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The Handbook of Children, Media, and Development 9781405144179 1 Pre.Qxd 17/03/2008 04:20PM Page Ii 9781405144179_1_pre.qxd 17/03/2008 04:20PM Page i The Handbook of Children, Media, and Development 9781405144179_1_pre.qxd 17/03/2008 04:20PM Page ii Handbooks in Communication and Media This series aims to provide theoretically ambitious but accessible volumes devoted to the major fields and subfields within communication and media studies. Each volume sets out to ground and orientate the student through a broad range of specially commissioned chapters, and also to provide the more experienced scholar and teacher with a convenient and comprehensive overview of the latest trends and critical directions. The Handbook of Children, Media, and Development, edited by Sandra L. Calvert and Barbara J. Wilson Forthcoming The Handbook of Rhetorical and Public Address, edited by Shawn Parry-Giles The Handbook of Critical Intercultural Communication, edited by Rona Halualani and Thomas Nakayama The Handbook of Internet Studies, edited by Robert Burnett, Mia Consalvo, and Charles Ess The Handbook of Global Communication and Media Ethics, edited by Robert Fortner and Mark Fackler 9781405144179_1_pre.qxd 17/03/2008 04:20PM Page iii The Handbook of Children, Media, and Development Edited by Sandra L. Calvert and Barbara J. Wilson 9781405144179_1_pre.qxd 17/03/2008 04:20PM Page iv This edition first published 2008 © 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd, except for editorial material © 2008 Sandra L. Calvert and Barbara J. Wilson Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered Office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of Sandra L. Calvert and Barbara J. Wilson to be identified as the author of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The handbook of children, media, and development / edited by Sandra L. Calvert & Barbara J. Wilson. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-4417-9 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Mass media and children. 2. Child development. 3. Children’s mass media. I. Calvert, Sandra L. II. Wilson, Barbara J. HQ784.M3H26 2008 302.23083—dc22 2008009039 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Set in 10/13pt Galliard by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong Printed in Singapore by C.O.S. Printers Pte Ltd 01 2008 9781405144179_1_pre.qxd 17/03/2008 04:20PM Page v Dedicated to Cheryl, Lee, and Mary Ann and John, Bob, and Joan 9781405144179_1_pre.qxd 17/03/2008 04:20PM Page vi 9781405144179_1_pre.qxd 17/03/2008 04:20PM Page vii Contents Notes on Editors and Contributors x Foreword xxi Aletha C. Huston Acknowledgments xxiv Introduction: Media and Children’s Development 1 Sandra L. Calvert and Barbara J. Wilson Part I: Historical, Conceptual, and Financial Underpinnings of Media 5 1 Historical and Recurring Concerns about Children’s Use of the Mass Media 7 Ellen Wartella and Michael Robb 2 Business Models for Children’s Media 27 Alice Cahn, Terry Kalagian, and Catherine Lyon Part II: Media Access and Differential Use Patterns 49 3 Media Use Across Childhood: Access, Time, and Content 51 Ronda Scantlin 4 Children, Race, Ethnicity, and Media 74 Bradley S. Greenberg and Dana E. Mastro 5 Gender, Media Use, and Effects 98 Stacey J. T. Hust and Jane D. Brown 6 Media and the Family 121 Alison Alexander 9781405144179_1_pre.qxd 17/03/2008 04:20PM Page viii viii Contents Part III: Cognitive Effects of Media: How and What Children Learn 141 7 Attention and Learning from Media during Infancy and Early Childhood 143 Rachel Barr 8 Media Symbol Systems and Cognitive Processes 166 Kaveri Subrahmanyam and Patricia Greenfield 9 Learning from Educational Media 188 Heather L. Kirkorian and Daniel R. Anderson 10 News, Reality Shows, and Children’s Fears: Examining Content Patterns, Theories, and Negative Effects 214 Stacy L. Smith, Katherine M. Pieper, and Emily J. Moyer-Guse Part IV: Social Effects of Media 235 11 Media Violence and Aggression in Youth 237 Barbara J. Wilson 12 Prosocial Effects of Media Exposure 268 Marie-Louise Mares, Edward Palmer, and Tia Sullivan 13 Make-Believe Play, Imagination, and Creativity: Links to Children’s Media Exposure 290 Dorothy G. Singer and Jerome L. Singer 14 Parasocial and Online Social Relationships 309 Cynthia Hoffner 15 Fear Responses to Media Entertainment 334 Patti M. Valkenburg and Moniek Buijzen Part V: Health Effects of Media 353 16 Media Use and Childhood Obesity 355 Elizabeth A. Vandewater and Hope M. Cummings 17 Media, Body Image, and Eating Disorders 381 Kristen Harrison and Veronica Hefner 18 Media and Advertising Effects 407 Brian Young 19 Adolescents and Media Messages about Tobacco, Alcohol, and Drugs 432 Dina L. G. Borzekowski and Victor C. Strasburger Part VI: Media Policy and Interventions 453 20 The Children’s Television Act 455 Sandra L. Calvert 21 Regulating the Media: Sexually Explicit Content 479 Joah G. Iannotta 9781405144179_1_pre.qxd 20/03/2008 04:11PM Page ix ix Contents 22 Media-Related Policies of Professional Health Organizations 503 Marie Evans Schmidt, David S. Bickham, Amy Branner, and Michael Rich 23 The Rating Systems for Media Products 527 Douglas A. Gentile 24 Parent and School Interventions: Mediation and Media Literacy 552 Jennifer L. Chakroff and Amy I. Nathanson Author Index 577 Subject Index 596 9781405144179_1_pre.qxd 14/03/2008 11:16 AM Page x Notes on Editors and Contributors Sandra L. Calvert is Chair and Professor of the Department of Psychology at Georgetown University and the Director of the Children’s Digital Media Cen- ter (http://cdmc.georgetown.edu), a multi-site interdisciplinary research center funded by the National Science Foundation (2001–11; BCS-0126014 and BCS- 0623871) and the Stuart Family Foundation. Dr Calvert authored Children’s Journeys through the Information Age (1999), and co-edited Children in the Digital Age: Influences of Electronic Media on Development (2002). She has served on two committees for the National Academies, leading to two committee co-authored books: Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity (2006) and Youth, Pornography, and the Internet (2002). Dr Calvert, who received her doc- torate in Developmental and Child Psychology from the University of Kansas, is a fellow of the American Psychological Association. She serves on advisory boards for Cable in the Classroom, PBS Kids Next Generation Media, and the Joan Ganz Cooney Center for Educational Media and Research. She provides technical assistance to Congress in the development of the Children and Media Research Advancement Act (CAMRA). She has also consulted for Nickelodeon Online, Sesame Workplace, Blue’s Clues, and Out of the Blue Enterprises. Barbara J. Wilson is the Paul C. Friedland Professorial Scholar and Head of the Department of Communication at the University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign. Her research focuses on the social and psychological effects of the mass media, particularly on youth. She is co-author of Children, Adolescents, and the Media (2002; second edition, in press) and three book volumes of the National Television Violence Study (1997–8). In addition, she has published more than 60 scholarly articles and chapters on media effects and their implications for media policy. Recent projects focus on preschoolers’ attachment to media char- acters, parents’ and children’s fright reactions to kidnapping stories in the news, and children’s attraction to media violence. She has served as a research consul- tant for Nickelodeon, the National Association of Television Program Executives, Discovery Channel Pictures, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 9781405144179_1_pre.qxd 14/03/2008 11:16 AM Page xi Notes on Editors and Contributors xi Alison Alexander (PhD, Ohio State University) is Professor and Senior Asso- ciate Dean for academic affairs at the Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Georgia. She was editor of the Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, and is past President of the Association for Communication Administration, and the Eastern Communication Association. Her work focuses on children and media. She is the author of numerous book chapters and journal articles, and the co-editor of four books. She was named the 1998 Frank Stanton Fellow by the International Radio and Television Society for “outstanding contribution to broadcast education.” Daniel R.
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