DOCSLIB.ORG

Shale Oils and Tars and Their Products

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Shale Oils and Tars and Their Products SHALE OILS AND TARS AND THEIR PRODUCTS BY DR. W. SCHEITHAUER TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN BY CHAS. SALTER WITH SEVENTY ILLUSTRATIONS AND FOUR DIAGRAMS LONDON SCOTT, GREENWOOD & SON 8 BROADWAY, LUDGATE, B.C. 1913 with Greenwood [ The sole rights of translation into English remain Scott, & Son] D. VAN KOSTRAND COMPANY NEW YORK AUTHOR'S PREFACE. THE present work is intended to depict the production and utilization of the distillation tars constituting the basis of several important industries. The chief of these are : The Scottish Shale Oil Industry and the Saxon-Thuringian Mineral Oil Industry, the latter forming a branch of the lignite mining industry of Central Germany. In addition, the production and utilization of distillation-tar is practised at Messel, near Darm- and the author desires to his cordial stadt, Germany ; express thanks to Dr. Spiegel, the manager of the last-named works, for the detailed description furnished by him on the methods, etc., employed there. Bituminous tar is also subjected to dry distillation, to a smaller extent, in the south of France and in Australia, the apparatus and processes employed being adopted from the Scottish industry. A full description is given of the apparatus of the German and Scottish industries, and of the methods of applying same, the author being engaged in the Saxon-Thuringian industry and having a personal knowledge of Scottish practice, apart from the abundant literature at his disposal. Owing to increased official duties, the author regrets to have been prevented from completing the work himself; but iii 273388 IV AUTHOK S PEEFACE he has had the advantage of obtaining as a collaborator Dr. E. Grafe, whose scientific researches are well known in industrial circles, and who, in addition to writing the whole of Chapters x. and xi., prepared Chapter ix. with the exception of the historical section. For this collaboration the author again tenders his best thanks. THE AUTHOR WALDAU, NEAR OSTERFELD (HALLE), 1911. TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. IN the German original the chief products of the distillation of both Shale. and Lignite are classed as "Tar," and though, in the case of Shale this is not strictly correct, it has been consid- ered desirable to retain this nomenclature to some extent in " the translation, it being understood that the term shale tar" " is synonymous with Crude oil ". CHAS. SALTEK. LONDON, JANUARY, 1913. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. PAGE HISTORY OF THE SHALE AND LIGNITE-TAB INDUSTRY . 1-7 CHAPTER II. THE BITUMINOUS RAW MATERIALS. M . Occurrence . 8 Origin 4 10 Properties and Composition .12 . Working , 15 Utilization . .17 CHAPTER III. THE PRODUCTION OF DISTILLATION TAR. A. The Dry-Distillation Process 20 B. The of . Winning Lignite Tar . .21 The Retort 21 The Work of the Retort ^.27 The Condensing Plant 28 The Dry-distillation Process .29 The Distillation Plant . 33 C. The Messel Tar Industry 36 The Retorts . 36 The Work of the Retort 39 The Treatment of the Distillation Vapours 40 D. The Recovery of Shale Tar in Scotland 41 The Retorts . 41 The Work of the Retort 50 The Condensing Plant 50 ' . The Distillation Process : V . 50 The Distillation Plant . 51 VI CONTENTS CHAPTER IV. THE DISTILLATION PRODUCTS. PAGE A. The Tar 52 " Lignite Tar . 52 Shale Tar (Crude Oil) . 53 ' Value of Distillation Tars . \ . 53 E. The Tar Water (Ammonia Liquor) . 53 Lignite Tar Water . 54 Shale Tar Water . ... .56 C. Gas . .... .57 D. The Distillation Residues . ... .61 CHAPTER V. THE DISTILLATION OF THE TAB AND TAR OILS. A. The Distillation Process ... -.' 64 B. Tar in the Saxon- . 7 *-. 65 Distilling Thuringian Industry ''__ The Distilling Apparatus . 65 . 69 The Distillation Process . ;;'" -. ... The Distillation Plant . ..'... .74 w The Distillation Products . .* ., 76 The Retorts 79 Products obtained by the Distjllation of Lignite Tar (Diagrams I and II) . 78, 79 C. The Messel Distillation Process . ".*/ .- . .80 Apparatus for and Method of Distillation . .80 ' The Distillation Products . .- . 80 D. The Distillation Process in the Scottish Industry 81 Apparatus for and Method of Distillation . .81 . 83 Distillation Plant . ... .... '. The Distillation Products 83 Products obtained by the Distillation of Shale Tar (Crude Oil) (Dia- 84 gram III) . Products obtained by the Distillation of Shale Tar (Crude Oil) by Classification of the various Oils (Diagram IV) .... 84 CHAPTER VI. I. CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF THE TAR AND ITS DISTILLATES. A. The Refining Process 86 B. The Refining Process in the Saxon-Thuringian Industry .... 87 The Agitator 87 ' -. 88 The Refining Process . The Chemical Treatment of the Tar . 88 89 Refining the Tar Products . Treating the Oils before Delivery . .90 92 The Agitator House . C. Refining Process in the Messel Industry 92 S CONTENTS Vll PAGE D. Refining Process in the Scottish Industry 93 Methods 93 Chemical Treatment of the Tar Products 93 II. THE UTILIZATION OP THE REFINERY WASTE. ' Uses and Treatment . .. V . 94 . .- * . ,. 95 the Chemicals . Recovering ^ CHAPTER VII. THE MANUFACTURE OF PARAFFIN. A. The Manufacture of Paraffin in the Saxon-Thuringian Industry . 98 - : . .. 98 Process . ... ::. The . Crystallization .."'. .:;.., . The Pressing Process V' . '.''. 100 ' : ' ' ' ' ' : The Press Plant . '. '. \ . 105 ? . ' : '- The Steam Jet Treatment . ;- -.- ; -. .. ; .' '. 106 ' Decolorizing the Paraffin . 107 B. Manufacture of Paraffin in the Messel Industry 108 . 108 Crystallization , ...._% The Pressing Process . -. 108 C. Paraffin Manufacture in the Scottish Industry 109 Crystallization * . 109 The Sweating Process . 109 Decolorizing the Paraffin 112 CHAPTER VIII. PRODUCTS FURNISHED BY SHALE OIL AND LIGNITE TAR. A. Products Obtained in the Saxon-Thuringian Industry .... 113 % Quantitative Yield .' . 113 The Oils - - . v .. 113 . The By-Products 119 The Paraffin . 120 B. The Products of the Messel Industry 122 Yield Obtained from the Tar .122 The Oils . 122 The Paraffin 122 ' C. The Products of the Scottish Industry . .122 Yield from the Crude Oil 122 The Oils . 122 The . By-Products . .... .123 The Paraffin . 123 viii CONTENTS CHAPTER IX. CANDLEMAKING. PAGE Historical 125 The Raw Materials 127 (a) The Candle Material 127 (b) The Wick.- 130 Matters (c) The Colouring 131 The Manufacture . .132 (a) The Moulding Process 132 (6) Finishing . .136 the Candles (c) Packing 137 (d) Working up Candle Waste .137 CHAPTER X. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OP THE TABS AND THEIR DISTILLATES. A. Lignite Tar 138 of Tar . 144-145 Constituents Lignite (Table) , ( B. Shale Tar (Crude Oil) , . .146 CHAPTER XI. THE LABORATORY WORK. - . Testing the Raw Materials . i . , 147 . Testing the Tars and other Distillation Products . , . 151 Testing the Tar Oils . 154 Testing the Reagents used for Refining the Oils and Paraffin . 157 the Paraffin 158 Testing " Tests Applied in Candle Works . , . 159 Testing the By-Products of Tar Distillation . ,. 163 CHAPTER XII. STATISTICS. ' A. The Saxon-Thuringian Industry . ,. 16& B. Statistics of the Scottish Shale Industry . ,^ 174 INDEX 177-185 CHAPTEE I. HISTORY OF THE SHALE AND LIGNITE-TAR INDUSTRY.. WOOD was the first material to be subjected to dry distillation, andL furnished the earliest known distillation tar, the composition of which " " was described by Boyle in his Chemista scepticus (1661). As long ago as the seventeenth century tar was recovered from the dry distilla- tion of pine on a manufacturing scale in heavily timbered countries* like Norway and Sweden. At the same period coal was also put through a process of dry" distillation. A patent (19 August, 1681) was taken out in England by Becher for the of and tar coal this recovery pitch from ; and inventor was the first to produce coke l in addition to coal-tar. Coal is also known to have been subjected to dry,distillation in Germany about the middle of the but this of coal did eighteenth century ; application not attain any general importance until illuminating gas began to be made from that material early in the last century, and the employment of coal as a raw material for dye-stuffs became known towards the 'fifties two great achievements of man's talent for investigation. Neither of these kinds of tar, however, comes within the scope of the present work, both of them being by-products, whereas the other distillation products constitute valuable main products. At the pres- ent time tar is obtained as the main product of dry distillation by dis- tilling bituminous lignite and bituminous shale. The distillation tar obtained from peat is also only, a by-product. Lignite tar was known, as the result of distillation experiments on 2 a small scale, about the end of the eighteenth century, Kriinitz having mentioned in 1788 that rock oil could be obtained from Langen- bogen "earth coal" (meaning lignite) by distillation. For several de- cades, however, no useful application was discovered for this tar, though it was occasionally used medicinally. The discovery of paraffin in 1830 was of the greatest importance for the utilization of distillation tars and the name of ; consequently the discoverer of this substance, Carl von Eeichenbach, is closely con- nected with the history and development of the shale and lignite- 1 " " " This is the correct spelling. Coak is first mentioned in Plot's History of Staffordshire". According to Erdmann, coke is derived from coquere (to- cook). 'J " " E. Erdmann, Chemie der Braunkohle (" Chemistry of Lignite"), p. 9.. 1 2 :" *'*/. ; SHALE OILS AND TAES ;\ ; /; tar industry. Carl, Baron von Eeichenbach, was born at Stuttgart on 12 February, 1788, studied at Tubingen, and became manager of Count Salm's mines and factories at Blansko in Moravia. He died at Leipzig on 19 January, 1869. Although other workers, like I. N. Fuchs and A. Buchner, had previously prepared paraffin, Von Eeichenbach was the first to investi- gate this substance and to describe its chemical and physical pro- " l from his statement that a wick with it burns } and impregnated perties " like a fine wax candle, and without smell it is evident that he even recognized the great economic importance of paraffin as a candle ma- " " terial.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Abegg, Richard, 99, 103 Abraumsalze, 13 Absorption Towers
    Index1 A Allgemeine Osterreichische Abegg, Richard, 99, 103 Bodenkreditanstalt, 287 Abraumsalze, 13 Allied Chemical & Dye Corporation, 204, Absorption towers, for nitric acid, 57, 60, 66, 214–216, 274, 276, 277, 296, 298– 121, 194, 217 299, 383 Acade´mie des Sciences, 247 Allievi, Lorenzo, 229 Acetic acid, 51 Allmand, Arthur John, 217 Acetone, 145 Alloys, 52, 219, 261, 321, 322 Acetylene, 20, 50, 51, 75, 134, 169 acid-resistant, 152 under pressure, 355, 375 chrome-nickel-tungsten (BTG), 246 Acheson, Edward Goodrich, 49 chrome-nickel-tungsten (HR-1T), 246 Acidic soils, 47, 359 chromium, 261 Actien-Gesellschaft für Anilin-Fabrikation molybdenum, 261 (AGFA), 63, 94 nickel, 261 Adams, Edward Dean, 71 stainless steel, 47 Address to the Agriculturalists of Great Britain Alnarp, Sweden, 24 (Liebig), 10 Alumina, 33, 49 Adler, Rene´, 207, 211 Aluminium, 49, 52, 175, 191, 304 Adriatic cruise, 295 Aluminium carbide, 32 Adulteration, 159 Aluminium-Industriegesellschaft Neuhausen, 67 Aerial bombs, 144 Aluminium nitride, 32, 33 Agricultural Chemistry Association of Aluminothermic (thermite) reaction, 34 Scotland, 24 Ålvik, Norway, 78 Agricultural experiment stations, 24–25 AlzChem (company), 358, 359 Air Liquide. See Socie´te´ L’Air Liquide Amalgamated Phosphate Company, 82 Air Nitrates Corporation, 183 Amatol, 142 Aktiengesellschaft für Stickstoffdünger, 86, 153 American Association of Official Agricultural Alabama Power Company, 79 Chemists, 24 Alby, Sweden, 78, 139, 193 American Chemical Industry: A History Alby United Carbide Factories, Ltd, 77, 193 (Haynes), 79 Alizarin, 93–94, 374 American Chemical Society, 181, 296 Allen, E. M., 296 American Cyanamid Company, 47, 79–83, Allgemeine Elektrizita¨ts-Gesellschaft (AEG), 182–183, 252, 259, 275, 277, 293, 296, 50, 136 302, 304, 316, 358, 368.
    [Show full text]
  • Gas + Energie 7-8 /2017
    7-8 | 2017 Jahrgang 158 | ISSN 2366-9594 | B 5398 DIV Deutscher Industrieverlag www.gwf-gas.de /2017 7-8 Energie + gwf Gas Gas + Energie Akiyoko/Fotolia © © Fotolia/Martina Berg 158. Jahrgang 158. SCHWERPUNKT FACHBERICHT IM PROFIL Regel- und Messtechnik Entwicklung der Digitalisierung Das Energie-Forschungszentrum in der Gasmesstechnik Niedersachsen Der Markt für Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) bis 2030 Der Markt für Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) bis 2030 Marktpotenzialanalyse zur Untersuchung des wachsenden Einflusses von LNG auf das internationale und nationale Erdgasgeschäft Herausgeber: Stefan-Alexander Arlt, Josef Hofmann, Korbinian Nachtmann 1. Auflage 2017 Seiten: ca. 400 ISBN Buch: 978-3-8356-7342-7 ISBN eBook: 978-3-8356-7347-2 Preis: € 100,- www.gwf-gas.de/shop Weitere Informationen: +49 201 82002-14 | [email protected] EDITORIAL Gasbeschaffenheitsmessung: Quo Vadis? ie Erdgasqualitäten in Deutschland sind zunehmenden Aktuell wird immer häufiger neben der eichamtlichen Gas- DSchwankungen unterworfen. Die Schwankungen in der beschaffenheitsmessung der Einzelkomponenten auch die sehr Gasbeschaffenheit sind zum einen dadurch bedingt, dass das schnelle Messung nur des Brennwertes und / oder des Wobbe- Erdgas aus unterschiedlichen Quellen bezogen wird, und zum Indexes gewünscht. Die Nachfrage solcher, meist korrelativer anderen gewinnt die Einspeisung von regenerativ gewonnen Messsysteme ist bedingt durch die notwendigen Konditionie- Gasen in das Erdgasnetz zunehmend an Bedeutung. In diesem rungs- oder Mischanlagen im Zuge der L/H-Gas-Markt- Zusammenhang ist natürlich auch die L/H-Gas-Markt - raumumstellung, sowie für die Konditionierung von Biomethan raumumstellung zu sehen. Entweder müssen hierbei die Endge- mit LPG, angestiegen. In Prozesssteuerungssystemen werden räte auf die neue Gasbeschaffenheit eingestellt werden, wenn Messwerte innerhalb von 10 bis 20 Sekunden benötigt.
    [Show full text]
  • Serving the Gas Industry Worldwide Preface and Notes to the 14Th Edition
    RMG Group Catalogue Serving the Gas Industry Worldwide Preface and notes to the 14th edition Preliminary remarks The latest (14th) edition of RMG’s “Pocket Book” offers an update on information and products covering gas-pressure control technology and gas safety and measurement engineering. This book a popular, indispensable tool for those who encounter gas pressure regulators and measur- ing devices in their daily work. The RMG Pocket Book contains important technical parameters and explanations of underlying theory. All data and indications stated were valid on the day of publication. However, RMG reserves the right to change parameters without further notice. Note for planners: Use the Pocket Book, CD-ROM and RMG website (www.rmg.com) for a provisional pre-selection of RMG products. For more detailed information, go to www.rmg.com/produkte.html or www. rmg.com/download.html. If you still need additional information, ask for our brochures. There are Technical Product Information brochures for all products containing a functional description, dimensional details, measuring-line connection sizes, etc. For example, the brochure RMG 402 is titled: Technical Product Information – Gas Pressure Regulator (Also see pdf files on CD-ROM and the web). In addition please utilize the information and installation guidelines contained in our General Operating Manual for Gas Pressure Regulators and Safety Devices. Please do not hesitate to contact our engineers should you have any additional questions. Did you know that RMG organises technical seminars to help customers extend their technical knowledge? We wish you success in all your dealings with the latest edition of the RMG Pocket Book.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of Low Temperature Carbonisation Present Status
    CE NTRE for RESEARCH and TECHNOLOGY HELLAS INSTITUTE for SOLID FUELS TECHNOLOGY and APPLICATIONS (CE.R.T.H. / I.S.F.T.A. ) OVERVIEW of LOW TEMPERATURE CARBONISATION Present Status – Properties, Yields and Utilisation of LTC chars – Survey of Various Methods – Pre-treatment Conditions & Effects – Advantages, Economic & Technological Development Report prepared for ISFTA – May 2004 OVERVIEW of LOW TEMPERATURE CARBONISATION Present Status – Properties, Yields and Utilisation of LTC chars – Survey of Various Methods – Pre-treatment Conditions & Effects – Advantages, Economic & Technological Development CE.R.T.H. / I.S.F.T.A. Report prepared in the framework of CFF OPET – E.C. co-funded project Contract # NNE5 – 2002 – 97 WorkPackage # 4: Promotion of Low-Temperature Carbonisation (LTC) Technology Prepared by Dr. George Skodras & Mr. Panayiotis S. Amarantos Scientific Coordinator Dr. George Skodras ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Low temperature carbonisation is essentially a process for producing fuels-solid, liquid, and gaseous – from coal and other carbonaceous material, such as biomass and organic wastes. The products from the various low temperature processes, however, vary in quantities and qualities depending on the coal used and the nature of the treatments to which it has been exposed. The differences can be of great significance in the selection of a process for a given application, and careful study is necessary before a choice can be made. The process descriptions have shown that many methods for the low-temperature carbonisation of coal are available for use, and from them chars with a wide variety of characteristics can be obtained. One desirable characteristic of char is its smokeless quality. This property, together with suitable form characteristics, has won for the lump char produced by certain processes important places in the domestic fuel market in Great Britain and in other European countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Design of a Small Gas Producer for Illinois Coals
    DESIGN OF A SMALL GAS PRODUCER FOR ILLINOIS COALS BY WILLARD JASON BASS THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING IN THE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS PRESENTED JUNE, 1905 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS May..26,...1905....... ...190 THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY WILLARD JASON BASS ENTITLED DESIGN OP A SMALLGASPRODUCERPORILLINOIS..COALS IS APPROVED BY ME AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE ok Bachelor of.Science.in.Meclianlcal.Engineering f\ 7 5 ft*?,9 6 - 1 - REMARKS Although the subject of this thesis is"The design of a gas producer for Illinois coal" I have taken up some space h the discussion of different gas producers in general and have only taken up some of the more important points of a gas producer to burn this cheaper fuel. The small gas producer was taken as a 100 H.P. producer and the average central state coal taken as the fuel. The design is not a complete design as this could only be done by careful testing and analysis of gases obtained, but the design here is meant to be a select­ ion and arrangement of the best Producer apparatus used with a view of obtaining as good results from Illinois coal as is done with higher grade coals at the present time. The writer has 'Heed the catalogues of Wile & Co, Power & Mining Machinery Co,and Wood & Co, in the following pages; also quoted lines from such books as M o d e m Gas Engines and Producer Plans by R.E.Mathot, "S’action Gas" by O.H.Haenssgen and "Les Hazogner" by Jules Deschamps.
    [Show full text]
  • Path Dependence and the Estonian Oil Shale Industry
    Survival of the Unfit Path Dependence and the Estonian Oil Shale Industry Rurik Holmberg Linköping Studies in Arts and Science No. 427 Linköping University, Department of Technology and Social Change Linköping 2008 Linköping Studies in Arts and Science x No. 427 At the Faculty of Arts and Science at Linköping University, research and doctoral studies are carried out within broad problem areas. Research is organized in interdisciplinary research environments and doctoral studies mainly in graduate schools. Jointly, they publish the series Linköping Studies in Arts and Science. This thesis comes from the Department of Technology and Social Change at the Tema Institute. Distributed by: Department of Technology and Social Change Linköping University 581 83 Linköping Sweden Rurik Holmberg Survival of the Unfit Path Dependence and the Estonian Oil Shale Industry Upplaga 1:1 ISBN 978-91-7393-934-8 ISSN 0282-9800 ©Rurik Holmberg Department of Technology and Social Change Printed by: LiU-Tryck, Linköping University, Linköping This thesis is based on work conducted within the interdisciplinary graduate school Energy Systems. The national Energy Systems Programme aims at creating competence in solving complex energy problems by com- bining technical and social sciences. The research programme analyses processes for the conversion, transmission and utilisation of energy, combined together in order to fulfil specific needs. The research groups that participate in the Energy Systems Programme are the Division of Solid State Physics at Uppsala University, the Division of Energy Systems at Linköping Institute of Technology, the Department of Technology and Social Change at Linköping University, the Department of Heat and Power Technology at Chalmers University of Technology in Göteborg as well as the Division of Energy Processes at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm.
    [Show full text]
  • Preface Chapter 1
    Notes Preface 1. Pierenkemper, Unternehmensgeschichte; Pierenkemper, Was kann, ZfU 44 (1999), 15–31; Pohl, Zwischen Weihrauch ZfU 44 (1999), 150–63; Pierenkemper, Sechs Thesen, ZfU 45 (2000), 158–66. 2. Berghoff: Zwischen Kleinstadt und Weltmarkt. 3. Examples: Feldman, Die Allianz; Lorentz, Industrieelite; James, Deutsche Bank. 4. Example: Gall, Deutsche Bank. 5. During the last few years, company histories have belonged to some of the most important historical publications from Germany’s best-known historians. See the history on von Krupp written by Gall, Tenfelde, Abelshauser and Pierenkämper: Gall, Krupp. 6. Borscheid, Der ökonomische Kern, ZfU 46 (2001), 5–11. 7. North, Institutions; Williamson, Die ökonomischen Institutionen; Richter/Furubotn, Neue Institutionenökonomik. 8. Wilhelm von Siemens, Allgemeines undated (probably 1900–10). Siemensarchiv Munich, SAA, LD 144,2. See Dienel, Herrschaft, p. 110. 9. Feldman, Hugo Stinnes, p. IX. 10. Important examples: Heuss, Robert Bosch; Manchester, Krupp. 11. One example is the history of the Quandt family, a major BMW shareholder: Jungbluth, Die Quandts. 12. Heller’s study was certainly contracted by the company in order to contrast the portrayal given by the ‘Independent Expert Commission of Switzerland in the Second World War’. Heller, Zwischen Unternehmertum. 13. Seidl’s study neglected the internal confl icts that affected the networks involved with industrial reconstruction. Seidl, Die Bayerischen Motorenwerke. 14. Mommsen/Grieger, Das Volkswagenwerk. 15. Tilly, Großunternehmen, GuG 19 (1993), 531. 16. Linde was ennobled in 1897 for his efforts. His name changed to Carl von Linde. In the following, I will use the name ‘Carl von Linde’, although Linde himself rarely made use of the title (cf.
    [Show full text]