smoke, etc. Electrostatic air and restaurants, filtration buildings, office homes, in systems conditioning air and heating of part be may that precipitators”) dust (“electronic filters air electrostatic as such and public buildings. Ozone can also be generated indoors by electrical equipment offices homes, in indoors found ozone most of source the is air outdoor Polluted to ozone. This typeof premature inkfadingisnotcausedbyexposureto light. resistance very high exhibit paper on plain inks printed Ultra pigment DURABrite Epson offices. and stores, schools, in cases display glass illuminated orescent flu- of inside displayed or walls, office to pinned magnets, with doors refrigerator they areattachedtokitchen unframed, suchaswhen prints are displayed when Under GlasswithCoolWhiteFluorescentillumination. results are expected to exceed the >150 yearsratingof Display Prints Framed final the radiation, UV of lack the However,of progress. because in currently are “museum quality”UVfiltersuppliedbyCyroIndustries,wasused. data reportedhere, permanence it. Forthedisplay Acrylite OP-3acrylicsheet,a stop not will it fading, slow may filter UV a although and light visible is conditions color printsinindoordisplay major causeoffadingwithmostdigitalandtraditional pigments aremore balanced inthe neutral scale). Keep inmind,however, that the filter is used (in which case the fading rates of the cyan, magenta, and yellow dyes or balance of the imagemayshift toward bluemorerapidlythanit does whenaglass the color combination, ink/media ink inaparticular more thanitprotectstheyellow much inks magenta and cyan the protects filter UV a if example, For conditions. illumination bare-bulb the and/or glass-filtered the with occur than balance color and thiscanresultinmorerapidchanges from fadingcausedbyUVradiation protected disproportionately is pigments or dyes image the of one because filter others. Some productsmay even showreducedlifewhenframedunderaUV the illuminate, with some of ink/paper composition combinations benefiting spectral a great the deal more and than material print specific the upon depends longer much glass. How ordinary than thoseframedunder last longer sheet generally can damage unframed prints. Because of the wide range of environmental condi can damageunframed prints.Becauseofthe widerangeofenvironmental incooking fumes grease and ofcookingoil droplets microscopic inaddition, stoves; Potentially harmfulpollutants may befoundincombustion . continues nextpage 1, 2020(page6of12) productsfromgas - This document originated at ity,and tobe“lessbright”white.” appear tohaveyellowed paperswill activ Withlossofbrightener conditions. room temperature normal under places orotherdark storage inalbums tests and,itmaybeassumed,inlong-term aging may also lose activity to when subjected high temperaturesinacceleratedthermal can loseactivity–partiallyorcompletelyasaresultofexposuretolight.OBA’s region, especiallyintheblueportionof the spectrum. Optical Brightening Agents violet (UV) radiation, causing the brighteners to fluoresce (emit light) in the visible ultra absorb are. Opticalbrighteners than theyreally whiter and“brighter” appear – tomake them papers” all “plain nearly – and of manyinkjetpapers coatings Brightening Agents shouldbeavoided wherepossible. Optical with papers – example for collections, art fine museum with – importance and plain papers during manufacture. is of When long-termimagepermanence critical papers photographic inkjet to brighteners fluorescent adding not simply by stain. may themselvesbeasourceofyellowish These problemscanbeavoided brighteners havelittleeffect.. under isdisplayed tungstenillumination,whichhavealowUVcomponent,the LED orincandescent print same the When fluoresce. strongly to brighteners the a relativelyhighUVcomponent,andifaninkjetpapercontains OBA’s, thiscauses contains which daylight, direct orindirect with illuminated are windows near played look differentprints dis Forexample, conditions. on theillumination depending speaking, the paper appears to be somewhat yellowed – and not as “white.” is filter and, comparatively are notactivated brighteners a print),optical in framing used UV a if example, (for radiation UV no contains illumination the If eners. bright fluorescent by produced effect” “brightening perceived the determines that It by UVradiation. is therelativeUVcomponentinviewingillumination that mightbepresentinthebasepaperfrombeingactivated prevents brighteners papers havebeenmadewithUV-absorbing interlayersandovercoatsthis The spectraldependency In recentyears,traditionalchromogenic(“silver-halide”)colorphotographic Another potentialdrawbackof of OBA’ssuch brighteners containing makespapers OBA’s products is that brightener degradation . continues nextpage 1, 2020(page7of12) - - - - This document originated at Henry Wilhelm, Wilhelm Imaging Research, Inc., Grinnell, Iowa, USA; Richard Adams, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Ken Boydston, MegaVision Inc., Santa Barbara, California, USA; Charles Wilhelm, Wilhelm Imaging Research, Inc., Grinnell, Iowa, USA Abstract Current ISO standards that pertain to water-resistance testing heads, automatic two-sided printing, improved dye-based and with inkjet prints were developed for moisture-impermeable RC pho- pigment ink formulations, large capacity ink cartridges and re- to papers and do not take into account the kinds of ink diffusion be- fillable ink tank systems, and other advances in inkjet printing havior that can occur with inkjet printing on highly absorbent plain technology have led to greatly increased print speeds together papers, especially with dye-based inks. Even momentary contact of with significantly reduced cost of ownership and costs per page water with plain paper documents can result in significant lateral – and this in turn has allowed inkjet to move into market areas ink bleeding, migration of inks through the paper to the backside of previously dominated by monochrome and color laser printing. the sheet, transfer of ink from one sheet to adjacent sheets, and two- As most business documents now contain critical col- way transfer of inks with double-sided printed documents. Shipping or information – business logos, color typography, graphs and labels and envelopes can become illegible should they become wet, spreadsheets, and color photographs and illustrations – printing and Barcodes and QR codes may be rendered completely unread- in color has become the expectation in most plain paper office able. This study attempts to better understand the water-resistance printing markets. Pigment inks, dye-based inks, and “hybrid” behavior of plain paper documents printed with dye-based and pig- pigment black/dye color inksets are presently being used in of- ment inkjet inks. The use of high-resolution multispectral imaging fice markets and there is increased interest in understanding the and colorimetric analysis systems to provide a quantitative assess- differences in the permanence characteristics of the different ment of ink bleeding, migration, and ink transfer to adjacent pages is types of inks with plain paper prints. This is especially true in explored as an alternative to the subjective, qualitative, water-resis- terms of water resistance, because plain paper documents print- tance evaluation methods specified in current ISO standards. ed with inks having poor water resistance can be catastrophi- cally damaged in just seconds or minutes by contact with water. Introduction Water damage can be caused by hurricanes, typhoons, tor- Inkjet-printed plain paper documents are playing an in- nadoes, river and stream flooding, broken water pipes, faulty creasingly important role in office applications and in the print- sprinkler systems, water inundation resulting from efforts to ing of legal documents that are expected to be retained in good extinguish a fire inside a home, office, or other building, roof condition in often less than ideal environments for long peri- leaks, basement leaks, mail exposed to rain, and so on. The ods of time. The development of full-page-width array inkjet current ISO standards that pertain to water-resistance test- Figure 1. A circular spoke-pat- Wilhelm Imaging Research – Grinnell, Iowa, USA (Henry WIlhelm) Ryerson University – Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Richard Adams) tern water-resistance test target Multispectral Water Resistance Test Target designed for multispectral imaging Star Target • v. 2.0 • 2017/08/05 and analysis. The ever narrowing distance between the spokes toward the center of the target can be a very sensitive indicator of ink bleed. The target is printed on an 8.5 x 11-inch letter size(or A4 size) sheet of plain paper. To the left is a new- ly-printed target, not yet exposed to 2-in diameter 2-in. diameter 2-in. diameter water. The MegaVision multispec- tral imaging and analysis system can capture up to ten-thousand – or more – spectral data points, which can be exported in LAB space. The image to the right shows an overlay grid for 400 x 450 measurement 2-in. diameter 2-in diameter 2-in. diameter locations – 180,000 individually addressable data points on a target. After the target has had contact with water and dried, the “before and after” images can be compared to WIR_WR_12356789 quantify ink bleeding. To measure the amount of ink migration that takes place from the front to the 2-in. diameter 2-in. diameter back of a sheet, both sides of the Copyright © 2017 Wilhelm Imaging Research sheet can be imaged and compared. 122 © 2017 Society for Imaging Science and Technology Figure 2. A square cross-hatch-pat- Wilhelm Imaging Research – Grinnell, Iowa, USA (Henry WIlhelm) Ryerson University – Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Richard Adams) tern water-resistance test target de- Multispectral Water Resistance Test Target signed for multispectral imaging and Cross-Hatch Target • v. 4.0 • 2017/08/05 analysis. The degree of ink bleed that fills the interiors of the cross- hatch elements in the target can be measured and quantified with the multispectrical imaging and analysis 4 pt line 4 pt square 4 pt square 4 pt line 4 pt square 4 pt square system. The target, which consists 6 pt space 4 pt space 4 pt space 6 pt space 4 pt space 4 pt space of cyan, magenta, yellow, black, CMY gray, red, green, and blue seg- ments, is printed on an 8.5 x 11-inch letter size (or A4 size) sheet of plain 4 pt line 4 pt square 4 pt square 4 pt line 4 pt square 4 pt square 6 pt space 4 pt space 4 pt space 6 pt space 4 pt space 4 pt space paper. To the left is a newly-printed target, not yet subjected to contact with water. The image to the right shows an overlay grid for 400 x 450 4 pt line 4 pt square 4 pt square 4 pt line 4 pt square 4 pt square measurement locations – 180,000 6 pt space 4 pt space 4 pt space 6 pt space 4 pt space 4 pt space individually addressable data points on a target. After the target has been in contact with water and dried, the “before and after” images can be 4 pt line 4 pt square 4 pt square 4 pt line 4 pt square 4 pt square 6 pt space 4 pt space 4 pt space 6 pt space 4 pt space 4 pt space compared to quantify ink bleeding. As with the circular spoke-pattern target, this target is useful to assess WIR_WR_12356789 the amount of ink migration that takes place from the front to the back of a sheet, both sides of the sheet Copyright © 2017 Wilhelm Imaging Research can be imaged and compared. ed in the test target design. ISO 11798:1999(E),[2] published eighteen years ago in 1999, was developed primarily for offset printed book papers, xerographic printing on copy papers, and manual pencil and ink writing on writing papers – and was in- tended for books and other documents intended to be stored in libraries, archives, and “other protected environments.” Goals of This Project 1. A principal focus of this research is to better understand the types of water damage that can occur to inkjet-print- ed plain paper documents in real world conditions. This in- cludes momentary exposure to water resulting from a spill that is wiped with a paper towel or other absorbent material, or rain drops that might contact a mailing envelope or ship- ping label; longer-term partial or total water exposure that Figure 3. Test samples printed with pigment-based and dye-based inkjet inks could occur to an inkjet print in a plastic sleeve restaurant undergoing the 24- hour “edge immersion” water-resistance test specified in Sec. 6.5 of ISO 18935:2016(E). This test was originally designed for RC-base menu should a customer spill water on it during a meal; rain and other multi-layer-structure photo papers and, in terms of applicability to exposure on a “lost dog” or other plain paper signs posted commonly encountered types of water damage, the test may not be well-suit- outdoors; or prolonged, “total immersion” water exposure ed for evaluating the water-resistance of inkjet-printed plain paper documents. to documents caused by hurricanes, floods, broken water or ing were not developed to evaluate inkjet printing on plain pa- sewer pipes, faulty sprinkler systems, and similar calamities. per. ISO 18935:2016(E),[1] originally published in 2005, is 2. Design new water exposure tests that take into account the intended primarily for use with digital and analogue printed specific behaviors of dye-based inkjet inks printed on plain RC-base and other photographic materials; text is not includ- papers and pigment-based inkjet inks printed on plain papers. Figure 4. From the Mega- Vision LAB values, Delta-E was computed with Chromix ColorThink software to compare the test targets overall, or in areas of par- ticular interest, before and after they were subjected to contact with water, including short-term or long-term total immersion in water. Printing for Fabrication 2017 123 Figure 5. Water resistance of enve- lopes, shipping labels, barcodes, and QR codes is of critical importance, as ink bleed can easily render them unreadable. In this example, a FedEx shipping label printed on plain paper with an inkjet printer is shown on the left. The label has not yet been subjected to contact with water. The image to the right shows an overlay grid for 200 x 250 measurement locations – which amounts to 50,000 individually addressable data points. After contact with water, at what point a barcode or QR code is no longer readable is a very useful way to evaluate water resis- tance of different plain paper printing systems, inks, and xerographic toners. A multipectral analysis provides a way to characterize barcode failure in a quantitative way. This includes evaluation of ink “bleed-through” to the backside thereby lightening the solids and darkening the white spac- of a page printed on one side, and “bleed-through” of inks in es in between. Thus, the evaluation strategy was to compare two directions for pages printed on both sides. The authors the colorimetric values of the solids with those of the white designed two color targets intended to quantify the effects areas. From the MegaVision LAB values, Delta-E was com- of water exposure to inkjet and other printed materials with puted in Chromix ColorThink comparing the black and ma- a multispectral imaging and analysis system. The Multispec- genta inked patches to the surrounding paper (see Fig. 4). tral Water Resistance Cross-Hatch Target consists of a series 3. Develop new methods to characterize and quantify of finely-spaced, 4-point lines and squares that can be imaged ink transfer from one printed page to an adjacent page in CMYK, RGB, and gray colors. The Circular Spoke-Pattern when a stack of pages (e.g., pages in a bound report, be- Target, with its ever-narrowing distance between the spokes tween pages stapled together, and between multiple pages toward the center of the target can also offer a sensitive indi- placed together in a file folder) are partially or totally im- cation of lateral ink bleeding or diffusion. In designing these mersed in water for both short or extended periods of time. targets, the authors sought a method of assessing water resis- tance through color comparisons of the solid-color lines with 4. Develop new methods to measure color ink bleeding, inter- the white spaces in between. The presumption was that, if an mixing, and to quantify ink spread (bleeding) using a cam- ink was soluble or suspendable in water, molecules of color dye era-based multispectral imaging system and associated soft- or pigment particles could migrate from solid to white areas, ware.[3] The longer-term goal of this research is to develop Figure 6. To simulate the effects of immersion in water of multi-page plain paper documents or of multiple pages in a file folder, lightly spraying a blank unprint- ed sheet with water and then placing a printed test target page on top of it and lightly spraying and, finally, placing another blank page on top of it and spraying it proved to provide better assessments of ink bleeding, ink migration through to the back of the page, and ink transfer to an adjacent page proved to be more meaningful than completely immersing a whole stack of pages in water at the same time. 124 © 2017 Society for Imaging Science and Technology meaningful, quantitative standards for water resistance tests Ken Boydston is the President and Chief Color Scientist of Mega- with inkjet-printed plain paper documents that will replace Vision, Inc., Santa Barbara, California. Boydston led the devel- the types of subjective evaluations currently used in water re- opment of the high-resolution, MegaVision Multispectral Imag- sistance tests.[1,2,4] An imaging-based measurement system ing and Analysis System which was introduced in 2007 and, with can enable characterization and quantification not practical Boydston’s collaboration, has been used to image, monitor with – or even possible – with single-point measurement devices. very large colorimetric data sets, and conduct forensic analysis of 5. Work with ISO, other standards groups, archive and li- The Dead Sea Scrolls in Israel, President Abraham Lincoln’s hand- brary organizations, and manufacturers of inkjet and xe- written draft of the Gettysburg Address, and many other cultural rographic printer, ink, toner and paper manufacturers to de- heritage treasures in the United States and throughout the world. velop improved test methods, specifications and standards. Richard M. Adams II, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor in the 6. In a future research project, the authors plan to conduct School of Graphic Communications Management at Ryerson paired-comparison tests with selected inks and plain pa- University, Toronto, Canada. He teaches courses in document pers using various surface and deep-well municipal sources, design, web design, and material science for print. His re- seawater, and distilled water to understand what effects dif- search focus include color management, electronic documents, ferent kinds of water might have on water-resistance behav- and web design. Before coming to Ryerson University, Adams ior in both short-term and long-term contact with water. was a color management specialist with the training division of X-Rite, Inc., and he was also a research scientist at the Graph- References ic Arts Technical Foundation (now the Printing Industries of America). After completing his Ph.D., he went on to study for a [1] International Standard ISO 18935:2016(E): Imaging materials master’s degree in printing technology from the Rochester Insti- – Colour images – Determination of water resistance of printed tute of Technology. Adams has recently been collaborating with colour images. The International Organization for Standardiza- Wilhelm Imaging Research on a number of research projects. tion (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland, 2016. [2] International Standard ISO 11798:1999: Information and doc- Charles Wilhelm is the manager of testing operations at Wilhelm umentation – Permanence and durability of writing, printing Imaging Research in Grinnell, Iowa. Wilhelm is a 2015 graduate and copying on paper – Requirements and test methods. The In- of Grinnell College, having majored in Chinese language and cul- ternational Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva, ture, with significant study of Japanese language and Japanese Switzerland, 1999. culture, and music, calculus, and statistics. [3] Henry Wilhelm, Ken Boydston, Kabenla Armah, and Barba- ra C. Stahl, “Use of a Multispectral Camera System and Very Small, Comprehensive ‘Micropatch’ Test Targets for Full Tonal Scale Colorimetric Evaluation of the Permanence of Digital- ly-Printed Color and B&W Photographs,” Proceedings of Im- aging Conference Japan 2011, p. 131, The Imaging Society of Japan, Tokyo, Japan, 2011. [4] Henry Wilhelm, Kabenla Armah, and Dmitriy Shklyarov, “Im- proved Test Methods for Evaluating the Permanence of Digital- ly-Printed Photographs,” Proceedings of Imaging Conference Japan 2009, p. 213, The Imaging Society of Japan, Tokyo, Ja- pan, 2009. Author Biographies Henry Wilhelm is Founder and Director of Research at Wilhelm Imaging Research, Inc. Grinnell, Iowa. With work beginning in 1971, Wilhelm and his colleagues have assembled the world’s largest reference collection of analog and digital color print ma- terials and associated permanence data. Wilhelm has authored or co-authored more than 25 technical papers that were present- ed at conferences sponsored by the Society for Imaging Science and Technology (IS&T), the Imaging Society of Japan (ISJ), and the American Institute for Conservation (AIC). He has been in- volved with ANSI and ISO print permanence test methods stan- dards development since 1978. With contributing author Carol Brower Wilhelm, he wrote “The Permanence and Care of Color Photographs: Traditional and Digital Color Prints, Color Nega- tives, Slides, and Motion Pictures,” published in 1993. The com- plete 761-page book is available in PDF-A format at no cost from www.wilhelm-research.com. Wilhelm is currently serving with Shigeo Suga of Suga Test Instruments Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan, as Co-Project Leaders for the development of the new ISO 18937-4 accelerated test methods standard for LED illumination sources. Printing for Fabrication 2017 125 Paper by Henry Wilhelm (Wilhelm Imaging Research, Inc.); > Richard Adams (Ryerson University); Ken Boydston (MegaVision, Inc.); and Charles Wilhelm (Wilhelm Imaging Research, Inc.) entitled: Improved Water-Resistance Test Methods Utilizing a Multispectral Imaging System to Quantify Black and Color Ink Bleeding for Plain Paper Office and Legal Documents Printed With Pigment- and Dye-Based Inkjet Inks Published on pages 122–125 in: Technical Program and Proceedings: IS&T NIP33: The 33rd International Conference on Digital Printing Technologies and IS&T Digital Printing for Fabrication 2017 aper_Water_Resistance_Tests_HW_RA_KB_CW_[Minor_Rev_2020_01_15]_2017_11_08.pdf ISBN: 978-0-89208-331-2 Paper presented by Henry Wilhelm on November 8, 2017 Sponsored by: IS&T: The Society for Imaging Science and Technology and ISJ: The Imaging Society of Japan ©2017 The Society for Imaging Science and Technology November 5–9, 2017 Hyatt Denver Hotel Denver, Colorado U.S.A. Published by: IS&T: The Society for Imaging Science and Technology 7003 Kilworth Lane Springfield, Virginia 22151 U.S.A. Phone: 703-642-9090; Fax: 703-642-9094 www.imaging.org (e-mail: [email protected]) File name: